Issues#120 to #125
IN SEARCH OF THE FERN SEED (PART 1 OF 3)
From: "Robbin C. Moran" <biobrm@aau.dk>
originally published in the Fiddlehead Forum 22: 37-40. 1995
In Shakespeare's Henry IV, Falstaff, Prince Hal, and Poins
scheme to rob a rich merchant on his way to London in the dark
hours of the early morning. Because they need help with the
heist, one of Falstaff's henchmen tries to persuade another
thief to join them. He says to the thief: "We steal as in a
castle, cock-sure; we have the receipt of fern-seed, we walk
invisible." To which the thief replies, "Nay, by my faith, I
think you are more beholding to the night than to fern-seed for
your walking invisible" (Act 2, Scene 1, lines 95-98).
What do the thieves mean by fern seed? Anyone who has taken a
botany course knows that ferns don't have seeds; instead, they
disperse by tiny dustlike spores. Did people in Shakespeare's
day believe that ferns had seeds? And what's this about walking
invisible?
In 1597 when Henry IV was written and performed, the belief that
ferns had seeds was common and widespread. To be sure, no one
had ever seen a fern seed, but they couldn't imagine how ferns
(or any plant, for that matter) could reproduce without such
propagules. Therefore they reasoned that ferns must have seeds.
"The views of those who believe all plants have seeds are
founded on very reasonable conjectures," wrote Joseph Pitton de
Tournefort, a celebrated French botanist, in 1694.
But sometimes the conjectures went too far. The early her-
balists, for example, claimed that the fern seed had to be
invisible because no one had ever seen it. Furthermore, they
asserted that it conferred invisibility to the bearer; if you
held the fern seed, you walked invisible. They also specified
that the seed could only be collected at midnight on St. John's
Eve (Midsummer's Night Eve, June 23), the exact moment it fell
from the plant. You could catch it by stacking 12 pewter plates
beneath a fern leaf; the seed would fall through the first 11
plates and be stopped by the 12th. If you came up empty-handed,
it was because goblins and fairies, which were allowed to roam
freely that one night of the year, had snatched the seed as it
fell.
Of course, not everyone believed all this about invisibility,
but they did believe that ferns had seeds. The only problem was,
what was the fern seed? Many early botanists suspected it was
the dust liberated from the dark spots or lines (the sori) on
the underside of the fern leaf. Other botanists thought that
this dust was not seed, but instead equivalent to pollen that
impregnated a female organ somewhere on the plant.
The first person to scientifically investigate fern dust was
Marcello Malpighi, the famous Italian anatomist. In the late
1600s, he focused his microscope on the curious, dark spots or
lines on the undersides of fern leaves. These resolved into
hundreds of tiny "globes" or "orbs" (the sporangia), each en-
circled by a thick, segmented band (the annulus). Inside the
orbs sat the dust, which appeared as round or bean-shaped
bodies. He noted that the dust was hurled out of the orb by the
catapultlike action of the annulus. Nearly half a century later,
Malpighi's observations were confirmed and elaborated by Nemiah
Grew, an English microscopist. But the observations of neither
man solved whether the dust was equivalent to pollen or seed.
Even the great Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus, the Father of
Botany, was puzzled about the nature of fern dust. In a letter
written in 1737 to fellow Swedish botanist Albrecht von Haller,
he said that "this powder seen under a microscope, exactly
agrees with the dust of the anthers in other plants." But one
month later he said "[I know] nothing about the imperfect tribes
of plants [mosses and ferns] and must confess my ignorance
whether what I see is seed, or dust of the anthers." In 1751,
however, he changed his mind and asserted that the dust was the
true fern seed. Despite his flip-flopping, Linneaus was sure
about one thing: ferns had seeds. [... continuing in BEN 121]
(BEN # 120 2-December-1995)
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PREDICTING METHANE EMISSION FROM BRYOPHYTE DISTRIBUTION
From: jill bubier <jbubier@kaos.unh.edu>
Bubier, J.L., T.R. Moore and S. Juggins. 1995. Predicting
methane emission from bryophyte distribution in northern
Canadian peatlands. Ecology 76: 677-693.
Abstract. A predictive model for bryophyte distribution, water
table position, and seasonal mean methane (CH4 ) emission was
developed for two areas of northern peatland: the Clay Belt of
Ontario and the Labrador Trough of Quebec. Water table position
and CH4 flux were the most important environmental variables in
canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) of bryophyte data. Water
chemistry constituted a second environmental gradient, independ-
ent of hydrology and CH4 flux.
Weighted averaging regression and calibration were used to
develop a model for predicting log CH4 flux from bryophyte
distribution. The model showed an increase in log CH4 flux from
hummock to carpet and pool species, corresponding with a
decrease in height above the mean water table position. The
exceptions were rich-fen pool species, which had low CH4 flux
optima in spite of their moisture status. Tolerances were
greatest for mid-hummock and least for carpet and pool species.
No overlap in tolerances occurred between hummock and pool
species, suggesting that species at either end of the height
gradient are the best predictors of CH4 flux.
Error analyses showed that bryophytes are equally as effective
as water table position for predicting mean CH4 flux even though
bryophytes are only surrogates for the degree of
anaerobism/aerobism in the peat profile. Bryophytes are dis-
tributed in well-defined zones along microtopographic gradients;
they integrate long-term changes in the water table, which
fluctuates on a daily and seasonal basis along with CH4 flux,
and may be more easily mapped with remote-sensing techniques.
Bryophytes, however, are only useful for predicting CH4 flux
within a region; similar species values cannot be extrapolated
to other northern peatlands where different climatic and
biogeochemical factors may result in different ranges of CH4
emission. The model may be used in palaeoreconstructions of
methane emission and for biological monitoring of climate
change.
(BEN # 120 2-December-1995)
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BROOM SYMPOSIUM - PORTLAND, OREGON - APRIL 16-18, 1996
From: "Clayton J. Antieau" <antieau@coopext.cahe.wsu.edu>
The CA Exotic pest Plant Council, OR Dept. of Ag, the Pacific
Northwest Exotic Pest Plant Council, and the WA State Weed Board
are jointly sponsoring a broom symposium (includes Scot's,
French, Spanish, and Portuguese brooms). The symposium will be
held 16-18 April 1996 at Portland State University, Portland,
Oregon, USA. Symposium focuses on biology, ecology, and manage-
ment of brooms.
