1 <ONLINE MODERN HISTORY REVIEW> January 1994 2 3 4 Manuel Azana's <Memorias>: The "Missing" Portions 5 6 by 7 8 Albert A. Nofi and Felix Alvarez-Martinez 9 10 ====================== 11 12 Beginning shortly after the establishment of the Spanish 13 Republic, in April of 1931, Manuel Azana kept a diary, recording 14 on a more or less regular basis the principal political and 15 military developments of the day, with occasional personal items 16 as well. Many years after the Spanish Civil War, with the full 17 cooperation of Azana's widow and her brother, his life-long 18 friend, Cipriano Rivas-Cherif, Prof. Juan Marichal of Harvard 19 included this diary as <Memorias politicas y de guerra, 20 1931-1939> in his edition of Azana's <Obras Completas>, published 21 in 1966-1968.+1+ 22 23 Scholarly opinion on the value of the <Memorias> has generally 24 been favorable. For example, in a lengthy article, James A. 25 O'Connell+2+ observes "Simply put, the diary is an extraordinary 26 political, social and moral document."+3+ Noting that the 27 anecdotes, observations, and comments in the <Memorias> are "of a 28 generally informative nature,"+4+ O'Connell concludes, "Such is 29 the range, insight and sensitivity of Manuel Azana's diary that 30 it will be some time before its entirety can be properly 31 synthesized into a more complete understanding of the 32 Republic."+5+ Prof. Marichal himself has observed that the 33 <Memorias> "have an exceptional value."+6+ Hugh Thomas praises 34 the <Memorias> as "more honest and better written, and altogether 35 the most emotive political diary ever written at any time by any 36 chief of government."+7 37 38 These views are not misplaced, as the <Memorias> do provide an 39 unusually candid insight into the views of Manuel Azana. 40 However, there are some problems with the official version of 41 Azana's diary, as it appears in the <Obras completas>. 42 43 As published, the <Memorias> suggest that Azana was by no means a 44 faithful diarist. An examination of the work indicates that he 45 would sometimes fail to make an entry for several days or would 46 occasionally conflate several days' activities into one long 47 entry. Moreover, from time to time he would seem to have 48 completely abandoned the undertaking for lengthy periods, only to 49 resume it again much later. The coverage of the published 50 <Memorias> can be conveniently summarized in tabular form. 51 52 Table 1 53 Pattern of Azana's Entries in the <Memorias> 54 55 Year Coverage Azana's Activity 56 ----------------------------------------------------- 57 1931 April-December War Minister, Prime Minister 58 1932 1 January-22 July War Minister, Prime Minister 59 1933 1 March-31 July War Minister, Prime Minister 60 1934 none In opposition+8+ 61 1935 none In opposition 62 1936 19-20 February Reappointment as Prime Minister 63 1937 1 January-31 July President, Civil War 64 1938 1 March-31 August President, Civil War 65 1939 January President, Civil War 66 67 The nature of the gaps is somewhat curious. The long hiatus 68 beginning in late July of 1932 seems understandable, given that 69 this was the period of the <sanjurjada>, during which Azana was 70 presumably too busy to attend to such details as maintaining a 71 diary. Yet he must certainly have been as busy on 19-20 February 72 of 1936, when he was hastily putting together a government in the 73 aftermath of the Popular Front electoral victory and the surprise 74 resignation of Manuel Portela's caretaker government, in a 75 politically tumultuous atmosphere rife with rumors of imminent 76 military insurrection.+9+ Nor could he have been less pressed 77 during the disastrous January of 1939, when the Republic was 78 breathing its last. Although in their respective introductions 79 to the <Memorias>, neither Marichal nor Rivas Cherif make note of 80 it; portions of Azana's diary were lost and are not included in 81 the authorized edition. There is ample evidence for this, which 82 has generally been neglected. 