1 <ONLINE MODERN HISTORY REVIEW> September 1993
2
3 ISSN 1181-1151
4
5 Editor's Note:
6
7 The following article is part of a larger manuscript
8 being prepared for publication. Readers are advised
9 that special characters were used to present accented
10 letters. A copy of the original file with French
11 characters preserved is available upon request.
12 Write to: ua832@freenet.victoria.bc.ca.
13
14
15 Foreign Language Code
16
17 Grave accent: a`, e` Cedilla accent: c~
18 Acute accent: a', e' Circumflex accent: ^a, ^e, ^i, ^o, ^u
19 ==============================
20
21
22 COMBATTING THE ELEMENTS
23 Mud and Trench Warfare in World War I
24
25
26 Roy E. Sandstrom, Ph.D+1+
27 and
28 Jacques F. Dubois+2+
29
30
31 The First World War was a great watershed event in European
32 history which continues to fascinate both professional historians
33 and the general public. The so-called Great War began amidst the
34 cheers and well-wishes of friends and family who shared the
35 illusion that this new war would be brief and bloodless. Four
36 years later, these soldiers returned home to a world eager to
37 forget the horrible death and destruction which marked fifty-one
38 months at the front.
39
40 World War I was the first great modern war which mobilized
41 and consumed vast human, physical and financial resources. In
42 its wake, it left millions of women without husbands and millions
43 of children without fathers. The age of confidence and optimism
44 which had characterized <Fin de Sie`cle> society gave way to a
45 deep cultural despair spawned by that war.
46
47 Veterans of all wars lament the inability or unwillingness
48 of the civilian population to understand the psychological and
49 physical realities of combat. Clear expression of this alien-
50 ation during and after World War I comes from famous anti-war
51 novels such as Erick Maria Remarque's <All Quiet on the Western
52 Front> and Henri Barbusse's <Under Fire>. This tragic image of
53 war has been reinforced by the memorable diaries of such writers
54 as Marc Bloch, Edmund Blunden, Robert Graves, Ernest Junger and
55 Siegfried Sassoon, among others.
56
57 Our understanding of the daily lives of ordinary soldiers,
58 both British and French, has been enhanced immeasurably by such
59 scholarly works as Denis Winter's <Death's Men>, Tony Ashworth's
60 <Trench Warfare> and Jean Norton Cru's <Te'moins>. All three
61 authors emphasize the common soldier's fear of death, his sense
62 of alienation from the home front, his hatred of the war, his
63 dislike for the General Staff, the absence of heroics in the
64 account and his grudging admiration for his enemy.
65
66 The recently-discovered war journal of a French army cap-
67 tain, M. Le Comte, Henri De Lecluse, is a remarkable addition to
68 this literature in several ways. It is a vivid account of four
69 years of war. De Lecluse served intermittently on various fronts
70 from 1914 to 1918, unlike many other soldiers whose front-line
71 experience was limited to a few months or to a few years. He
72 experienced the relatively open, mobile war of 1914 and early
73 1915, the immobilism and slaughter of 1916-1917 and the final
74 victory of 1918. De Lecluse also was a dedicated patriot who
75 loved his country, hated the enemy and believed in Divine Provi-
76 dence. With few exceptions, he dedicated each of his thirty-two
77 chapters to comrades who had fallen in battle.
78
79 As a story-teller and poet, De Lecluse is equal to many of
80 the more famous WWI memoirists: Bloch, Blunden, Graves and
81 Sassoon. Whether on night patrol, entering a deserted village,
82 slogging through waist-deep mud or attending mass in the front
83 lines, De Lecluse allows the reader to imagine what the author
84 must have felt at the time. Some of his chapters focus on acts
85 of individual heroism. Most, however, are devoted to descrip-
86 tions of ruined villages, stately chateaux, desecrated churches,
87 night patrols gone awry, visits to cemeteries, artillery bombard-
88 ments, encounters with the enemy, frustrations with the military
89 bureaucracy, a winter in Alsace, the death of a pet bull-terrier,
90 etc. De Lecluse's first chapter, reprinted here, describes how
91 something so simple as mud could become a source of sheer terror
92 for the infantryman.
93
94
95
96
97 CHAPITRE 1
98
99 LA BOUE+3+
100
101
102 A la me'moire du Capitaine Bellot Lieutenant du 9e
103 Groupe Le'ger mort pour la France.
104
105 "Dans le secteur d'Arras, au bois de Bertouval" disait
106 le communique' du 8 janvier 1915 nous avons d^u, sans
107 ^etre attaque's, e'vacuer certains e'le'ments de
108 tranche'e ou` les hommes e'taient enlise's jusqu'aux
109 e'paules."