For more information:
Weed Control
Oregon Dept of Agriculture
635 Capitol Street NE
Salem, OR 97310-0110
You can also contact: Dennis Isaacson @ 503-986-4621, Carla
Bossard @ 916-758-1602, or Laurie Penders @ 206-872-2972, or
Steve Hinton <steveh@hevanet.com>
(BEN # 120 2-December-1995)
------------------------------------------
IN SEARCH OF THE FERN SEED (PART 2 OF 3)
From: "Robbin C. Moran" <biobrm@aau.dk>
originally published in the Fiddlehead Forum 22: 37-40. 1995
Uncertainty reigned until 1794 when John Lindsay, a British
surgeon, showed that ferns reproduced from their dust. He dis-
covered this while stationed in Jamaica, where he noticed
hundreds of young ferns arising on freshly exposed soil after
rains. With a microscope, he searched the soil in the hope of
finding a fern seed, but was unsuccessful. Undaunted, he decided
to sow some of the dust-which he suspected as the true fern
seed-and keep it in his room for observation.
Lindsay gathered the dust from several weedy ferns and sprinkled
it over soil in a flower pot. He placed the pot in a window of
his room, watered it daily, and every day or two examined a
small portion of the soil with his microscope. Here he describes
what happened.
"I could always readily distinguish the dust or seeds from
the mould, but observed no alteration till about the 12th
day after sowing, when many of the small seeds had put on
a greenish colour, and some were pushing out their little
germ, like a small protuberance, the rudiment of the new
fern. This little protuberance gradually enlarged. They
had acquired small roots, and the remains of the little
seeds were still discernible where the roots of the infant
plant commenced. Although the young ferns were now very
conspicuous by the microscope, the naked eye could see
nothing but a green appearance on the surface of the
mould, as if it were covered with some very small moss:
this was the numberless young plants from the quantity of
the seed sown. In some weeks this moss began to appear to
the naked eye like small scales which gradually enlarged:
they were generally of a roundish figure, somewhat
bilobate, but sometimes more irregular; they were of a
membranous substance, like some of the small lichens or
liverworts, for which they might readily be mistaken, and
of a dark green colour. At last there arises from this
membrane a small leaf, different from it in colour and
appearance, and shortly after another still more dif-
ferent. Now each succeeding leaf grows larger than the
last, till they attain the full size, and are complete in
all the parts and discriminating characters of their
respective species."
Clearly, Lindsay thought he had seen a full-sized fern develop
from a mote of fern dust. He therefore felt certain that the
dust was the true fern seed.
A busy medical practice kept Lindsay from making further obser-
vations, until one day he received a letter from Sir Joseph
Banks, president of the Royal Society of London and scientific
advisor to the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew. Banks asked Lindsay
to collect Jamaican plants, especially ferns, and send them to
England for cultivation. Lindsay wrote back that given the risk
of transporting green ferns over such a great distance, he would
send some of their seeds instead. Banks must have been flabber-
gasted that Lindsay claimed knowledge of the true fern seed. He
wrote back that if Lindsay could furnish the means of making
ferns grow from seed, he would be given the credit of having
made a valuable discovery, one that he (Banks) would communicate
to the Linnean Society of London.
Lindsay sent Banks the seeds along with instructions for their
sowing. The result was pteridological history. Thanks to
Lindsay's information, gardeners in England learned to propagate
ferns from spores, and they passed this knowledge to colleagues
in other countries. Ferns began to enrich greenhouses, gardens,
and parks around the world. Furthermore, the horticulturists at
Kew began raising ferns sent from far corners of the British
Empire. They amassed the world's largest and most species-rich
collection of living ferns-a distinction held to this day (the
Kew collection is important scientifically as well as
horticulturally). James Edward Smith, a pteridologist and one of
England's leading botanists, commemorated Lindsay for his dis-
covery by naming a genus of tropical ferns after him: Lindsaea.
Yet Lindsay's observations raised more questions. Were the
"membranes" or "scales" he observed equivalent to the seed leaf
or cotyledon of flowering plants? If the dust was equivalent to
the seed, where were the pollen-producing anthers? (The pollen,
of course, was necessary to "stimulate" the development of the
seed.) How and when did pollination take place? [.... conclusion
in BEN 122]
(BEN # 121 9-December-1995)
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CIMICIFUGA ELATA - ELWHA RIVER VALLEY, OLYMPIC PENINSULA, WA
From: Ed Schreiner <Ed_Schreiner@nps.gov>
We discovered several "new" populations of Cimicifuga elata in
the Elwha River valley during summer 1995. The plant was pre-
viously known to occur in the Elwha - evidently first discovered
by A.D.E. Elmer in the early 1900s. We do not know where his
specimens came from but presume he encountered the plant in the
Elwha. At present, we know of 16 sites of 1-5 individuals along
the Whiskey Bend Road in Olympic National Park. The plants are
mostly in the road cut but a few are in the forest above. Addi-
tionally, a sizable population of nearly 300 individuals was
discovered on the "Cascade Rock" nature trail above the Elwha
Campground. Here, many plants are within 1 meter of the trail in
the "trail cut" but many other individuals occur on the slopes
above and below the trail. All these populations were mapped and
permanent plots established for future monitoring. Our permanent
plots were established so we could potentially test hypotheses
concerning behaviour of the plants as "singles", "groups" (of 3
or more individuals within a 1m2 area) as well as examining
plant demography in the "undisturbed", "road cut", and "trail
cut" situations. It looks to us like the plants may benefit
considerably from the mineral soil exposed by the human distur-
bance. Most plots were in Douglas-fir/bigleaf maple stands on
steep slopes (> 35 degrees). We suspect that there needs to be
some subsurface moisture available. Our results are in general
agreement with those of Thomas N. Kaye (Oregon) who has prepared
a summary of populations throughout western Oregon and in the
Olympics.
Interestingly, clusters of individuals in the trail cut were
always below a larger, fruiting, individual above. It seemed
that the "parent" dropped seeds along the trail. Looking at
genetic links among clusters and populations should prove quite
fascinating.
(BEN # 121 9-December-1995)
------------------------------------------
CIMICIFUGA ELATA - SOME COMMENTS ON ITS ECOLOGY & DISTRIBUTION
From: Thomas Kaye <kayet@ava.bcc.orst.edu>
In 1992 and 1993, the Plant Conservation Biology Program at the
Oregon Department of Agriculture engaged in cooperative research
with three Bureau of Land Management Districts and three Na-
tional Forests in Oregon to evaluate the habitat of Cimicifuga
elata and the effects of timber harvest on populations of the
species. Our results are too lengthy to summarize here, but a
few points may be of interest to readers of BEN. For example,
for a rare species, C. elata is unusual in having a large
geographic range (B.C. to southern Oregon) and widely scattered,
usually small populations. Oddly, though, at the southern end of
the species' range the populations tend to be quite large (over
1,000 individuals), possibly associated with cryptic taxonomic
differences between northern and southern types (Ed Alverson,
pers. comm.) or ecotypic differences.
