From aceska@telus.net Tue Sep 23 23:05:22 2003 Received: from priv-edtnes61.telusplanet.net (outbound01.telus.net [199.185.220.220]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id h8O65LQF023738 for ; Tue, 23 Sep 2003 23:05:21 -0700 (PDT) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([64.180.113.216]) by priv-edtnes61.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.5.01.05.17 201-253-122-126-117-20021021) with ESMTP id <20030924060515.VLCU6003.priv-edtnes61.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Wed, 24 Sep 2003 00:05:15 -0600 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Tue, 23 Sep 2003 23:05:07 -0700 Message-ID: <001c01c38261$ce358b40$d871b440@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_001D_01C38227.21D6B340" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 Importance: Normal X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: 00000000C06708F54003554D89A831B66A8953E924D75700 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.37 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 314 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_001D_01C38227.21D6B340 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable BEN=09 BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS=09 ISSN 1188-603X=09 No. 314 September 23, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C.=09 Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 =20 HERACLEUM MANTEGAZZIANUM (GIANT HOGWEED): A NASTY INVASIVE PLANT SPECIES = IN BRITISH COLUMBIA From: Nick Page, Raincoast Applied Ecology [napage@interchange.ubc.ca] & Ron Wall, Parksville Streamkeepers Society [rrwall@shaw.ca] Giant hogweed or giant cow-parsnip, Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier (Apiaceae), is a conspicuous and potentially troublesome exotic = plant species which is in its initial stages of invasion in southwest British Columbia. Because management is most effective on small populations = during population expansion, the purpose of this article is to raise awareness = and improve management, particularly focusing on eradication, early in the invasion process in British Columbia. A detailed description of its = current distribution in British Columbia is included. Identification and Biological Characteristics Heracleum mantegazzianum is a member of the carrot family (Apiacae) = whose native range is the Caucasus Mountains in southwest Asia (Tiley et al. 1996). It is closely related to a widespread native species, Heracleum maximum Bartram (cow-parsnip; previously known as Heracleum lanatum Michaux), which is found in wet meadows, roadsides, and moist forests throughout British Columbia. Heracleum mantegazzianum has been = introduced to western Europe, Britain, Scandinavia, eastern North America, and the = Pacific Northwest purposefully or by accidental human transport (Morton 1975; = Py=C5=A1ek 1991; Tiley et al. 1996; Darbyshire & Morton 2003; Booy, 2003). It is designated as a noxious weed in Washington, Oregon, Florida, and North Carolina (USDA, 2003). Heracleum mantegazzianum is generally distinguished from H. maximum by = its larger size; where flowering plants of H. maximum seldom reach over 2.0 = m in height, H. mantegazzianum_ is often 2.5 to 4 m in height with lower = leaves in a basal rosette between 1.5 to 2.0 m in total breadth. It is = recognized by the Guinness Book of Records as the world's largest weed (listed at = 3.65 m tall) (Guinness World Records, 2003). The stem can be >10 cm in = diameter although 3-8 cm is more common. Another identifying characteristic is diffuse or patchy purplish-red pigmentation with raised bumps or nodules = on the stem, whereas H. maximum may have some purplish spots but it is generally light green in colour with diffuse hairs. The inflorescence of = H. mantegazzianum forms a broad (30-50 cm) flat-topped umbel composed of = many small white florets. Seed production is heavy and one plant may produce between 1,500-100,000 seeds (mericarps) per plant (Tiley et al. 1996). = The fruit of H. mantegazzianum tends to be larger than that of H. maximum (about 1-1.5 cm long compared to 0.8-1.2 cm) with different resin canal structure (Darbyshire and Morton 2003). Dispersal is either by water movement along streams, ditches, and urban storm drainage systems, or by human activity. Some fruits or seed heads are picked for decorative = uses, garden planting and culinary purposes (e.g., golpar spice), however, transport of soil and seed from infested areas by machinery is likely a = more important means of dispersal. Management Concerns There are two primary reasons why Heracleum mantegazzianum is