83 84 On 21 August 1937, in the midst of the Civil War, the <ABC>, the 85 conservative Madrid daily, then being published at Seville, in 86 the Nationalist zone, began a series of articles, "Las memorias 87 secretas e intimas de Azana."+10+ This contained what purported 88 to be excerpts from the diary of the President of Republic. In 89 the very first installment of this series there appeared the 90 enigmatic note, ""Por caminos que no podemos decir llegaron a la 91 zona nacional y, concretamente a Salamanca, unos cuadernos de las 92 Memorias que Azana escribe . . . ."+11 93 94 Then, in 1938 a small volume was published anonymously in 95 Santiago de Chile entitled <Memorias intimas y secretas de Manuel 96 Azana>.+12+ This was a year before the end of the Civil War. 97 The contents of this slender volume (only 128 octavo pages) are 98 substantially the same as those published earlier in the <ABC> of 99 Seville.+13+ 100 101 Finally, in 1939, shortly after the conclusion of the Civil War, 102 Joaquin Ararras, a monarchist, pro-Franco historian,+14+ 103 published a volume entitled <Memorias intimas de Azana>,+15+ 104 purporting to be excerpts from the diary of the President of the 105 <soi disant> Spanish Second Republic. Thus, by 1939 there were 106 three works in print claiming to include excerpts from the diary 107 of Manuel Azana. This was, of course, a generation before the 108 authorized --and ostensibly first-- edition of Azana's diary. 109 110 None of the three unauthorized versions of the <Memorias> is 111 organized as a diary. Rather, each consists of a series of 112 excerpts describing various persons prominent in the Republic or 113 events of importance during the history of the Republic. As the 114 selections were designed to show how inept or unscrupulous these 115 people were, or how ridiculous the Republic was, the materials 116 are somewhat scurrilous,+16 and thus could readily be considered 117 of dubious authenticity,+17+ if not an outright forgery.+18+ 118 119 Nevertheless, although rarely used as sources, these three 120 versions of the <Memorias> appear to be genuine.+19+ Working 121 entirely from internal evidence, a number of important points can 122 be made to demonstrate that these three manifestations of Azana's 123 <Memorias> are precisely what they purport to be.+20+ The 124 version appearing in the <ABC> in the summer of 1937 and that 125 published in Santiago de Chile the following year are virtually 126 identical. All the materials included in these two versions are 127 also to be found in the much longer Arraras edition, on which the 128 following analysis is based. 129 130 1. Virtually all the excerpts in the Arraras edition 131 fall between 22 July 1932 and 24 February 1933 or 132 between 1 August 1933 and 24 November 1933, periods 133 missing from the official edition.+21 134 135 2. A few entries in the official edition make 136 reference, albeit obliquely, to events which are cited, 137 by date, in the Arraras edition.+22+ 138 139 3. All three of the unauthorized versions reproduce 140 photographically a portion of the diary in Azana's 141 handwriting, which can be read as being identical to 142 various passages in the book. In addition, the 143 handwriting appears the same as similar samples of 144 handwriting reproduced in the <Obras completas>.+23+ 145 146 4. The pattern of capitalization and punctuation found 147 in the unauthorized versions shows it to be 148 substantially identical with that in the authorized 149 edition.+24+ 150 151 5. The tone and style of the entries reproduced by 152 Arraras are quite in keeping with the sort of thing 153 that can be found in the official edition.+25+ 154 155 156 As if this were not sufficient evidence, there is more. In his 157 introduction to the <Memorias>, which makes no reference to 158 Arraras' work, Marichal states that Azana's diary comprised eight 159 notebooks, five of which, covering the period from 1931 to the 160 end of July 1933, consist of about 400 lined pages, while the 161 three covering the later period are different.