After sampling populations throughout Oregon, and Washington to
a lesser degree, we concluded that there were three primary
habitat features common to most populations:
1. Hardwoods in the canopy. Nearly all populations occurred in
Douglas-fir forest with some component of hardwoods, usually
Acer macrophyllum.
2. Subsurface moisture. Some form of subsurface moisture
availability was in evidence, and populations were often
near creeks or rivers.
3. North slopes. The majority of populations occurred on
northwest to northeast aspects (although a few notable
populations broke this rule).
It is very gratifying to hear the results of studies in Olympic
National Park that corroborate these findings. We also found
many populations along road cuts and trails, and attributed this
pattern to increased light availability and mineral soil for
seedling establishment. I encourage Ed Schreiner to pursue
studies of population genetics of this species--indeed, they
could be very interesting.
Incidentally, timber harvest/canopy removal tends to result in
rapid growth of individual plants and an increase in the propor-
tion of reproductive plants in the population. Populations in
undisturbed old-growth forest tend to have few or no reproduc-
tive plants. We believe the species' natural distribution is
related to the formation of canopy gaps. Clear-cut timber har-
vest, however, may only result in a short-term burst of
reproduction. Information from ten to thirty years after harvest
is sadly lacking, and we suspect that C. elata could be 'choked
out' of densely stocked forest stands. Instead, careful thinning
of forest stands could be beneficial to the species.
Kaye, Thomas N. and Melissa Kirkland. 1994. Cimicifuga elata:
status, habitat analysis, monitoring, inventory, and
effects of timber management. Final Report. Oregon Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Salem, Oregon.
Contact Tom Kaye <kayet@bcc.orst.edu> for copies of the
report: Oregon Department of Agriculture, 635 Capitol NE,
Salem, OR, 97310, USA.
(BEN # 121 9-December-1995)
------------------------------------------
IN SEARCH OF THE FERN SEED (PART 3 OF 3)
From: "Robbin C. Moran" <biobrm@aau.dk>
originally published in the Fiddlehead Forum 22: 37-40. 1995
We smile at these questions today, knowing that they are com-
pletely misguided, but they were valid questions to botanists in
the 1700s and early 1800s. It wasn't until 1844 that Karl von
Naegeli, a German botanist, steered questions about the fern
seed in the right direction. By focusing his microscope on the
undersurfaces of the prothalli (the membranes or scales that
Lindsay originally reported), von Naegeli saw globose papillae
containing dark, spiral filaments. He noticed that the papillae,
when wet, burst at the tip and released the spiral filaments,
which then began to wiggle and swim away. He knew that similar
papillae and filaments had been found in mosses and liverworts,
where they were called antheridia, in allusion to the "male"
anther of the flower. Thus, von Naegeli adopted the name an-
theridia for the papillae he saw on fern prothalli. But where
did the spiral filaments swim to?
This question was answered in 1848 by Michael Jerome Leszczyc-
Suminski, a Polish count with a botanical bent. He found that
the spiral filaments swam to another kind of papilla also lo-
cated on the undersurface of the prothalli. This type of
papilla, which we now call an archegonium, was flask-shaped with
a long neck and a single, large cell at the base. When the sperm
swam to the archegonium, they wiggled downwards between the neck
cells and penetrated the large basal cell. After penetration,
this cell (now known to be an egg cell) developed into an
embryonic fern with roots, stem, and leaves. This baby plant
eventually grew into a mature fern with spore-bearing leaves.
What developed from Leszczyc-Suminski's observations was the
picture of fern reproduction still taught today. In a series of
quick nutshells this is it: The spores (fern dust) are produced
on the undersides of the leaves in sporangia. They are liberated
from the sporangia, land on a suitable substrate, and germinate.
They grow into prothalli that bear the sex organs-archegonia and
antheridia-which produce egg and sperm, respectively (the
prothalli of some ferns produce only one kind of sex organ). The
sperm are released from the antheridia when water is present and
swim to the archegonia and fertilize the egg. The resulting
cell, the zygote, develops into an embryo with stem, roots, and
leaves. This embryo grows by widening its stem and producing
larger and larger leaves until a spore-bearing leaf eventually
appears. At this point the process is complete.
This sequence of events is known as the fern life cycle-the
bugbear of many Introductory Botany students. It has two dis-
tinct phases, or generations. The first is called the
gametophyte generation because it produces the gametes or sex
cells. The second is called the sporophyte generation because it
produces the spores. The gametophyte consists of the prothallus,
and the sporophyte consists of the "normal" fern plant we typi-
cally think of-the one with roots, stems, and leaves. Each
generation develops from a single cell: the gametophyte from a
spore, the sporophyte from a zygote.
One point must be made about these two generations, a point
often dimly understood: The gametophyte is the sexual generation
because it produces the sex cells, egg and sperm. In contrast,
the sporophyte is the asexual generation because it produces
asexual spores; it does not produce sex cells. Remember this the
next time you spot a leafy fern luxuriating in the wild. What
you are looking at is an asexual being, one that does not and
cannot engage in sex. This point is difficult to grasp because
we tend to equate, erroneously, our own bodies with that of the
fern sporophyte. But unlike plants, humans and other animals
produce their gametes directly by meiosis; we have no interven-
ing gametophytic (sexual) stage that produces gametes by
mitosis.
But to return to the fern-seed. Botanists today realize that
spores and seeds are completely different structurally. A spore
consists of a single cell and contains no preformed embryonic
parts. In contrast, a seed (typically) consists of hundreds or
thousands of cells and contains stored food (the endosperm) and
an embryo. Moreover, spores and seeds differ in what they give
rise to. A fern spore gives rise to the prothallus of the
gametophyte generation; a seed, to the baby plant of the new
sporophyte generation.
These differences between spores and seeds seem so great that
most of us are astonished when we learn that early botanists
once seriously considered spores were seeds. But our astonish-
ment is only proof that botany has progressed. Nowadays, it is
the belief in the fern seed that walks invisible.
Selected References and Notes.
The history of ideas about sexual reproduction in plants and
animals, especially how it reflects prevailing social attitudes
about sex, is treated by John Farley, Gametes & Spores, Ideas
about Sexual Reproduction, 1750-1914 (Baltimore: The Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1982).