considered = an invasive species of management concern in British Columbia. First, it = can exclude native plant species through direct competition for light or = other physical resources in open habitats (e.g., forest edges, meadows, stream margins) (Tiley et al. 1996). Dense patches along forest edges that = were subjectively evaluated in the City of North Vancouver had very low = plant species richness, particularly of native species. Heracleum = mantegazzianum may also reduce streambank stability by reducing native shrub or forb = cover during the winter flood period. It can also establish in shaded forest = such as stream ravines, although its growth and flowering is reduced and it = is not considered a strong competitor in these environments (Tiley et al. 1996). Second, H. mantegazzianum produces light-activated chemicals (furanocoumarins) in its leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and seeds which = can cause minor to severe contact dermatitis in combination with exposure = to sunlight (Camm et al. 1976; Towers 1980). Furanocoumarin-induced = dermatitis typically consists of blisters that form within 48 hours and become pigmented (blackened or purplish) scars that can last as long as 6 = years (Tiley et al. 1996). Longterm sensitivity to sunlight may follow. The highest concentrations of furanocoumarins are present in leaves and = roots during the early part of the growing season (Knudsen 1983). Heracleum maximum and other members of the carrot family also contain = furanocoumarins (Nielsen 1971). Distribution in British Columbia Based on current distribution patterns, Heracleum mantegazzianum = appears to have been originally introduced at two localities in southwest British Columbia: French Creek near Parksville on eastern Vancouver Island; and = the City of North Vancouver on Vancouver's North Shore.=20 Heracleum mantegazzianum was first recorded in riparian areas along = French Creek in 1964 (Dawe and White, 1979) and the largest populations on Vancouver Island are still found in the surrounding area. Dawe and = White (1979) speculated that it had been introduced by 1944 although the exact site and source are uncertain. Beyond the French Creek area, Ron Wall = and colleagues have documented an expanding list of occurrences on = southeastern Vancouver Island including the Victoria area (garden on Helmcken Rd.; Weir's Beach, Metchosin), Saltair (garden on Chemainus Rd.), Gabriola Island (Drumbeg Park), Nanaimo (gardens near Quennel Lake and Cat = Stream; ditch along College Drive; Island Highway near airport), Nanoose Bay (gardens on Seahaven and Ashcroft roads; Island Highway near Nanoose Creek), Parksville (Heath Ave. near Englishman River estuary; Aquila Park), Errington (Island Highway near Englishman River; Leffler Rd.), Qualicum Beach (beach near Old Island Highway; Seacrest Place), = Qualicum Bay (Dunsmuir Rd.; garden on Old Island Highway), and Denman Island (private garden). Also, there have been recent unconfirmed reports in a wholesale nursery near Cobble Hill, along the E&N Railway line in = Nanaimo, on Shooting Star Place in Nanoose Bay, in a private woodlot near the Englishman River in Errington, in the Eaglecrest area of Qualicum = Beach, along Whiskey Creek near Coombs and in Courtenay. In the Lower Fraser Valley, the earliest record based on a confirmed specimen is in Mahon Park in the City of North Vancouver from 1974 (UBC Herbarium Acc. 156773). This is believed to be the epicenter of = Heracleum mantegazzianum invasion in the Lower Fraser Valley as the largest populations are currently located along Wagg Creek near Mahon Park = (19th St. and Jones Ave.). Recent assessment and mapping for the City of = North Vancouver's Engineering, Parks and Environment Department found smaller populations along roadsides and streams throughout the City of North Vancouver with larger populations on Mosquito Creek near Upper Levels Highway (and downstream); 3rd St. west of Lowlevel Road; and in the = Tempe Heights area east of Lynn Valley. The assessment showed that H. mantegazzianum was recorded at more than 100 sites within the City of = North Vancouver ranging from single plants along roadsides and streams to = large patches greater than 1000 square meters. The total estimated population size in the City of North Vancouver was 7200 square meters. Heracleum mantegazzianum is also prevalent in adjacent areas of the = District of North Vancouver including the lower Seymour River and roadsides near = the Ironworkers Memorial Bridge and upper Wagg Creek (St. Andrews St. and = Queens Ave.) and the central portion of the Mosquito Creek watershed. It