+26+ In the 162 introduction to his edition of the <Memorias>,+27+ Arraras states 163 that in the autumn of 1936, when, with the Nationalist armies 164 advancing on Madrid, Azana entrusted his diary, in nine 165 notebooks, to Rivas Cherif to take to safekeeping in Geneva,+28 166 where he served as the Spanish consul. In Geneva three of the 167 notebooks were stolen.+29+ Arraras, who wrote, it will be 168 recalled, a generation before Marichal, describes the physical 169 character of the notebooks as each being of 400 ruled pages.+30+ 170 171 There can be no question that the items published by Arraras are 172 genuine, and indeed, they were accepted as such at the time. For 173 example, in his 1963 biography of Azana, Frank Sedwick observes 174 that at the time of publication they caused Azana considerable 175 embarrassment because of his frequent use of ridicule when 176 describing various prominent Republican political leaders. 177 Sedwick goes on to detail the story of the theft of the 178 diaries.+31+ Similarly, Emiliano Aguado, in his 1972 biography of 179 Azana, discusses the Arraras edition and concludes that they are 180 genuine.+32+ 181 182 What is particularly surprising is that when editing the 183 remaining portions of the <Memorias> for publication in the 184 <Obras Completas>, Professor Marichal did not make clear that 185 three of the notebooks in which Azana was wont to keep his diary, 186 those covering the period from 22 July 1932 through 1 March 1933, 187 and that covering the period from 1 August 1933, passed into the 188 hands of Joaquin Arraras.+33+ Interestingly, however, in the 189 course of his description of the notebooks, Marichal uses a very 190 peculiar turn of phrase with regard to the those covering the 191 period 1931-1933, saying "the five notebooks reproduced here," 192 which certainly suggests that there may be others, not 193 reproduced.+34+ 194 195 Despite this evidence as to their legitimacy, the portions of the 196 <Memorias> published by Arraras have generally been neglected. A 197 survey of several works published on the occasion of the fiftieth 198 anniversary of Azana's death reveal that Arraras' edition is 199 generally ignored or glossed over by most.+35+ Clearly an 200 important resource is being neglected. 201 202 It is unfortunate that Arraras did not publish the notebooks 203 which fell into his possession in their entirety, being satisfied 204 with making selections of the juicier materials. Since the 205 materials he did publish were only excerpts from the lost 206 diaries, we are missing a good deal of material dealing with some 207 of the most important moments in the life of the Second Republic, 208 including the <sanjurjada>. Nevertheless, the portions that 209 Arraras did publish apparently comprise about a third of the 210 missing materials, and there is much of value in them+36+ 211 212 Needless to say, ascertaining the location of the missing 213 notebooks would be of enormous value. The papers of Joaquin 214 Arraras were dispersed long ago.+37+ However, in 1984 a portion 215 of the papers of the former President were discovered in the 216 <Escuela de policia>, where they were microfilmed before being 217 returned to Azana's widow. 218 219 Although these did not include the missing diaries, the discovery 220 offers some hope that they may yet be found.+38+ 221 222 223 <Notes> 224 225 +1+ Manual Azana, <Obras Completas>, edited by Juan 226 Marichal, with an introduction by Cipriano Rivas-Xerif [sic] 227 (Four volumes, Mexico City: Oasis, 1966-1968). For convenience, 228 this discussion will ignore the more recent two volume edition of 229 the <Memorias>, <Memorias politicas y de Guerra> (Barcelona: 230 Inelvasa, 1978) and subsequent reprints and editions of the 231 <Memorias>, all of which are identical to the version in the 232 <Obras completas>. 