John Lindsay described his observations on fern reproduction in
"Account of the Germination and Raising of Ferns from the Seed,"
Transactions of the Linnean Society 2: 93-100 (1794).
The life of Leszczyc-Suminski is documented by Cezary W.
Domanski in "M.J. Leszczyc-Suminski (1820-1898), an Unknown
Botanist-Discoverer," Fiddlehead Forum 20: 11-15 (1993).
Author's address: Dr. Robbin C. Moran, Dept. of Systematical
Botany, University of Aarhus, Denmark
UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA HERBARIUM CLOSED FOR FUMIGATION
From: Olivia Lee <ubc@unixg.ubc.ca>
University of British Columbia Herbarium (UBC), Vancouver, B.C.
will be closed for fumigation from December 18, 1995 to January
2, 1996.
(BEN # 122 16-December-1995)
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NEW RECORDS OF LICHENS FROM THE QUEEN CHARLOTTE ISLANDS
Brodo, Irwin M. 1995. Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the
Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Canada. 1.
Introduction and new records for B.C., Canada and North
America. Mycotaxon 56: 136-173.
Abstract. The Queen Charlotte Islands lie off the west coast of
North America, and are characterized by a strongly oceanic
climate, coniferous rain forest and rocky shores, with a low
mountainous region raising to 1100 m. Its lichen flora is abun-
dant and diverse, with numerous disjunctions and new taxa.
Fifty-four crustose lichens and lichenicolous fungi are reported
as new for British Columbia, among them six are new to Canada,
and 18 are new to the North American flora. The new combination
Porpidia ochrolemma (Vain.) Brodo & R. Sant. is made.
[The most interesting reports: Lecidea crassilabra - previously
known only from Australia and New Zealand; Pyrenopsis tasmanica
- previously known from Tasmania and New Zealand.- AC]
(BEN # 122 16-December-1995)
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NEW RECORDS OF VASCULAR PLANTS FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
From: Frank Lomer c/o UBC Herbarium <ubc@unixg.ubc.ca>
The following species, not included in the Vascular Plants of
British Columbia Vol. 1-4 (Douglas et al. 1989-94) have been
recently identified, overlooked, or newly added to the collec-
tion at the University of British Columbia Herbarium (UBC).
Aster frondosus (Nutt.) T. & G. - First collected July 28, 1939
at the "edge of Osoyoos Lake" by J.W. Eastham (Eastham #
6122). I collected it again September 29, 1993 on the north-
east shore of Osoyoos Lake (Lomer # 93-281) where it was
sparsely scattered among other annual species just above
waterline.
Pressed specimens are difficult to distinguish from Aster
brachyactis, but live plants are easily recognized by the
small white (fading to pink) ray flowers. The rays are not
readily apparent once the plant is pressed.
Curiously, on September 30, 1994, I again found a small
population of A. frondosus (about 20 plants) growing in moist
compacted sand south of Pattullo Bridge in Surrey, 12 km east
of Vancouver (Lomer # 94-228). The area was part of a large
sand landfill dredged from the Fraser River. Numerous other
species native east of the Coast Mountains also grew at this
site (Carex atherodes, Carex brevior, Sphenopholis obtusata,
Astragalus canadensis, Potentilla rivalis, and many others),
no doubt originating from material washed down the Fraser
River from the interior B.C. This would indicate that Aster
frondosus almost certainly grows in the Fraser drainage east
of the Coast Mountains.
Aster pilosus Willd. - I have seen this late flowering Aster
growing in seven different locations around Vancouver. It is
an introduced species native to eastern North America. First
collected November 1, 1990 on a vacant lot at 5th Avenue and
Yukon Street, Vancouver (Lomer 90-199). Also collected in
Coquitlam, New Westminster, and Surrey. There are always a
few plants growing around the old CN railyards, east of Main
Street, near the VIA Rail Station, Vancouver.
Centaurea nigra L. - First collected July 28, 1994 in front of
Riverview Hospital near Pitt River Road, Coquitlam (Lomer 94-
164). A large population also in the back of the hospital
along a dirt road.
Chenopodium fremontii Wats. var fremontii - Numerous collections
at UBC. The oldest is from August 1, 1943, collected at the
"base of limestone cliff, above hotel," Fairmont Hotsprings
(Eastham 11087).
This species seems to favour protected areas, especially
limestone cliff bases and commonly under large Douglas-firs.
The latest collection at UBC is July 24, 1993 along Sage
Creek Road, calcareous cliff crevices, 49 deg. 08' N. 114
deg. 24' W. (Lomer 93-163).
Easily confused with the common weedy Chenopodium album, with
which it sometimes grows, but Ch. fremontii is a smaller
plant with a characteristic leaf shape, more finely mealy,
and with a smaller, more delicate inflorescence. Collected
from Princeton, Keremeos, Cawston, Osoyoos, Summerland,
Kamloops, Clearwater, Spence's Bridge, Williams Lake, and
west of Alexis Creek. I would consider this native plant to
be frequent in southern British Columbia east of the Coast-
Cascade Mountains.
Chenopodium polyspermum L. - I have seen this weedy European
species from at least 8 locations from around Vancouver:
Spruce Street & Broadway, Vancouver (Lomer 90-164), Surrey
(Lomer 90-001, 90-182), New Westminster (Lomer 90-156), and
Coquitlam (Lomer 90-157, 94-245).
Gypsophila scorzonerifolia Ser. - First collected in gypsum
piles (appropriately) at Lafarge Cement Plant, foot of No. 9
Road, Richmond, August 25, 1988 (Lomer 88-137) where it still
persists today. This Asian species is also well established
as a roadside weed in the Columbia River Valley in southeast
British Columbia form Windermere to Canal Flats (Lomer 93-
184, 93-209).
Gypsophila scorzonerifolia can be told from G. paniculata by
its pinkish flowers, less diffuse panicle, and glandular
inflorescence. The two species grow together in Windermere.
Polygonum bistorta L. - Mount Edziza, "Solifluction terraces"
July 14, 1973. Collected by K. Beamish, J. Pojar and K. Wade
(UBC 145135). Does anyone know if this is the only record of
this northern species for B.C.?
Prenanthes sagittata (Gray) A. Nels. - Kishinena Valley "moist
place at roadside" July 22 1970. Collected by K. Beamish (UBC
130057). There is also a good specimen of this species in the
Royal British Columbia Museum in Victoria (V), collected from
Grizzly and Akamina Creek, August 13, 1976 (V 93810).