is = less common east of the Seymour River but has recently been observed in Deep Cove (Parkside Creek), Dollarton Highway (Burrard Inlet Indian Reserve #3), and near Riverside Drive and Mt. Seymour Parkway. The District of = West Vancouver Parks Department has been actively managing H. mantegazzianum = in parks for several years. Their mapping indicates it is found primarily = in riparian areas in the Brothers Creek watershed (Brothers and Hadden = Creeks and adjacent areas of the eastern British Properties), lower Capilano = River, Vinson Creek, Marr Creek, and Westmount Creek. It has also been recorded = in residential areas northwest of Lighthouse Park, in Horseshoe Bay = (Wellington Ave. area), and along the roadside of Marine Drive and Sunset Avenue = west of Oxley Street. Giant hogweed is less common in other areas of the Lower Mainland. In = the City of Vancouver, small populations have been observed in Vanier Park, Queen Elizabeth Park (33rd Ave. area), Stanley Park (Lions Gate Bridge area), UBC Campus (Biology courtyard), 6th Avenue (east of Alder St.), Strathcona Community Garden (orchard area), and beneath the Burrard = Street Bridge. Frank Lomer has also recorded populations on the south side of = Sea Island in Richmond (shore of the Fraser River and east from Oak Street bridge), along the lower Brunette River on the Burnaby / New = Westminster border, in a ravine north of 100 Ave. in Surrey; north of the Roberts = Bank causeway in Delta, and in south Burnaby and Coquitlam. Management Control or eradication of Heracleum mantegazzianum is labour intensive = and requires long term management. Recommended control methods include = cutting or mowing above ground parts, digging, and herbicide application (Tiley = and Philp 1994, Dodd et al. 1994, Tiley et al. 1996). Application (spraying, stem injection, wiping) of glyphosate (Roundup) in April and May before plants are 1 m tall followed by a second application later in the = season is the most universally recommended control method (Tiley and Philp = 1994, R. Cranston, pers. comm.). Deep tilling or severing the taproot 5 to 15 = cm below the surface of the ground may be successful for small populations. Observations indicate that crushing or twisting the stem or leaf = rosette during the early part of the growing season may reduce flowering, but = is not effective for eradication or long term control. Seed longevity is greater than 7 years (Tiley et al. 1996) and ongoing monitoring is = required, with possible repeated treatments, to prevent reestablishment. There are = no applicable biological control methods although research is currently underway to identify potential fungal or insect pathogens (Ravn 2003). = Sheep grazing has been used to control dense patches of H. mantegazzianum successfully (Andersen 1994) but is impractical in urban or riparian = areas in British Columbia. Because H. mantegazzianum requires 2 to 4 growing seasons before flowering, eradication focusing on small, young stands = is most successful. This typically requires training of both parks = maintenance staff and volunteer groups to recognize and safely remove nonflowering plants. Gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing are needed for = safe handling. Stems and leaves can be left on site or composted if there is = no risk of human contact. Seed heads should be disposed of separately by burning or other methods that prevents dispersal of seeds to other = areas. Invasive plant species management is generally most effective when = small, initial populations can be eradicated or controlled to prevent further population expansion. Indeed, invasion ecology theory recommends that control efforts focus on small populations on the margin of range = expansion as the most effective method for slowing or preventing further invasion (Moody and Mack 1988). This requires an "early-warning" system that educates observers and managers to recognize invasive species before = they become widespread and abundant, and resources to rapidly eradicate or control the invading species. Too often, invasive species management = focuses on activities directed at organisms that are already widespread and abundant. In the case of Heracleum mantegazzianum, resource managers = have an opportunity to learn from the invasion patterns in other jurisdictions = and implement municipal or provincial management strategies focusing on eradication and control of dispersal in British Columbia. Despite the = large number of localities described above, many of the populations consist of small numbers of plants that could be easily eradicated. Success of