233 234 +2+ James A. O'Connell, "Republican Spain, the Provisional 235 Government, and Manuel Azana: A Consideration of His Diary," 236 <Iberian Studies>, III, 2 (Autumn, 1972), 70-78. 237 238 +3+ Ibid., 70. 239 240 +4+ Ibid., 74. 241 242 +5+ Ibid., 75. 243 244 +6+ Azana, <Obras completas>, I, xi. 245 246 +7+ Hugh Thomas, "El Presidente desposeido," in <Azana>, 247 edited by Vincente Alberto Serrano and Jose Maria San Lucar 248 (Madrid: Edoscal, 1980), 290 ["Thomas, 'El Presidente'."]. 249 250 +8+ It was, of course, during this period that Azana was 251 briefly imprisoned, as a result of "Revolution of 1934." 252 However, while under arrest he managed to write <Mi rebelion en 253 Barcelona>, best found in <Obras completas>, III, 23-172. 254 255 +9+ For a review of the efforts of Major Generals Manuel 256 Goded, Joaquin Fanjul, and Rodriguez del Barrio and others to 257 stage an immediate military coup to prevent the seating of the 258 Popular Front government see, among others, Julio Merino, <La 259 tragedia de los generales espanoles, 1936> (Espluges de 260 Llobregat: Plaza & James, 1985), 305; Manuel Goded, <Un 261 'faccioso' cien por cien> (Zaragoza: Editora Heraldo de Aragon, 262 1938), 26-27; Stanley G. Payne, <Politics and the Military in 263 Modern Spain> (Stanford: Stanford University, 1967), 311. 264 265 +10+ <ABC>, 21 August 1937, 11, with further installments 266 over the next several weeks. Citing no source, Hugh Thomas, <The 267 Spanish Civil War: Revised and Expanded Edition> (New York: 268 Harper & Row, 1977) [Thomas, <SCW: 2nd>"], 760, states that 269 Joaquin Arraras, on whom see below, was the editor of these 270 articles, which, however, are not found in the bibliography of 271 this volume. 272 273 +11+ Thomas, 760. 274 275 +12+ <Memorias intimas y secretas de Manuel Azana> 276 (Santiago de Chile: n. p. 1938), 128pp. 277 278 +13+ For example, the "Estudio grafologico" found on page 279 11 of the 21 August 1937 <ABC>, is exactly the same as that found 280 on page 10 of the Chilean volume. 281 282 +14+ Arraras' works include, <Historia de la Cruzada 283 Espanola> (eight volumes; Madrid: Ediciones Espanolas, 1940-1943) 284 and <Historia de la Segunda Republica espanola> (fifth edition, 285 four volumes; Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1970). 286 287 +15+ <Memorias intimas de Azana, con anotaciones por 288 Joaquin Arraras> (Madrid: Ediciones espanoles, 1939), 330pp., 289 which will be cited herein as "Azana/Arraras <Memorias>". 290 291 +16+ Thus, Hugh Thomas (<SCW: 2nd>, 760) says that the 292 comments accompanying the <ABC> and Arraras editions established 293 "a new low standard of personal invective." 294 295 +17+ For example, Hugh Thomas, uses the word "pretended" to 296 describe the versions of the <Memorias> published 1937-1939: 297 Thomas, "El Presidente," 291. 298 299 +18+ In this regard it is worth noting the text of a 300 telegram sent from Havana to Azana in September of 1938 by 301 Marcelino Domingo, then a roving ambassador for the Republic in 302 Latin America: "Ruegole envie por esta via cable dirigido a 303 director revista "Bohemia" afirmando que no existe ningun diario 304 intimo en poder de los franquistas PUNTO Se trata de destruir 305 infundiosa afirmaci¢n de peri¢dicos que nos combaten en este pa¡s 306 PUNTO Gracias. Saludos. Marcelino Domingo." 307 308 There is no evidence that Azana made a reply. [Text copied on 8 309 November 1990 in Madrid, from the original, displayed as part of 310 an exhibition of documents relating to Azana on the occasion of 311 the 50th anniversary of his death.] Domingo was, incidentally, 312 the subject of several scurrilous passages in the various 313 unauthorized versions of the <Memorias>, as on 51-56 of the 314 Chilean edition. 