Ranunculus bulbosus L. - Collected May 1, 1995 in the Deep Cove
area, north of Victoria (Birch Road, west of Saanich Road -
Lomer 95-003, and across from Deep Cove Store on West Saanich
Road - Lomer 95-006). According to Vascular plants of British
Columbia this species was last collected in B.C. in 1890.
Sagina apetala L. - Collected around Victoria (Dallas & Simcoe
Street - Lomer 95-082, Chinese Cemetery - Lomer 95-054, and
at the parking lot of Thetis Lake Regional Park - Lomer 95-
056).
Spergularia bocconii (Scheele) Ascherson & Graebner - Three
mislabeled specimens have been recently found in the UBC
herbarium and identified as this European weed:
1. August 27, 1939: "near Kamloops" - collected by E.S.
Tisdale (UBC 8074) labeled Spergularia diandra (Guss.)
Bois.
2. June 4, 1949: Spotted Lake west of Osoyoos - collected by
L.R. Sieburth (UBC 69796) labeled as S. diandra.
3. August 27, 1950: Shumway Lake south of Kamloops - col-
lected by V.J. Krajina (UBC 106015) labeled S. marina
(L.) Griseb.
Spergularia diandra is a less densely glandular plant with
blackish seeds, not yet known in British Columbia.
This year (1995) I found immature plants around a pond by
Haynes Point Provincial Campground, Osoyoos that were in all
likelihood S. bocconii.
Veronica biloba L. - Collected across from the Old Post Office
in Greenwood, May 27, 1995 (Lomer 95-057). Abundant in a
backyard lot and also seen in two other places in town.
This is a distinctive glandular annual species of Veronica
from central Europe. The owner of the property where I col-
lected this plant had not seen it before this year. She told
me that she first noticed it after she sprayed the area with
Roundup last year to clear the knapweed and clover. Next
spring thousands of these little plants showed up covering a
large patch of ground.
Vicia lathyroides L. - This species has been well established
for many years in the Victoria area: Mill Hill, May 7, 1966 -
collected by K. Beamish (UBC 116604), Island View Beach,
April 30, 1995 (Lomer 95-032).
(BEN # 123 6-January-1996)
------------------------------------------
AQUATIC PLANT INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEM (APIRS) ONLINE
From: AQUAPHYTE, vol. 15, no. 2 - Fall 1995
The Aquatic Plant Information System (APIRS) is now online, 24-
hours a day. The 41,000-item database about freshwater macro-
phytes is the largest of its kind, and since 1981, it has been
used by thousands of various users [see BEN 87 --- 5-January
1995]. The users had to write or phone to the APIRS office in
Florida and the APIRS office performed their data base searches.
Now users may use the database by themselves, searching it in
whatever ways they see fit. Use of the database remains free of
charge.
The APIRS is available through the Internet as a World Wide Web
site:
http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/
(or you can telnet directly to 128.227.242.241). After following
the sign-on procedure (logon as "guest" - no apostrophes - and
<return> for password and another <return> for the default
terminal), you may search the database in myriard ways: search
by keyword, author, date, citation, plant species, etc. [I found
that it is rather tricky to sign out. To end the search press
return in the search mode, than enter Q twice. You will get the
system's $ sign. Enter "exit" - no apostrophes - to disconnect.
- AC]
The Centre for Aquatic PLants welcomes reprints from research-
ers. Authors can search the database for their name (use
lastname$ - $ will take care of initials, etc.) and send any-
thing not already listed. The address is: Center for Aquatic
Plants, Aquatic Plant Information Retrieval System (APIRS),
University of Florida, 7922 N.W. 71st Street, Gainesville, FL
32606, USA.
The Aquatic plant World Wide Web site
http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/
offers a variety of free and for-sale products and services.
Besides the APIRS database you can access line drawings of
aquatic plants, high resolution photographs of aquatic and
wetland plants, etc. You can contact two aquatic plant Extension
Specialists and link with other sites of interest to botanist
and aquatic plant ecologists. The APIRS office is planning to
develop an interactive "short course" about aquatic and wetland
plants as part of this Web site.
(BEN # 123 6-January-1996)
------------------------------------------
NONINDIGENOUS SPECIES IN WESTERN AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS - SYMPOSIUM
From: Mark Sytsma <MARK@sbii.sb2.pdx.edu>
via <pacific-biosnet@listproc.wsu.edu> [abbrev.]
Where: Smith Memorial Center, Portland State University,
Portland, Oregon
When: 27 March 1996
Nonindigenous, introduced species have severely altered aquatic
ecosystems in the West. Numerous other species threaten to
invade and cause further damage. The Symposium will provide an
opportunity for aquatic system managers, scientists, and con-
cerned citizens to learn about the biology and potential manage-
ment strategies for some important nonindigenous species cur-
rently present in, or threatening to invade, the West.
Symposium speakers include:
Lars Anderson - Invasive and Competitive Characteristics of
Hydrilla verticillata.
Curtis Daehler - Spartina Invasions in Pacific Estuaries: Biol-
ogy, Impact, and Management.
Debra Eberts - Purple Loosestrife: A Threat to Western Waters.
Fred Nibling - Zebra Mussels: A Threat to Western Aquatic Sys-
tems.
John Lehman - A Case Study of Species Invasion by the Inver-
tebrate Predator Bythotrephes (Crustacea: Cladocera) and
Associated Biological Effects in the Great Lakes.
Robert Behnke - Fish Culture and Nonindigenous Organisms.
Doug Jensen - Effective Exotic Species Boater Education: Where's
The Best Bang For The Buck?
Hiram Li - Creatures of Light and Darkness: Management with
Exotics.
Jay Troxel - Federal Response to Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance
Species.
Western Aquatic Plant Management Society Annual Meeting
North American Lake Management Society Regional Meeting
When: 28-29 March 1996
Following the Symposium, the Western Aquatic Plant Management
Society (WAPMS) will hold its annual meeting on 28 and 29 March
1996. The meeting will include contributed papers on the biol-
ogy, ecology, and management of aquatic vegetation.
Some preliminary WAPMS Contributed Papers Session:
Sharon Walton - Hydrilla Eradication on Two King County Lakes.
Bob Storer & Sharon Walton - King County's Lake Stewardship
Program.
Kathy Hamel - Educating Aquatic Plant Wholesalers and Retailers
About Prohibited Species.
Victoria T. Zipperer et al. - Ecological effects of the exotic
cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, on the benthic inver-
tebrates of Willapa Bay, WA.
Ingrid M. Wertz & Eugene B. Welch - Egeria densa Decline and
Response to Drawdown, Alum and Harvesting.