110
111 Ces hommes, c'e'taient les miens, et les territoriaux
112 venus nous relever. Je peux en verite dire que, depuis
113 ce jour-la`, je sais ce que c'e'taient que "la boue",
114 non pas la boue simplement odieuse ou` l'on patauge,
115 ou` l'on glisse, celle ou` l'on enfonce jusqu'a` la
116 cheville, mais la boue tra^itresse qui vous e'treint et
117 vous paralyse, celle ou` l'on se sent disparaitre peu
118 a` peu, lentement happe' comme par les sables mouvants
119 ou` la vase d'un marais, la boue terrible, "celle qui
120 fait peur"!
121
122 C'e'tait notre premier secteur, un joli de'but!.. Mon
123 escadran e'tait poste' au creux d'un vallon, dans une
124 tranche'e trace'e a` travers des terres laboure'es,
125 lourdes et argileuses. Depuis quatorze heures il
126 pleuvait a` verse, l'eau de'gringolait du haut des
127 pentes, par la tranche'e transforme'e' en canal, au
128 fond de la cuvette ou` nous barbotions. Peu a` peu les
129 terres glissaient le long des parapets, obtenant les
130 cre'neaux; les parois des boyaux s'e'boulaient par
131 places, les abris s'effondraient. Mes hommes,
132 grelottants et re'signe's, drappe's tant bien que mal
133 dans leurs toiles de tente transforme'es en capuchons,
134 courbaient sto‹quement le dos sous l'averse
135 torrentielle enfonce's jusqu'aux genoux dans la boue
136 gluante....
137
138 J'e'tais alle' reconna^itre la sape par laquelle nous
139 devions regagner l'arrie`re. Je m'y e'tais tra^ine'
140 pe'niblement, en plein jour, sans rien pour alourdir ma
141 marche. Comment allions-nous faire, la nuit venue,
142 pesamment charge's, dans ce terrain qui devenait
143 impraticable a` chaque minute? Je me le demandais
144 anxieusement, en attendant les territotiaux de la
145 rele`ve... D'ailleurs, pourraient-ils passer? De fait,
146 a` six heures, dans la nuit de'ja` tre`s noire, je
147 n'avais encore vu arriver qu'un capitaine de re'giment
148 alpin poste' a` notre droite. Il m'annonc~ait que ses
149 sections e'taient bloque'es dans les boyaux, enlise'es,
150 qu'on devait se mettre a` trois pour se de'gager les
151 uns les autres, et qu'il ne pourrait, lui, relever ses
152 camarades....
153
154 Je fais part de la chose autour de moi, ajoutant
155 quelques paroles d'un espoir que je ne partage gue`re,
156 mais il me faut vraiment faire effort sur moi-m^eme
157 pour qu'on ne soupc~onne pas mon de'couragement. Je
158 nous vois bloque's dans ce cloaque, et pour combein de
159 temps? Sans abris de'sormais, sans ravitaillement
160 possible, avec la moitie' au moins de nos armes
161 enraye'es et inutilisables!...
162
163 Pour ajouter a` l'amertume de la situation, on
164 m'annonce que les communications te'le'phoniques sont
165 coupe'es, puis la temp^ete redoutable, et la pluie
166 tourne au de'luge!... Il faut s'accroupir dans le
167 ruisseau dangereux qui coule au fond de la tranche'e
168 pour laisser passer la rafale!... A tout hasard,
169 j'envoie un cycliste en reconnaissance vers notre
170 rele`ve sans me demander d'ailleurs comment il
171 passera!... Les minutes s'e'coulent, longues comme des
172 heures, et voila` que soudain j'entrevois des ombres
173 qui viennent dans la nuit, et j'entend la voix de mon
174 e'claireur me dire ces mots qui sonnent a` mon oreille
175 comme une musique de'licieuse: "Mon capitaine, je vous
176 ame`ne les territoriaux.." Brave garc~on! Je l'aurais
177 embrasse'!.. Comment du reste ces gens arrivent-ils? Je
178 ne perds pas le temps a` m'en informer.. L'ordre de
179 de'part est vite donne', et vite compris, et l'on
180 commence a` s'e'couler le long de la tranche'e... Je
181 place un par un les nouveaux venus. Les mal-heureux
182 enfonceraient dans la boue jusqu'aux cuisses; et je
183 fre'mis en pensant que les voila` poste's comme cela au
184 moins pour toute la nuit!...