315 316 +19+ Only one of the three unauthorized editions of the 317 <Memorias> has been used as a source, the Arraras version, which 318 may be found in the bibliographies of several works, such as 319 Stanley G. Payne's <Politics and the Military in Modern Spain> 320 (538) and Hugh Thomas' <The Spanish Civil War> (New York: Harper 321 and Row, 1961), 645: curiously, Thomas does not repeat the entry 322 in the 1977 edition of his work, although he does include the 323 <Obras completas>, which saw publication between the two 324 editions. Professor Edward Malefakis of Columbia University has 325 observed (5 October 1990) that he has occasionally cited the 326 Ararras work, though it is not a very good source, due to the 327 fragmentary nature of the entries and to Ararras'purposes, which 328 was to show various Republican leaders in the worst possible 329 light. 330 331 +20+ It is interesting that although O'Connell, cited 332 above, makes several references to Arraras' <Historia de la 333 Segunda Republica Espanola> in his essay on Azana's diary 334 (O'Connell, 76, notes 4, 5, 10, etc.), he makes no mention of 335 Arraras' <Memorias intimas de Azana> nor the earlier versions. 336 337 +21+ There is also an overlap on 22 July 1933 338 (Arraras/Azana, 184). 339 340 It is possible that Azana repeated the entry from the end 341 of one notebook at the beginning of the next. In addition, 342 Azana/Arraras as entries for 9 December 1931, 17 February 1932, 343 and 1 May 1933. For the first and last of these there are 344 entries in the authorized edition of the <Memorias>, which in no 345 way correspond to the citations in Arraras/Azana, while for the 346 second there is no entry whatsoever in the authorized version. 347 Since the referencing of the entries in Azana/Arraras is in the 348 form "17 II 32," it is possible that these are the result of 349 typographical errors, of which there are more than a few in the 350 text proper: the entries would not be out of place shifted by one 351 year. Interestingly, the July 1933 entries do not overlap with 352 those for July 1932, which also suggests a typographical gremlin. 353 A list of such discrepancies, with emendations, is found in 354 Appendix 1. An outline list of entries by date in the Chilean, 355 Arraras, and authorized versions will be found in Appendix 2. 356 357 +22+ Thus, for 24 February 1933 (310), Arraras has Azana 358 write that Franco seemed overly concerned about the revision of 359 seniority and will be sent to the Balearic Islands to get him out 360 of the way, while under 1 March of the authorized edition, Azana 361 notes that Franco, although apparently still annoyed about the 362 revisions in seniority, talked of nothing else but his new post 363 as commanding general of the Balearics. 364 365 +23+ Granted that comparing various samples of handwriting 366 reproduced photographically in reduced form in a book does not 367 provide the clearest evidence for passing on the genuineness of 368 one of them, nor that the present writers make any claim to 369 expertise in handwriting analysis. 370 371 +24+ For example, in the authorized edition of the 372 <Memorias> Azana regularly used lower case letters when referring 373 to positions, such as <ministro>, <presidente> (other than when 374 making reference to the <Presidente> of the Republic), 375 <gobernador>, <director>, <capitan>, <comandante>, <general>, and 376 so forth, but he used capital letters when referring to 377 institutions such as <Consejo>, <Cortes>, <Parlamento>, 378 <Gobierno>, <Republica>, <Congreso>, <Palacio>, and so on. The 379 same style is used in the Arraras edition. 380 381 +25+ Compare, "Incompetent, half-crazy, a disaster even to 382 the way he dresses. . . . he practices naturism and walks naked 383 among the pines, . . . with an aide to alert the neighbors," on 384 Major General Pedro de la Cerda (Azana/Arraras, <Memorias>, 27 385 August 1932 [160-162]), with "A fool, in whom there is nothing of 386 importance," on Brigadier General Jose Varela Iglesias (Azana, 387 <Memorias>, 29 December 1931-4 January 1932. Similarly, on 388 Colonel Julio Mangada, "crazy . . . a vegetarian, Esperantist, 389 and spiritualist" (Azana, <Memorias>, 4 July, 9 September 1931), 390 and "That nut Mangada" (Azana/Arraras, <Memorias>, 28 July 1932 391 [136]). 