an eradication program in British Columbia will depend on four key aspects: 1. provincial-scale organization and support, including funding for education, monitoring, and control programs; 2. education focusing on increasing public and institutional knowledge of the problem; 3. technical advice and resources for community-based or municipal eradication programs; and, 4. formal regulation of the plant as a noxious weed. Unlike Washington State and many areas in central and western Europe, and despite its = risks to human health, H. mantegazzianum is not currently recognized as a noxious weed in British Columbia. . Contact Information To report new occurrences of Heracleum mantegazzianum in British = Columbia, please provide specific locality data (street names, map or GPS = coordinates, or a detailed site description) and the size of the population (number = of plants or patch size in square meters) to Nick Page at napage@interchange.ubc.ca or Ron Wall at rrwall@shaw.ca. Acknowledgements . A number of people kindly provided distribution records or other = information for this article: Rob Adams, Richard Boase, Wade Calder, Adolf Ceska, = Carol Cornish, Roy Cranston, Stephen Darbyshire, Neil Dawe, Garry Fletcher, = Matt Henderson, Michael Hunter, Rose and Brian Klinkenberg, Frank Lomer, = Dave Polster, Adriane Pollard, Sean Rathlef, Bob Reed, Hans Roemer and Rob Walker.=20 References Andersen, U.V. 1994. Sheep grazing as a method of controlling Heracleum mantegazzianum. Pp. 71-91, in: de Waal, L.C., L.E. Child, P.M. Wade & J.H. Brock (eds). Ecology and management of invasive riverside plants. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.=20 Booy, O. 2003. Heracleum mantegazzianum. USA Fact Sheet. Report available at http://www.flec.kvl.dk/giant-alien Accessed August 21, 2003 Camm, E.H., W.L. Buck & J.C. Mitchell. 1976. Phytodermatitis from Heracleum mantegazzianum. Contact Dermatitis 2: 68-72. Darbyshire, S. & J.K. Morton. 2003. Heracleum mantegazzianum: Canada Status Report. Report available at http://www.flec.kvl.dk/giant-alien Accessed August 14, 2003. Dawe, N.K. & E.R. White. 1979. Giant Cow Parsnip (Heracleum mantegazzianum) on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. _Canadian Field Naturalist_ 93: 81-83. Dodd, F.S., L.C. de Waal, P.M. Wade & G.E.D. Tiley. 1994. Control and management of Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed). Pp. 111-126, in: L.C. de Waal, L.E. Child, P.M. Wade, P.M. & J.H. Brock (eds). Ecology and management of invasive riverside plants. Chichester, John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Guinness World Records. 2003. Largest weed. Website http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com Accessed August 10, 2003. Knudsen, E.A. 1983. Seasonal variations in the content of phototoxic compound in giant hogweed. Contact Dermatitis_ 9: 281-284. Moody, M.E. & R.N. Mack. 1988.=20 Controlling the spread of plant invasions: The importance of nascent foci. Journal of Applied Ecology 25: 1009-1021. Morton, J.K. 1975. The giant cow parsnip, Heracleum mantegazzianum Umbelliferae, in Canada. Canadian Field Naturalist 89(2): 183-184. Nielsen, B.E. 1971. Coumarin patterns on the Umbelliferae. Botanical Journal of the Linnaean Society 64 (Suppl. 1): 325-336. Py=C5=A1ek P. 1991. Heracleum mantegazzianum in the Czech Republic: the dynamics of spreading from the historical perspective. Folia Geobotanica and Phytotaxonomica 26: 439-454. Ravn, H.P. 2003. Biological control of giant hogweed. Poster presented at the International Symposium, Non-Agricultural use of pesticides - = Environmental Issues and Alternatives, Copenhagen May 7th - 9th 2003. Tiley, G.E.D. & B. Philp. 1994. Heracleum mantegazzianum (giant hogweed) and its control in Scotland. Pp. 101-109 in: L.C. de Waal, L.E. Child, P.M. Wade, P.M. and = J.H. Brock (eds). Ecology and management of invasive riverside plants. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Chichester, Tiley, G.E.D., F.S. Dodd & P.M. Wade. 1996. Biological flora ofthe British Isles: Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier and Levier. Journal of Ecology 84: 297-319. Towers, G.H.N. 1980.=20 Photosensitizers from plants and their photodynamic action. Progress in Phytochemistry 6: 183-202. USDA [United States Department of Agriculture] Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. 2003. Website http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/weeds/ Accessed August 10, 2003.