185
186 J'entre le dernier dans la sape de sortie, comme un
187 capitaine qui quitte son navire, en gardant aupre`s de
188 moi un de mes jeunes officiers+4+ pour me venir en aide
189 dans les enlisements que je pre'vois, et le terrible
190 voyage commence!...
191
192 En file indienne, tout le long de l'interminable boyau,
193 sous la pluie battante et le vent qui fait rage, on se
194 tra^ine plut^ot qu'on ne marche, tre'buchant a` chaque
195 pas, s'appuyant aux parois glissantes qui parfois
196 e'boulaient, enfonce's dans la boue toujours jusqu'aux
197 genoux, souvent jusqu'a` la ceinture. A chaque instant
198 quelqu'un appelle a` l'aide pour sortir ses jambes
199 l'une apre's l'autre de la fondrie`re, et de temps en
200 temps il faut arracher par poigne'es les paquets de
201 glaise qui g^enent nos mouvements...
202
203 Au bout de trois quarts d'heure environ un a`-coup se
204 produit, et la colonne est coupe'e en deux... Le guide
205 est parti avec la t^ete, et mes hommes, arrive's a` un
206 carrefour, ne savent plus ou` aller... Il faut sortir
207 de la` co^ute que co^ute!.. Comme on ne peut se
208 de'passer dans le boyau, je me fais hisser sur le
209 terre-plein a` travers les tas de glaise. La route est
210 perdue!.. Je sais vaguement ou` se trouve la ferme de
211 Bertouval, nous allons tƒcher d'y arriver par le terre-
212 plein, en franchissant les boyaux que nous
213 rencontrerons. Heuruesement la nuit est noire comme de
214 l'ancre, les Boches tapis dans leurs trous, car nous
215 sommes a` de'couvert, et quelques balles sifflent
216 autour de nous. Tant pis!
217
218 Tout plut^ot que de rester dans la fondrie`re et
219 risquer d'y crever!.. Mais le point ou` nous sommes est
220 un vrai de'dale de boyaux et de tranche'es
221 abandonne'es!.. On se rassemble sur le terre-plein, en
222 se jettant a` plat ventre quand une fuse'e boche vient
223 a` nous eclairer. J'ai avec moi et Couespel+5+ un
224 peloton et demi environ, pauvre troupeau de'moralise'
225 et fourbu, auquel j'adresse quelques paroles de
226 recomfort, en les hurlant, car la temp^ete est telle
227 qu'on ne s'entend pas, et je prends la direction.
228
229 En nous guidant avec les e'clats de nos lampes
230 e'lectriques, nous cherchons a` sortir de se
231 labyrinthe. On de'gringole dans les boyaux en se
232 laissant glisser sur le dos dans la vase, on remonte
233 en rampant a` plat ventre, on se heurte a` des culs-de-
234 sac ... Je commence a` de'sepe'rer et je l'avoue,
235 pendant un instant, j'ai peur, vraiment peur, perdu
236 dans la nuit et dans la boue!... Va-t-il falloir
237 s'allonger sur le terre-plein, transis de froid et
238 de'gouttants d'eau fangeuse, le ventre creux, pour
239 attendre le jour? Et apre`s?...
240
241 Tout a` coup, je me heurte contre un officier envoye'
242 de la ferme de la Bertouval au devant des malheureux
243 qu'on sait perdus dans cette affreuse nuit. Il nous
244 indique le boyau qui doit nous y conduire, et part a`
245 la recherche d'autres e'gare's. Ce boyau est d'ailleurs
246 devenu une rivie`re, mais nous venons de tant souffrir
247 dans la boue e'paisse, que nous e'prouvons une
248 sensation de bien-^etre a` marcher dans cette eau
249 glaciale qui nous monte a mi-jambes! Au moins on
250 avance!.. Mais patatras!.. Je retombe dans une
251 fondrie`re!.. En me de'battant, je heurte une e'chelle
252 dresse'e contre le talus, signe qu'il faut reprendre le
253 terre-plein.. Nous nous hissons un par un O joie! La
254 ferme de Bertouval se dessine vaguement dans l'ombre.