392 393 +26+ <Obras completas>, Vol. IV, vii. 394 395 +27+ Azana/Arraras, <Memorias>, 1-43. 396 397 +28+ Ibid., 30. 398 399 +29+ Ibid., 42. The thief was apparently one Antonio 400 Espinosa, the vice-consul (see Jose Fernandez Cormenzana, "El 401 Laberinto de los documentos de Azana," <El Pais>, 24 February 402 1991, 26). Emilio Gonzalez Lopez, now Professor Emeritus at the 403 City University of New York and then a member of the Spanish 404 delegation to the League of Nations, was present in Geneva at the 405 time, and confirms details of the theft of the notebooks from the 406 consulate: conversation, 12 October 1990. 407 408 +30+ Ibid., 30. 409 410 +31+ Frank Sedwick, <The Tragedy of Manuel Azana and the 411 Fate of the Spanish Republic> (Columbus: Ohio State University: 412 1963), pp. 225-226. 413 414 +32+ Emiliano Aguado, <Don Manuel Azana Diaz> (Barcelona: 415 Mauta, 1972), pp. 271-272. 416 417 +33+ <Obras completas>., IV, vii. Curiously, later in this 418 same volume Marichal terms the fifth notebook, "the fifth (and 419 final one of the series 1931-1933)": see xiii. 420 421 +34+ This leaves unresolved the question of how many 422 notebooks existed. Deducting the three which Arraras gives as 423 stolen [Thomas, "El Presidente," 291, says two.] leaves six, yet 424 Marichal says there were eight, only five of which dealt with the 425 period prior to the outbreak of the Civil War. Based on the 426 published portions, the stolen notebooks were number five (22 427 July 1932-19 September 1932), seven (28 November 1932-28 February 428 1933), and nine (1 June 1933-28 August 1933). On page 125 of the 429 Chilean edition of the stolen portions of the <Memorias>, there 430 is a photographic reproduction of the cover of one of the 431 notebooks, captions "Portada y fragmentos del primer cuaderno de 432 las Memorias de Azana, que se reproducen en este volumen." In 433 the illustration the dates "28 November 1932-28 February 1933" 434 can just be made out, indicating that the notebook in question 435 was number seven. 436 437 It seems probable that notebook number six, which would have 438 covered the period from 19 September-28 November 1932, 439 disappeared entirely. For an outline description of the probable 440 contents of the several notebooks, see Appendix 3. 441 442 +35+ While Jose Maria Marco's <Azana> (Madrid: Mondadori, 443 1990), cites the Arraras edition twice, and Jose Pena Gonzalez' 444 <Manuel Azana> (Alcala de Henares: Fundacion Colegio del Rey, 445 1991), does so several times, it is merely listed in the 446 bibliography of Santos Julia's <Manuel Azana> (Madrid, Alianza, 447 1990) and not mentioned at all in Jesus Ferrer Sola's <Manuel 448 Azana> (Barcelona: Anthropos, 1991). Most surprising is that 449 Jose Maria Marco does not deal with the excerpts in the Arraras 450 edition in his <La creacion de si mismo: ensaya sobre la 451 literatura autobiografica de Manuel Azana> (Madrid: Biblioteca 452 Nueva, 1991), although he does discuss portions of the Marichal 453 edition, and Maria Angeles Hermosilla Alvarez, does not mention 454 it in her <La prosa de Manuel Azana> (Codoba: Universidad de 455 Cordoba, 1991). 456 457 +36+ Based on the line length of the entries in the 458 authorized version of the <Memorias>, Azana seems to have written 459 an average of 2,436 lines per month in 1931, 1,084 in 1932, and 460 1,888 in 1933. Assuming that entries were of approximately the 461 same length in the two diaries which form the basis of the 462 unauthorized editions and in the one which may have been lost, it 463 is probable that these totalled 10,500-11,000 lines. As the 464 total lineage included in the unauthorized versions does not 465 exceed about 4000, the still missing portions seem to total 466 6,500-7,000 lines. 