Alexis Andrews. Highland Lake Phosphorus Loading Study: Terrain
and Water Quality Analysis Through a Geographic Information
System and Empirical Models.
John D. Madsen & Kurt D. Getsinger. Response of Euasian water-
milfoil and the native aquatic plant community to a triclopyr
application in Lake Minnetonka, MN: One year posttreatment.
Eric M. Coombs - Biological Control of Purple loosestrife,
Lythrum salicaria, in Oregon.
Jenifer Parsons - Troublesome Exotic Aquatic Plants in
Washington.
Mark Swartout & Tom Clingman - Long Lake Milfoil Eradication
Project.
Ron P. Crockett - Herbicide Use on Oregon Coast Removes European
Beachgrass Ammophila arenaria (L.) and Enhances Snowy Plover,
Charadarius alexandrinus (L.), Nesting Habitat.
David S. Lamb - In-lake Restoration Effort at Sacheen Lake (Pend
Oreille County, Washington): Whole Lake Application of SONAR"
(fluridone) for Control of Myriophyllum spicatum.
Western chapters of the North American Lake Management Society
(NALMS) will host a series of nontechnical workshops on March 29
for concerned citizens interested in becoming more involved in
lake management. Contact Jean Jacoby (206-296-5526) for addi-
tional information on the workshops. the Northwest. Contact Al
Smith (503-229-5410 ext. 375) for additional information.
Contact Mark D. Sytsma (503-725-3833; h2ms@odin.cc.pdx.edu) for
additional program information.
Contact Marilyn Schoeder (303-781-8287 [Colorado]) for registra-
tion materials. Registration cost is $75 for the Symposium and
the WAPMS and NALMS meetings.
(BEN # 123 6-January-1996)
------------------------------------------
GENERA OF THE NITROGEN FIXING TREES
From: James Brewbaker <brewbake@hawaii.edu>
[based on Brewbaker et al. 1990 - see References]
A summary table is provided of trees and large shrubs (> 3 m
high) that were validated as nodulating, and known or presumed
to fix nitrogen. The summary is derived from NFTA's expanded
database that includes about 1500 taxa. Only one family that
includes nodulating plants, the Datiscaceae, does not appear in
this table, as the genus Datisca lacks arboreal or woody forms.
Most of the 115 genera of N-fixing trees and shrubs (NFT) are
legumes. As calculated by de Faria et. al. (1989) nodulation
characterized 23% of 349 tested caesalpinioid species, 90% of
454 tested mimosoids and 97% of the 2592 papilionids.
Nodulation involves symbiosis with rhizobial bacteria in the
legume and in the genus Parasponia (and possibly other taxa in
the Ulmaceae). All other non-leguminous genera are nodulated by
actinomycetes of the genus Frankia.
LIST OF GENERA OF NITROGEN FIXING TREES
BETULACEAE: Alnus (38/38)
CASUARINACEAE: Allocasuarina (11/20), Casuarina (8/45),
Gymnostoma (1/2)
CORIARIACEAE: Coriaria (16/16)
ELEAGNACEAE: Elaeagnus (10/45), Hippophae (1/3), Shepherdia
(2/3)
LEGUMINOSAE:
CAESALPINIOIDEAE [nodulation found in 23% of tested species -
all "positive" genera listed here]: Brownea (1/30), Chamaecrista
(2/250), Colvillea (1/1), Cordeauxia (1/2), Dialium (1/40),
Dicymbe (2/13), Dimorphandra (2/25), Epurea (1/14),
Erythrophleum (2/9), Gossweilerodendron (1/2), Hardwickia (1/1),
Lysidice (1/1), Maniltoa (1/20), Sclerolobium (3/35), Tachigali
(2/24)
MIMOSOIDEAE [nodulation found in 90% of tested species, only
the larger genera listed]: Acacia (193/1200), Albizia (30/150),
Calliandra (11/200), Inga (14/350), Mimosa (3/400), Newtonia
(1/11), Parapiptadenia (1/3), Paraserianthes (1,5), Prosopis
(15/44), etc.
PAPILIONOIDEAE: [nodulation found in 97% of tested species,
only the larger genera listed]: Aeshynomene (2/150), Caragana
(4/80), Chamaecytisus (1/30), Clitoria (1/70), Dalbergia
(17/100), Desmodium (including Codariocalyx and Ougeinia)
(4/300), Erythrina (26/108), Indigofera (1/700), Laburnum (4/2-
6), Lonchocarpus (8/150), Robinia (3/4), Sophora (7,50),
Swartzia (8/135), Tephrosia (1/400), Wisteria (4/6), etc.
MYRICACEAE: Comptonia (1/1), Myrica (13/35)
RHAMNACEAE: Ceanothus (14/55)
ROSACEAE: Cercocarpus (4/20), Purshia (1/2)
ULMACEAE: Aphananthe (1/5), Celtis (2/80), Parasponia (3/6),
Trema (2/30)
Note: First number is the number of species validated as NFT's;
second is number of species in the genus.
References:
Brewbaker, J.L., K.B. Willers, & W. Macklin. 1990. Nitrogen
fixing trees; Validation and prioritization. "Proceedings of
IUFRO Congress," Montreal, Canada. Publ. by IUFRO, Vienna,
Vol. 2: 335-349. (Reprinted in Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research
Reports 8: 8-16. 1990.)
de Faria, S.M., G.P. Lewis, J.I. Sprent, & J.M. Sutherland.
1989. Occurrence of nodulation in the Leguminosae. New
Phytol. 111: 607-619.
(BEN # 124 13-January-1996)
------------------------------------------
CONFERENCE: PEATLANDS FOR PEOPLE IN VANCOUVER B.C.
Where: George Curtis Law Building, University of British Colum-
bia, Vancouver, B.C.
When: January 26-28, 1996
The conference "Peatlands for people" is organized by the Burns
Bog Conservation Society. Its goal is "to explore and advance
multi-stakeholder actions for achieving sustainability of
world's disappearing peatlands."
The speakers will include Jim Pojar (rare aquatic and wetland
plants), Allen Banner (peatlands in British Columbia), Richard
Hebda (discussion on Burns Bog), Martin Gabauer (Sandhill Cranes
in Burns Bog), Anne Brown (methane production in peatlands),
Ralph May (use of peatlands for cranberry farming), Tony Cable
(peatlands and peat extraction), Alison Gail (eco-sites and
tourism within metropolitan communities). The well known English
botanist, writer and TV personality Dr. David Bellamy was in-
vited as a keynote speaker (Celebration of mires/peatlands).