255 Encore deux boyaux a` franchir, et nous y arriverons.
256
257 Il y a trois heures que nous marchons, pour faire moins
258 d'un kilome`tre!.. Je me fais conduire au commandant
259 des tranche'es, et quand je n'encadre dans la porte de
260 sa chambre, il recule e'pouvante'...des pieds a` la
261 t^ete je repre'sente exactement une statue de glaise.
262 Je me nomme et il m'apprend que mes trois autres offi-
263 ciers+6+ avec le reste de mes hommes, et dans le m^eme
264 e'tat que nous, viennent de passer trois quarts d'heure
265 avant moi. Dieu merci! Je n'aurais donc perdu personne!
266 Un sergent nous guide jusqu'a` la grand-route, car
267 maintenant nous ne voulons plus entendre parler d'autre
268 chose, et tant pis pour les risques. Il y a encore a`
269 passer une cl^oture, une douve, une tranche'e pleine
270 d'eau ou` l'un de mes hommes fait un plongeon
271 magistrale, qui importe! Nous nous sentons sauve's, et
272 vers onze heures, nous arrivons harasse's, innommable,
273 a` Mont Saint-Eloi, ou` nos cuisiniers nous ont
274 attendus, et l'on oublie les fondrie`res et les affres
275 de la boue devant une bonne soupe chaude que j'aie
276 mange'e de ma vie!....
277
278 Bertouval (Pas-de-Calais)
279 8 janvier 1915
280
281
282 CHAPTER 1
283
284 THE MUD+7+
285
286 In memory of Captain Bellot,+8+ lieutenant of the 9th
287 light section, who gave his life for France.
288
289
290 "In the sector of Arras, in the woods of
291 Bertouval, men had to be evacuated from some
292 trenches even though they were not under attack,
293 because they were shoulder deep in mud." -So read
294 a communique written on the 8th of January, 1915.
295
296
297 These ... were my men and the territorial soldiers that
298 came to relieve us. Since that day, I can tell you in
299 all sincerity that I know the true definition of the
300 word "mud." I don't mean that slimy mud where you
301 slosh around, slip and slide, and sink to your ankles.
302 I am referring to that treacherous substance which
303 grabs you and immobilizes you, the one which seems to
304 swallow you slowly, little by little, like a swamp or
305 quicksand, that horrible mud, "the one which frightens
306 you!"
307
308 It was our first sector, what a beginning!.... My
309 squadron was posted at the bottom of a small valley, in
310 a trench dug across heavy and clayey plowed fields. It
311 had been pouring rain for fourteen straight hours and
312 the water, running down from the surrounding hills,
313 rushed into the trench as if it were a canal and formed
314 a pool at our feet. In a relatively short time the
315 earth started to slide, the walls of the trench were
316 giving way in places and the shelters were collapsing.
317 My men, shaking from the cold but resigned, wrapped as
318 best they could in the canvas of their tents, were
319 stoically enduring this torrential downpour, up to
320 their knees in the gluey mud....
321
322 I had gone back to look over the sap+9+ in the trench
323 which we needed to take in order to return to the rear.
324 I had reached it with great difficulty even though it
325 was daylight and I had not taken my backpack. How were
326 we supposed to make the same trip at night, fully
327 packed, in a terrain that was becoming more impassable
328 every minute? I was very worried as I awaited the
329 arrival of the replacement troops.... Could they get
330 to us? By six o'clock, night had already fallen, and
331 the only person who had made it was the captain of an
332 alpine regiment stationed to our right. He told me
333 that his sections were stuck in the communication
334 trenches. Trapped in the mud as they were, it took
335 three men to free [one man] and consequently he would
336 be unable to relieve his comrades [by himself.]
337
338 I share the information with those near me while adding
339 a few hollow words of encouragement. I have to make an
340 effort to mask my dejection. I can just see ourselves
341 stuck in this cesspool. Without shelters, with no
342 possibility of receiving supplies and, with at least
343 half of our weapons jammed and useless, how long could
344 we last?
345
346 To make matters worse, I am told that we have lost
347 telephone communication, and the rains become diluvial
348 as the storm gains in intensity!.... We need to crouch
349 down in the dangerous stream that flows through the
350 trench in order to avoid the strong gusts of wind.
351 Desperate, I send a scout to see if the relieving
352 troops are coming, not even thinking [about] how he is
353 going to get there!....
354
355 After a few minutes which seemed liked hours, I see
356 some shadows approaching in the night and I hear the
357 voice of my scout utter words that are music to my
358 ears: "Captain, I am bringing back the troops...."