467 468 +37+ <Sra>. C. Martinez Caro, the daughter of Joaquin 469 Arraras, very kindly confirmed this fact when one of the authors, 470 Felix Alvarez-Martinez approached her about the matter in early 471 1991. 472 473 +38+ Unfortunately for scholarship, <Sra>. Azana died soon 474 after the cache of papers from the Police School were returned to 475 her. As a result, access to them has been denied due to legal 476 entanglements involving her heirs: See, among others, Emilio 477 Manzano, "La polemica por el legado de Azana enrarece el ambiente 478 de los colquios de Montauban: No se puede consultar la 479 documentacion hallada en la Escuela de Policia," <ABC>, April 11, 480 1990, 59; Javier Barrio, "Documentos sobre Manuel Azana han 481 desaparecio afirma en Montauban un sobrino del politico espanol," 482 <El Pais>, November 3, 1990, 22; Jose Fernandez Cormenzana, "El 483 Laberinto de los documentos de Azana," <El Pais>, 24 February 484 1991, 26-27; Ignacio Alvarez Vara, 'Los papeles de Azana,' 485 <Cambio 16>, 637 (February 8, 1991), p. 83. 486 487 488 <Appendices> 489 490 Appendix 1: Discrepancies in the Dating of Entries 491 492 493 The following discrepancies have been detected in the dating of 494 entries in the unauthorized Santiago de Chile (1938) and Madrid 495 (1939) collections of excerpts from the missing portions 496 of the <Memorias>. 497 498 In some cases the same entry bears a different date in the two 499 different versions, while in others the date duplicates one in 500 the authorized edition. 501 502 503 1938 Edition 1939 Edition 504 ------------------------------------------------------------ 505 <Date Page Date Page Comment> 506 507 27.01.32 29 27.01.32 144 27.01.33 is probably correct 508 17.02.32 16 ------------- 17.02.33 is probably correct 509 07.07.32 102 27.07.33 298 27.07.33 is probably correct 510 19.08.32 035 11.08.32 122 One date is incorrect. 511 22.08.33 051 22.09.33 089 One date is incorrect. 512 28.11.32 055 28.10.32 095 28.11.32 is probably correct. 513 15.12.32 107 12.12.32 304 One date is incorrect. 514 15.12.32 107 14.12.32 304 One date is incorrect. 515 13.01.33 107 01.01.33 302 One date is incorrect. 516 19.01.33 054 09.01.33 094 One date is incorrect. 517 24.01.33 054 24.02.33 095 One date is incorrect. 518 -- - 01.05.33 325 01.06.33 is probably correct. 519 16.06.33 051 06.06.33 090 One date is incorrect. 520 06.06.33 065 16.06.33 151 One date is incorrect. 521 21.07.33 079 21.06.33 172 One date is incorrect. 522 04.07.33 107 14.08.33 303 One date is incorrect. 523 24.02.33 064 24.11.33 148 24.02.33 is probably correct. 524 29.12.33 063 23.12.33 148 One date is incorrect. 525 21.12.33 101 24.02.33 298 24.02.33 is probably correct. 526 06.06.36 083 06.06.33 166 06.06.33 is probably correct. 527 528 529 530 Appendix 2: Dates of Entries in the Various Editions of Azana's 531 <Memorias>, 1931-1933 532 533 On this table: 534 535 M = entries in Marichal's edition of the <Memorias> 536 A = entries in the Chilean or Arraras editions. 537 B = entries in the Marichal & Arraras editions 538 . = days on which Azana made no entries. 539 X = entries which cover more than one date. 540 541 542 543 Year -- 1931 544 545 11-> 21-> 31 546 1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|20|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|30|31 547 --------------------------------------------------------------- 548 Jul M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M- M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M- M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M- M- M 549 Aug M-M-.-M-M-M-M-M-M- M-M-M-M-M-M-.-M-M-.- M-M-M-.-M-M-M-M-M-M- M- . 550 Sep M-M-M-M-M-.-M-M-M- .-M-M-M-.-M-M-M-M-.- .-M-M-.-.-.-M-.-.-M- . 551 Oct M-M-M-.-.-.-.-.-M- .-M-M-M-M-.-.-.-M-.- .-.-.-M-.-M-M-M-M-M- M- M 552 Nov M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M- .-.-.