For more information contact
Burns Bog Conservation Society
Phone: 604-572-0373, FAX: 604-572-0374
(BEN # 124 13-January-1996)
------------------------------------------
VICTORIA, B.C.: BOTANY NIGHT & NATIVE PLANT GROUP
Tuesday, January 16, 1996: Botany Night - Del Meidinger "Forest
Ecologist in SE Asia" - Swan Lake Nature House, 7:30 p.m.
Thursday, January 18, 1996: Native Plant Group of the Victoria
Horticulture Society - Adolf Ceska "Rare plants of southern
Vancouver Island and their protection" - University of Vic-
toria, Clearihue Building, Room A 215, 7:00 p.m.
(BEN # 124 13-January-1996)
------------------------------------------
THE EUROPEAN MAGAZINE LOOKS AT CRAWLING THROUGH CYBERSPACE
From: The European MagAZine No. 279 (14-20 Sept. 1995) p.6,7.
The Internet grew up in such an unregulated way that no one
really knows exactly how much is really out there in cyberspace.
As any net user will tell you, trying to find what you want can
be difficult and time-consuming. There is no comprehensive
Internet telephone book that allows you to look up someones's
net address (URL).
So what can the baffled netsurfer do? If you want to find a web
page related to your favourite group etc., you crawl. Crawling
the web in search of URLs Usenet or newsgroups is a serious
business. A search engine is the name given to the programs and
Internet resources dedicated to crawling. Some are commercial,
others are free.
http://fuzine.mt.cs.cmu.edu/
Lycos - the king of the online search engines. This massive
database, maintained by Carnegie Mellon University, is the
first place you should go to on your web search.
http://akebono.stanford.edu/yahoo
Yahoo web crawler has the only disadvantage that it is biased
towards US sites. European web sites often fail to get recog-
nized or fail to post their URL.
http://harvest.cs.coloradu.edu/
Harvest contains more than 25,000 3w sites with fewer
duplications than Lycos.
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/Data Sources/WWW/Servers.html
http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/Data Sources/bySubject/Overview.html
These are one of the most essential and powerful search tools
on the net.
http://cui_www.unige.ch/w3catalog
CUI index is mainatined by the Centre Universitaire
d'Informatique in Geneva. It is a well maintained database
which allows you to search existing web catalogues and
produce detailed summaries and links. It has around 13,000
entries so you should have no trouble getting what you need.
(BEN # 124 13-January-1996)
------------------------------------------
PLANTS DATABASE FOR WASHINGTON STATE AND OTHER STATES OF THE USA
From: "John A. DeLapp" <jdelapp@halcyon.com>
originally posted on <pacific-biosnet@listproc.wsu.edu>
For those folks with Web access the PLANTS database allows the
downloading of a list of Washington state plants from the fol-
lowing URL:
http://trident.ftc.nrcs.usda.gov/plants/staselec.html
The data file can be imported into any spreadsheet, database, or
word processor. (If you are lucky enough to use a Macintosh, you
can use the shareware macro program TypeIt4Me to allow you to
type the abbreviation (symbol) of the name and have the Mac
enter the full name automatically within any program.)
The text of the web page follows:
PLANTS State Data Download Screen
Information:
The reports contain the symbol, scientific name, accepted
name/common name, and family. The data is in ascii text format
with fields enclosed in double quotes and delimited by commas.
The files are not compressed.
Data:
Alabama Kansas New Mexico Virginia
Alaska Kentucky New York Washington
Arkansas Louisiana North Carolina West Virginia
Arizona Maine North Dakota Wisconsin
California Maryland Ohio Wyoming
Colorado Massachusetts Oklahoma American Samoa
Connecticut Michigan Oregon Guam
Delaware Minnesota Pennsylvania Palau
Florida Mississippi Rhode Island Puerto Rico
Georgia Missouri South Carolina US Minor Outlying
Hawaii Montana South Dakota Islands
Idaho Nebraska Tennessee Virgin Islands
Illinois Nevada Texas Fed. S. Micronesia
Indiana New Hampshire Utah Marshall Islands
Iowa New Jersey Vermont N Mariana Islands
Copyright Information:
The data found in PLANTS for the plants known to occur within
North America were provided under a cooperative agreement by
John Kartesz and his staff at the Biota of North America Program
(BONAP). Portions of these data are copyrighted (@ 1994) by John
Kartesz, Biota of North America Program. The copyright notice
must be preserved on all copies. Cooperator derived data that is
altered by the user cannot redistribute it as PLANTS data. All
users of PLANTS data are to acknowledge the contributions made
by USDA, Soil Conservation Service and BONAP. When using this
information, you must use the copyright notice.
(BEN # 124 13-January-1996)
------------------------------------------
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT TAXONOMISTS (ASPT) NEWSLETTER ONLINE
Beginning in January 1996, the ASPT Newsletter will no longer be
distributed as hard copy. It will be posted quarterly on a World
Wide Web (WWW) Server maintained by the NMNH, Smithsonian In-
stitution. The following URL will bring you directly to the ASPT
Web Page and Newsletter <http://www.nmnh.si.edu/aspt/>.
(BEN # 124 13-January-1996)
------------------------------------------
"COYOTE TOBACCO" - NICOTIANA ATTENUATA IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
From: Frank Lomer, Honourary Research Associate, UBC Herbarium,
Vancouver, B.C. c/o <ubc@unixg.ubc.ca>
Nicotiana attenuata Torrey, "Coyote tobacco", has been collected
in B.C. many years ago from Spence's Bridge and Lytton, but has
not been seen for quite some time.
N. attenuata is listed in Endangered, Threatened and Sensitive
Vascular Plants of Washington (Washington State Department of
Natural Resources; January 1994) as "S2 - Sensitive:imperiled
because of its rarity or because it is vulnerable to extinction
or extirpation." There is a single old collection at UBC: August
2, 1912 from Spence's Bridge collected by J.A. Teit (Teit # 55).
In July 1991 I found N. attenuata growing around the rocky hills
northeast of Osoyoos Lake. There were about 6 healthy plants
growing under the shelter of a large Douglas fir. I did not
collect any specimens. In 1992 I returned to the same spot and
found no plants. On July 12 1993, a few days after a major fire
had hit the area, I found a single small insect-damaged plant
under the same Douglas fir. In 1994 I could find no plants at
this site. Further south, however, in an area I had not looked
before, I found a number of plants scattered in flat depressions
on the rocky outcrops at the edge of sandy Purshia flats.