359 What a brave man! I could have embraced him!.... I
360 wonder how the men were able to make it but I don't
361 waste my time asking. Orders to evacuate are given ...
362 and we begin our slow return in the trench. I tell
363 each new troop where to go. They will be up to their
364 thighs in mud in no time. I shudder at the idea that
365 they will be there at least through the night!....
366
367 Like a captain abandoning ship, I am the last one to
368 enter the exit sap. I have asked one of my young
369 officers+10+ to remain next to me in order to help me
370 if I get stuck. The horrible trip begins....
371
372 One by one,+11+ along the endless communication trench,
373 under a torrential rain and a ferocious wind, we drag
374 ourselves, tripping at every step, leaning against the
375 collapsing side walls, knee deep and sometime waist
376 deep in mud. Someone is constantly calling for help to
377 get his legs out of a pot-hole and at times we must dig
378 by hand at the clay that immobilizes our every
379 movements....
380
381 After forty-five minutes, a break occurs in the column
382 and the men are split up.... The guide has gone ahead
383 with one group, and my men, not knowing which of two
384 trenches to take, can no longer advance. Cost what
385 may, we must get out of here. Since it is impossible
386 for two people to pass each other in the trench, I ask
387 my men to help me get out above ground. We have lost
388 our way!.... I vaguely know where the Bertouval farm
389 is located; we must try to get there through the field
390 by crossing the communication trenches that we might
391 encounter. Fortunately for us who are now unprotected,
392 the night is pitch black, the Boches+12+ are huddled in
393 their holes, and a few bullets are whistling around us.
394 We have got to go. Anything is better than staying in
395 this pot-hole and taking a chance on getting
396 killed!.... The place where we are is a labyrinth of
397 communication trenches and abandoned trenches.
398
399 We gather above the ground only to dive back in the mud
400 when a German flare burst above our heads. Between
401 Couespel+13+ and myself, we have approximately a
402 platoon and a half, a poor demoralized and worn out
403 bunch of men, to which I address a few comforting words
404 which I must yell to be heard above the raging storm.
405 I take the lead.
406
407 With the help of our pocket lamps, we are trying to
408 find our way out of this maze. We tumble into the
409 communication trenches by sliding in the mud on our
410 backs, we climb back out by crawling on our stomachs.
411 We keep running into dead ends.... I am beginning to
412 lose hope. At one time, I admit to being afraid,
413 really afraid, lost as we are in the night and in the
414 mud!.... Will we have to lie face down on the ground,
415 chilled to the bone and drenched in the swampy water
416 while waiting for daylight to come? What will happen
417 then?....
418
419 Suddenly, I run into an officer sent by the Bertouval
420 farm to come to the rescue of those poor souls lost in
421 this dreadful night. He indicates to us which
422 communication trench to take and goes on to look for
423 other men that have gotten lost. The trench has become
424 a river, but after all the suffering in the mud we are
425 almost glad to be walking in the icy water which comes
426 up to our knees. At least we are making ground!....
427 Splash!.... I fall into a pot-hole. While struggling
428 to get out I feel a ladder leaning against the side, an
429 indication that I must again leave the trench. We
430 climb out one by one. What a pleasant sight! The
431 outline of the Bertouval farm can be seen in the
432 darkness. Two more trenches to cross and we will be
433 there.
434
435 We have been walking for three hours to cover less than
436 a kilometer!.. I ask to be taken to the commander of
437 the trenches and when I stand in the doorway of his
438 room, he is taken aback.... From head to toe I resemble
439 a clay statue. I give him my name and he tells me that
440 my other three officers+14+ and the rest of my men had
441 arrived forty-five minutes sooner looking exactly as I
442 did. Thank God! I will not have lost any of my men!
443 A sergeant leads us to the main road because, in spite
444 of the risk, we don't want to go back any other way.
445 Only a fence, a small moat, and a trench filled with
446 water [into which] one of my men takes a head-long
447 dive, stand in our way. We feel safe and we arrive
448 exhausted at Mount Saint-Eloi at around eleven o'clock.
449 Our cooks have waited for us and we forget all about
450 the pot-holes and the throes of the mud in front of the
451 best hot soup that I have ever eaten in my life!....
452
453 Bertouval (Pas-de-Calais)
454 8 January 1915
455
456 =============================
457 <NOTES>
458
459
460 +1+Sandstrom is an associate professor of French history at
461 the University of Northern Iowa in Cedar Falls. All rights are
462 reserved.