-M-M-M-M-M-M-M- .-M-.-.-M-.-.-M-.-.- M 553 Dec M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M- M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-X- X-X-X-X-M-M-M-M-.-.- .- M 554 555 From 18 to 21 December Azana was on a journey to Barcelona. 556 From 29 December 1931 to 4 January 1932 Azana was in Cordoba, 557 Seville, and Cadiz. 558 559 560 561 562 Year -- 1932 563 564 11-> 21-> 565 1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|20|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|30|31 566 --------------------------------------------------------------- 567 Jan X-X-X-X-M-M-M-M-M- M-M-M-.-.-.-.-M-.-.- .-.-.-M-.-.-.-M-.-M- .- M 568 Feb M-.-M-M-.-M-M-.-.- .-.-M-.-M-M-M-.-.-M- M-.-M-.-M-M-M-M-M-. 569 Mar .-.-.-.-M-.-M-.-.- .-.-.-M-M-M-.-M-M-M- M-M-.-M-.-M-.-.-M-.- .- M 570 Apr M-M-M-M-X-X-X-M-.- .-.-.-.-M-.-.-.-.-M- .-M-M-.-.-.-M-M-.-.- . 571 May .-.-M-M-M-M-M-M-M- .-M-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- M-.-.-.-.-.-M-M-.-.- .- M 572 Jun .-.-.-.-.-.-M-M-M- M-M-.-M-M-.-.-M-M-M- M-M-M-M-M-M-.-M-M-M- M 573 Jul M-M-M-.-M-M-M-M-M- .-M-M-M-.-M-M-M-.-.- M-M-B-.-.-.-.-A-A-.- .- . 574 Aug A-.-.-A-A-A-.-.-A- A-A-A-A-.-A-.-.-.-A- A-.-.-A-A-A-.-A-A-A- .- . 575 Sep .-.-.-A-.-.-.-A-A- .-.-A-.-.-.-.-.-.-A- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- . 576 Oct .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .- . 577 Nov .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-A-A- A 578 Dec A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A-A- A-.-.-.-A-A-A-A-.-A- .-.-.-.-A-A-.-.-.-A- .- A 579 580 581 582 583 584 Year -- 1933 585 586 11-> 21-> 587 1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|10|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|20|1|2|3|4|5|6|7|8|9|30|31 588 --------------------------------------------------------------- 589 Jan A-.-.-A-A-.-.-.-.- .-A-.-A-.-A-.-.-A-A-.-.-A-A-A-A-.-A-A-.- .- . 590 Feb .-.-A-.-A-A-A-A-A- .-A-.-A-A-A-A-A-A-A- A-A-.-A-A-.-.-.-. 591 Mar M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M-M- M-.-.-.-.-.-M-M-M-M- .-.-M-M-M-.-.-M-.-.- .- . 592 Apr .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-M-M-M-.-.-.- .-M-M-M-.-.-.-.-.-.- M 593 May M-M-M-M-M-.-M-M-.- M-M-M-.-.-.-M-M-M-M- M-.-M-.-M-M-M-M-M-M- .- M 594 Jun A-A-.-A-A-A-A-A-A- A-A-A-A-.-A-A-.-.-A- .-A-A-A-.-.-A-A-.-A- . 595 Jul A-.-.-A-.-A-A-.-.- .-A-A-A-A-A-.-.-.-.- .-A-.-.-.-.-.-A-A-.- A- . 596 Aug A-.-.-.-.-A-.-.-.- A-.-.-.-.-A-.-.-A-A- .-.-A-A-.-.-A-.-A-.- .- . 597 Sep .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- . 598 Oct .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .- . 599 Nov .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- . 600 Dec .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.- .- . 601 602 603 604 605 606 Appendix 3: Outline of the Probable Coverage of Azana's 607 Notebooks, 1931-1933. 608 609 Notebooks are identified by the numbers "1" through "9." 610 Note that there are occasional entries which run from 611 one notebook to the next. 612 613 Notebook 1: 1 Jul 1931-31 Aug 1931 614 Notebook 2: 1 Sep 1931- 5 Nov 1931 615 Notebook 3: 6 Nov 1931-14 Feb 1932 616 Notebook 4: 15 Feb 1932-22 Jul 1932 617 Notebook 5 22 Jul 1932-30 Sep 1932 618 Notebook 6: 1 Oct 1933-27 Nov 1933 619 Notebook 7: 28 Nov 1933-28 Feb 1934 620 Notebook 8: 1 Mar 1934-31 May 1934 621 Notebook 9: 1 Jun 1934-31 Aug 1934 622 623 624 625 The apparent fate of Azana's original notebooks can easily be 626 sumamrized: 627 628 Notebook 1 Published by Marichal 629 Notebook 2 Published by Marichal 630 Notebook 3 Published by Marichal 631 Notebook 4 Published by Marichal 632 Notebook 5 Partially published by Arraras, with the balance now lost. 633 Notebook 6 Presumably now lost. 634 Notebook 7 Partially published by Arraras, with the balance now lost. 635 Notebook 8 Published by Marichal 636 Notebook 9 Published by Marichal 637 638 ONLINE MODERN HISTORY REVIEW ISSN 1181-1151 c. 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