Another small population grew in a sandy area at the base of the
rocky hills and I collected a branch: N.E. Osoyoos Lake July 1,
1994 (Lomer # 94-089).
On July 19, 1995 I collected N. attenuata about 1 km. south of
the Pattullo Bridge in Surrey, about 12 km. east of Vancouver
(Lomer #95-039). A single large plant with many seeds was grow-
ing in a large sand landfill that was dredged from the Fraser
River. This plant probably arose from seed that was washed down
the Fraser River from the interior of B.C. This means that N.
attenuata very likely still grows somewhere in the Fraser
drainage, perhaps it can still be found around Lytton.
(BEN # 125 4-February-1996)
------------------------------------------
FIELD GUIDE TO WETLAND PLANTS
Guard, B. Jennifer. 1995. Wetland plants of Oregon and
Washington. With contributions from John Cristy, photos by
Trigve Steen. Lone Pine Publishing, Vancouver, B.C. 239 p.
ISBN 1-55105-060-9 [softcover] Price: US $19.95.
Description of more than 330 plant species with over 300 colour
photographs.
This concise and easy-to-use field guide provides a wealth of
information about the plants of rich aquatic and wetland ecosys-
tems of our region. Grouped by the habitat this guide describes
wooded wetland, wetland prairie, marshy shore, shrub swamps, and
the submerged and floating community.
Lone Pine Publishing's phone number is 1-800-661-9017.
(BEN # 125 4-February-1996)
------------------------------------------
DIGITAL MUSHROOMS: A NEW WWW SITE: DIGITAL EXSICCATE OF FUNGI
From: Ewald Langer <ewald.langer@UNI-TUEBINGEN.DE>
originally posted on TAXACOM <TAXACOM@CMSA.BERKELEY.EDU>
The Institute of Biology, "Spezielle Botanik and Mykologie", of
the University of Tuebingen, Germany, offers a new WWW site for
mycology. Our WWW pages are an online help for determination and
information of fungi including descriptions, keys, TEM/SEM
photos and illustrations. The pages are in development. Species,
preferably types are added from time to time. The language of
the pages is English.
The "Digital Exsiccate of Fungi" is located at the URL:
http://www.uni-tuebingen.de/uni/bbm/index.html
(BEN # 125 4-February-1996)
------------------------------------------
RE: INTERNET SEARCH ENGINES [BEN # 124]
From: Roger Whitehead <rwhitehead@cix.compulink.co.uk>
A very fast and efficient search engine is to be found at
Digital's Alta Vista site:
http://www.altavista.digital.com/
You might like to add that to the list in BEN.
(BEN # 125 4-February-1996)
------------------------------------------
SUMMER JOBS IN BOTANY: WESTERN WASHINGTON AND OREGON
From: Charles Halpern <chalpern@u.washington.edu>
originally on ECOLOG-L <ECOLOG-L@UMDD.UMD.EDU>
The College of Forest Resources, University of Washington and
Department of Forest Science, Oregon State University will be
offering summer jobs in field botany and forest ecology (western
Washington and Oregon). Please direct questions and applications
to the individuals listed below.
1. FIELD BOTANIST, western Oregon (13 June-31 August, or later)
Assist with long-term ecological studies of green-tree retention
harvest, Umpqua National Forest, OR. Establish plots, sample
understory vegetation, measure trees, and quantify site charac-
teristics. Requires familiarity with the flora of western Oregon
(experience with mosses, lichens, and grasses desirable); ex-
perience in vegetation sampling and use of floristic keys;
training in plant systematics/ecology. Requires attention to
detail, legible handwriting, ability/willingness to work long
hours under strenuous conditions and to work/live cooperatively.
Housing provided; days/hours negotiable; salary $8.00/hr.
2. FORESTER, western Oregon and Washington (13 June-15 Septem-
ber, or later)
Measure tree heights/diameters and obtain tree ages in mature
forests throughout western Oregon and Washington as part of
ecological study described above. Must be able to identify
western Cascade tree species. Ability/willingness to learn to
operate a Criterion laser instrument to precisely measure tree
heights and an increment borer to obtain tree ages. Attention to
detail, legible handwriting, ability/willingness to work in
steep and brushy terrain, willingness to camp for most of the
summer (housing may be available at some sites). Days/hours
negotiable; salary $7.50/hr.
3. FIELD BOTANIST, western Washington (1 June, or later-31
August, or later)
Assist with studies of plant composition and diversity in
managed forests on Weyerhaeuser lands in western Washington.
Establish plots, sample understory vegetation, measure trees,
and quantify site characteristics. Requires familiarity with the
flora of western Washington; experience in vegetation sampling
and use of floristic keys; training in plant systematics and
ecology. Requires attention to detail, legible handwriting,
ability/willingness to work long hours under strenuous condi-
tions and to work/live cooperatively, willingness to camp all
summer. Days/hours negotiable; salary $1400/month.
For more information on Jobs 1-3 contact: Shelley Evans, E-mail:
saevans@u.washington.edu, Phone: (206) 616-4095.
4. FOREST ECOLOGY FIELD ASSISTANT, western Oregon and Washington
(17 June-6 September)
Assist in studies of upland and riparian forests in the moun-
tains of western Oregon and Washington. Research sites range
from recently disturbed areas to old-growth forests. Will be
based at the H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Blue River, OR.
Duties include measuring trees and snags, and assessing causes
of tree mortality. Requires college courses in Forestry, Botany,
or related fields; field experience in forest or other vegeta-
tion sampling; skill in tree identification; ability/willingness
to work long hours in difficult terrain. Junior or higher stand-
ing desirable. Housing provided at the Andrews Forest; several
camping trips away from the Andrews required. Salary $7.00/hr or
more, depending on experience.
For more information on Job 4 contact: Dr. Steve Acker, E-mail:
ackers@fsl.orst.edu, Phone: (541) 750-7325
To apply for any/all jobs send the following to both addresses
below by march 1, 1996:
1. Handwritten cover letter: describe interests/qualifications;
state which job(s) you wish to apply for; indicate dates of
availability; list names and phone numbers of two references
(see below),
2. Resume (typewritten),
3. Copies of college transcripts and/or professional work
product,
4. Have two letters of reference sent to BOTH addresses:
Shelley Evans Dr. Steve Acker
College of Forest Resources Department of Forest Science
Box 352100, Univ. of Washington FSL 020, Oregon State Univ.
Seattle, WA 98195-2100 Corvallis, OR 97331-7501
(BEN # 125 4-February-1996)
------------------------------------------