463
464 +2+Dubois is an assistant professor of French at the
465 University of Northern Iowa.
466
467 +3+The authors wish to thank Ms. Charlotte Kelsey, a
468 graduate student in French at the University of Illinois at
469 Champagne-Urbana, for careful proof-reading of the original
470 transcription from the hand-written manuscript.
471
472 +4+Lieutenant a` mon escadran, passe' au 2e zouaves en mars
473 1915, nomme' capitaine, disparu a` l'attaque de la c^ote 344
474 (Meuse) 25 novembre 1917. Presume' mort.
475
476 +5+Lieutenant Couespel du Menil, tue' depuis.
477
478 +6+Sous-Lieutenant Couespel du Menil, passe' dans l'infan-
479 terie en mai 1915, et tue' peu apre`s.
480
481 +7+Lieutenant Bellot, S. Lieutenant de Durat, S. Lieutenant
482 de Peyronnet.
483
484 +8+Translated by Dubois and edited by Sandstrom.
485
486 +9+Lieutenant in my squad, transferred to the 2nd zouaves in
487 March 1915, promoted to captain, disappeared in the attack on
488 hill 344 (Meuse) 25 November 1917. Presumed dead.
489
490 +10+A "sap" is normally a crude, shallow trench which
491 usually stretches from the forward trench toward enemy lines.
492 Here, De Lecluse apparently is referring to a shallow
493 communications trench.
494
495 +11+The original term was "Indian file," a term which may no
496 longer be familiar to some readers and may carry perjorative
497 connotations today not intended by the author at that time.
498
499 +12+A perjorative label for the Germans. Roughly, it means
500 "wood-heads."
501
502 +13+Second-lieutenant Couespel du Menil, transferred to the
503 infantry in May 1915, and shot soon thereafter.
504
505 +14+Lieutenant Bellot, Second-lieutenant de Deurat, Second-
506 lieutenant de Peyronnet.
507
508
509 <A SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY>
510
511 The following books represent some of the best books on
512 World War I from the perspective of the daily lives of ordinary
513 soldiers.
514
515 Ashworth, Tony. <Trench Warfare, 1914-1918: the Live and Let Live
516 System>. London: Holmes and Meier, 1980.
517
518 Audoin-Rouzeau, Ste'phane. <Men at War, 1914-1918: National
519 Sentiment and Trench Journalism in France during the
520 First World War>. Providence, R.I.: Berg, 1992.
521
522 Blunden, Edmond. <Undertones of War>. Garden City, N.Y.: Double
523 day, Doran & Company, 1929.
524
525 Cru, Jean Norton. <War Books: A Study in Historical Criticism>.
526 Edited, Partially Translated, and with a Foreward by
527 Stanley Pincetl, Jr. and Ernest Marchand. San Diego,
528 Ca.: San Diego State University Press, 1976.
529
530 Fussell, Paul. <The Great War and Modern Memory>. N.Y.: Oxford
531 University Press, 1975.
532
533 Graves, Robert. <Goodbye to All That>. Garden City, N.Y.:
534 Doubleday, 1957.
535
536 Leed, Eric J. <No Man's Land: Combat and Identity in World War
537 I>. N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 1979.
538
539 Mosse, George. <Fallen Soldiers: Reshaping the Memory of the
540 World Wars>. N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1990.
541
542 Sassoon, Siegfried. <Sherston's Progress>. Garden City, N.Y.:
543 Doubleday, Doran, 1936.
544
545 Smith, Michael Douglas. <Poets and Poems of the First World War:
546 the English>. Washington, D.C.: University Press of
547 America, 1978.
548
549 Winter, Denis. <Death's Men: Soldiers of the Great War>. London:
550 Allen Lane (Penguin Books), 1978.
551
552
553 Copyright: 1993
554 Roy E. Sandstrom
555 Jacques F. Dubois
556
557 =================
558 Note to Readers
559
560 Additional information about this document can be obtained from
561 the authors. Please direct inquiries to:
562
563
564 Roy E. Sandstrom, Ph.D.
565 Associate Professor of History
566
567 Department of History Office: (319) 273-2362
568 330 Seerley Hall Home: (319) 277-6785
569 University of Northern Iowa Internet: Sandstrom@Uni.Edu
570 Cedar Falls, Iowa 50614-0701
571 U.S.A.