=20 =20 =20 =20 =20 PHYTOTOXINS CLEAR THE WAY: DISPLACEMENT OF NATIVE PLANTS BY CENTAUREA IS AIDED BY PHYTOTOXIC=20 (-)-CATECHIN RELEASE =20 From: C.L. Bishop; originally appeared in The Scientist at http://www.biomedcentral.com/news/20030905/01 Copyright 2003 =20 =20 Invading plant species, such as the Centaurea (Asteraceae), establish monocultures in novel habitats by displacing the indigenous plant communities. It is thought that the absence of "natural enemies" and/or = the release of phytotoxins from the invading plants by allelopathy promote = this process. Previous work has shown that the European spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.) releases racemic catechin; the phytotoxin (-)-catechin, and the antimicrobial (+)-catechin. Invasive (-)-catechin levels in North American soil were found to be more than double those = found in the natural habitats of C. maculosa. In the September 5 Science, = Harsh, Bais and colleagues at Colorado State University show that (-)-catechin inhibits growth of a number of nature North American plants by altering gene expression, resulting in extensive root death (Science, = 301:1377-1380, September 5, 2003). =20 =20 Bais et al. used an integrated approach to establish the = characteristics of (-)-catechin-mediated inhibition of plant growth. They observed that = when field soil was supplemented with "invasive" levels of (-)-catechin, the germination and growth of two native grasses were dramatically reduced compared with more resistant European grasses given the same treatment. Examination of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynhold and Centaurea diffusa Lam.-a close relative of C. maculosa susceptible to (-)-catechin-at the cellular level revealed a wave of cell death, starting at the root tip = that proceeded through the central elongation zone toward the stele.=20 (-)-Catechin treatment initiated a rapid reactive oxygen species wave, similar to that observed for root cell death, but proceeding cell death = by 5 to 10 minutes. This increase in reactive oxygen species induced Ca2+-dependent triggering of cell death. Gene expression analysis of Arabidopis thaliana showed that 10 genes were upregulated 10 minutes = after treatment, with 956 genes being upregulated 50 minutes later. Many of = the 956 gene products are linked to oxidative stress and the = phenylpropanoid and terpenoid pathways. At 12 hours, many of these genes were repressed, possibly as a result of the onset of cell death. =20 =20 "The case we have presented here for allelopathy in Centaurea maculosa challenges the conventional ecological perspective that a species' invasiveness is mainly due to enhanced resource competition after = escape from natural enemies and highlights the role for the biochemical = potential of the plant as an important determinant of invasive success," = conclude the authors. =20 =20 Links for this article =20 =20 Bais, H. et al. 2002. =20 Enantiomeric-dependent phytotoxic and antimicrobial activity of (=C2=B1)-catechin. A rhizosecreted racemic mixture from spotted = knapweed. Plant Physiology 128: 1173-1179. http://www.plantphysiol.org =20 Bais, H. et al. 2003. =20 Allelopathy and exotic plant invasion: from molecules and genes to species interaction. Science, 301: 1377-1380. = http://www.sciencemag.org =20 Colorado State University =20 http://welcome.colostate.edu =20 Goslee, S.C. et al. 2001. =20 Modeling invasive weeds in grasslands: the role of allelopathy in Acroptilon repens invasion, Ecological Modelling 139:_31-45. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/ecolmodel = Keane, R.M. & M.J. Crawley, 2002. = Exotic plant invasions and the enemy release hypothesis. Trends in = Ecology and Evolution 17: 164-170. http://www.trends.com =20 =20 =20 =20 =20 BOOK REVIEWS: SEDGES HAVE EDGES, RUSHES ARE ROUND, GRASSES HAVE JOINTS WHEN COPS AREN'T AROUND =20 Sedges have edges ... =20 From: Adolf Ceska [aceska@telus.net] =20 =20 Flora of North America Editorial Committee. (ed.) 2002. Flora of North America north of Mexico: Volume 23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in = part): Cyperaceae. Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford. 608 p. ISBN 0-19-515207-7 [hard cover]=20 Price: US$120.00 =20 Ordering information: http://www.oup-usa.com =20 =20 This is a hefty volume, and one very close to my heart. In total, 843 species that belong to 27 genera are treated in this volume. This is quite an achievement on in its own right, as the previous attempt of = the North American Flora took over 30 (?) years to compile a = monograph of this family, one which is now +/- obsolete. =20 =20 A large collective of 31 authors participated in the writing of this = recent volume. Most of the larger genera were coauthored by many authors; the exceptions are Rhynchospora (68 sp.), Fimbristylis (17 sp.), where = Robert Kral is an undisputed king, and Schoenoplectus (17 sp.) written by = S. Galen Smith. Editors did a very good job in compiling this volume and assuring the overall consistency of the work. = =20 This is the best you can get on the sedge family (Cyperaceae) and the = sedges proper (the genus Carex) in North America today. The new treatment of members of the tribe Scirpeae is especially important for the Pacific Northwest: for instance, the treatment of the genus Eleocharis substantially increased the number of species known in British Columbia = (17 sp. in FNA vs. 10 sp. in The Illustrated Flora of British Columbia). =20 =20 The genus Carex, on the other hand, suffered by having been written = by too many individual authors; the species concept varies throughout = this genus, excessive lumping in the section Acutae (now called Phycocystis), whereas other sections tended towards more splitting. The problem with Carex in North America is that the first really authoritative = treatment of this genus was written by Kenneth K. Mackenzie, who was a lawyer. Consequently, you feel that you are breaking the law, if you = don=E2=80=99t follow his classical treatment. The authors tried not to break the law and = they followed Mackenzie's sectional divisions, even although they noted = that "Mackenzie never explained his arrangement.". They abandoned the = original Kuekenthal's division in the subgenera, primarily because = Kuekenthal=E2=80=99s subgenus Primocarex is obviously an artificial, hardly defensible category. (Wasn=E2=80=99t it Raymond who wrote that if Primocarex had = not existed, it would have had to be invented?) Yet, Kuekenthal's system would have = been easier to follow. Fine, the authors did not accept subgenera, but = did follow Mackenzie's sections and their arrangement "is a modified = version of K.K. Mackenzie's system; the section largely follows his delimitation..." They in turn accepted Dumortier's sectional names, = which pre- dated many traditional sectional names. The result is that many = new sectional names sound unfamiliar to older botanists. =20 =20 A serious failing of this volume are the omissions in the synonymy. Lists of synonyms are short and in some instances don=E2=80=99t even = include names discussed in treatments of particular species. You won=E2=80=99t find = the name "Carex angustior" in this volume at all. This will give me some hope = that this species was omitted by mistake, rather than synonymized with = another, possibly unrelated taxon. =20 =20 The distribution maps are reduced to the map of US states and Canada provinces where the occurrence of each species is indicated by one = dot for the whole province or state. It is a pity that the distributional = maps do not provide more detail. =20 =20 The majority of the authors are from east of the Continental Divide and = some obvious errors resulted from this skewed distribution of the = authorship. Rhynchospora capillaris, Eriophorum virginicum (adventive), Carex torreyi, etc. occur in British Columbia. You can blame regional = reviewers, including me, for some of these omissions, but is some cases (e.g., = Carex torreyi) there were specimens from British Columbia in major Canadian herbaria in Ottawa that should have been taken into account when writing = the treatments. =20 =20 Illustrations follow the format of the Flora of North America. I liked = the illustration of sedges done by Susan Reznicek. Susan is a botanist = and you can tell it from her illustrations. You can appreciate the illustrations, if you go to the Flora of North America web site and = view them in close to their original size. =20 =20 The Flora of North America is available online from the web site: http://www.fna.org/FNA/volumes.shtml Navigation in the web site is easy = and the species descriptions are linked to the illustrations. Once you know = what you are looking for, you can find it easily on the web site. On the = other hand, the book is a good investment. You can be sure that for at least = the next thirty years you won't get anything better in the sedge family = in North America than this FNA volume. =20 =20 ... rushes are round ... =20 From: Karol Marhold [Karol.Marhold@svaba.sk], abbreviated from Folia Geobotanica 38(2003): 104-105. =20 =20 Kirschner, J. et al. 2002. Species Plantarum: Flora of the World. Part = 6, Juncaceae 1: Rostkovia to Luzula. Australian Biological Resources = Study, Canberra. 237 p.=20 ISBN 0-642-56822-7 [soft cover] =20 Kirschner, J. et al. 2002. Species Plantarum: Flora of the World. = Part 7, Juncaceae 2: Juncus subg. Juncus. Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. 336 p. ISBN 0-642-56823-5 [soft cover] =20 Kirschner, J. et al. 2002. Species Plantarum: Flora of the World. Part = 8, Juncaceae 3: Juncus subg. Agathryon. Australian Biological Resources = Study, Canberra, 192 p. ISBN 0-642-56824-3 [soft cover] =20 Price for a set of three books: AUS$170.00 (Subscribers will get 20% discount.) =20 Available from: ABRS, Department of Environment and Heritage, GPO Box 787, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia =20 =20 The Species Plantarum Project is an initiative by a worldwide consortium = of taxonomists to write and publish a Flora of the vascular plants of the world. The project operates under the auspices of the International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI), a Commission of IUBS. As written in the Introduction to the series, "Species Plantarum aims to provide in concise format, and with standardized data fields, basic taxonomic information on the vascular plants of the world, including accepted names and synonyms with bibliographic data, types of names, = keys and descriptions from family to varietal levels, geographical distributions, ecological information and other related matters, = and to publish it in both hard copy and electronic form." Detailed review = of the project is provided by Brummitt et al. (2001). As of today, the Introduction to the series by A.E. Orchard as well as accounts of six families were published. =20 =20 The four out of six family accounts already published are rather = short, representing one species for Welwitschiaceae and Prioniaceae, three species for Stangeriaceae and ten species for Irwingiaceae and the = purpose of their publication is to show what family treatments "should look like". The family account of Schisandraceae comprises 39 species in = two genera. For more information on this series see: http://platnet.rbgsyd.gov.au/iopi/iopispp1.html =20 =20 In fact, the family treatment of Juncaceae (440 species in 7 genera), comprising 765 pages and including 537 distribution maps for the first time shows the real potential of the whole project. The volume was prepared in a wide international collaboration of 21 authors = under the editorship of Jan Kirschner, with the help of three advisors to = the whole family treatment (two of them also contributed as authors). =20 =20 There are two important points that I would like to stress. The first, authors of this family treatment not only summarized present knowledge = on the genus (adding quite a lot of new information while preparing this account), but also pinpointed the gaps in our knowledge about this family. This is important for directing further research. Secondly, the whole world treatment of this family has shown serious gaps in the local = and general Red Lists of vascular plants. Out of the 22 species names listed = in the 1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, nine were found to be = synonyms of widely distributed taxa, two are taxonomically doubtful and only 11 = of them are really threatened. On the other hand, an additional 34 species = not listed in 1997 were shown as threatened ones (Kirschner & Kaplan 2002). = Many taxonomists are aware of the inaccuracies in the Red Lists of all kinds, = but the numbers provided as a result of the study of this particular family = are alarming and illustrate the real need of world scale taxonomic = treatments. Clearly, we cannot protect something that we do not know. =20 =20 The account of the family Juncaceae was the first exercise on a large = family in this project and thus naturally pinpointed several problems to be = solved. For instance, in spite of the detailed guidelines and really precise editorial work of Anthony E. Orchard and his assistant editors, the = format of the accounts still suffers from a few "child diseases", e.g. inconsistency in the use of ISO1 or ISO2 standards to transliterate the Cyrilics in journal titles. Another item, maybe important only from the purely European point of view, are references to Czechoslovakia (CZE) or Yugoslavia (YUC) in the distribution data, in spite of the fact that = these countries ceased to exist in their original shape a decade ago. Their division is reflected in the second edition of Brummitt's World = Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions (Brummitt 2001) only on level 4 = and not on level 3 to which distribution data are referred to in Species Plantarum. However, the preparation of various checklists or Red Lists = for the purpose of national legislature or for decision makers on all = levels, desperately need the information on the presence or absence of the = species on country levels. In addition, both these regions are phytogeographically very variable and from this point of view certainly = do not represent natural units. =20 =20 To sum up, the publication of the series Species Plantarum: Flora of = the World is a major achievement in taxonomy and in the international cooperation of taxonomists of all continents, and hopefully the new volumes will follow in a regular schedule (the account of the family Chrysobalanaceae is already in the works). It should be found on the = shelves of all important botanical libraries, but also on the book shelves of = those who deal with threatened plants or those interested in biogeography and other related subjects. = =20 =20 References =20 =20 Brummitt, R.K. 2001. = World geographical scheme for recording plant distributions.. 2nd Ed. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie Mellon = University, Pittsburgh. =20 Brummitt, R.K., S. Castroviejo, A.C. Chikuni, A.E. Orchard, G.F. Smith, = & W.L. Wagner. 2001. =20 The Species Plantarum Project, an international collaborative initiative for higher plant taxonomy. Taxon 50: 1217-1230. =20 Hollis S. & R.K. Brummitt. 1992. _ =20 World geographical scheme for recording plant distributions. Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Carnegie MellonUniversity, Pittsburgh. =20 Kirschner, J. & Z. Kaplan. 2002. =20 Taxonomic monographs in relation to global Red Lists. Taxon 51: 155- 158. =20 =20 =20 ....grasses have joints when cops aren't around =20 From: Adolf Ceska [aceska@telus.net] =20 =20 Barkworth, M.E., K.M. Capels, S. Long, & M.B. Piep, eds. 2003. Flora of North America north of Mexico. Volume 25: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2. Oxford University Press, New York - Oxford. 783 p. ISBN 0-19-5167481 [hard cover]=20 Price: US$120.00 =20 Ordering information: http://www.oup-usa.com =20 =20 This is definitely the most beautiful volume of the Flora of North = America north of Mexico published so far. The volume treats 733 species in and = six named interspecific hybrids. The subfamilies treated are = Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, Centothecoideae, Chloridoideae, Danthonioideae, and Panicoideae. =20 =20 The work on this treatment started in about 1986 as a revision of A.S. Hitchcock=E2=80=99s 1951 Manual of Grasses of the United States, 2nd ed. = rev. A. Chase. The Manual revision was well underway when the Flora of North = America finally took off. I doubt that the work would have ever been finished without the editorial effort of Mary Barkworth, whose energy I have = always admired. I did not count how many people coauthored treatments to this volume, but the result is relatively coherent and uniform. Quite a feat, = as I know that some authors submitted their treatments in handwriting. =20 =20 The format resembles that of the Flora of North America, but in some features it deviates from it. On the negative side, I did not like = pooling synonyms in the index-like list at the end of the volume, synonyms = without citing authorities in alphabetical order. The names in the treatment = don't have the full citations, only the authorities with the sources. The distribution of each species is illustrated with detailed distributional maps, much better than, for instance, in the Cyperaceae volume, but on = the other hand, the text doesn=E2=80=99t have any distributional summary, = i.e., accounts of Canadian provinces and the US states as in the other FNA volumes. =20 =20 Illustrations are definitely the most positive feature of this volume. = Each species (with exception of one, they say) are illustrated and the illustrations are mostly on full-size plates. Both grass habit and many important details are depicted for most species. The botanist and = botanical artist Linda Vorobik put together a team of six highly skilled artists = who all matched their styles well and produced superb illustrations. I = noticed that all species of the same genus were all drawn by the same artist, = hence the style is consistent for all the species within each genus. Can you imagine having to draw all the 70 species of Muhlenbergia? =20 =20 My main complaint is that this volume deals mostly with the taxa that = occur in eastern or southeastern United States; the Pacific Northwest is represented by a few members. Unfortunately, the authors could not do = too much to rectify this distributional anomaly. However, it makes me anticipate all the more eagerly the first part of the Poaceae family = that will cover most of our taxa that grow in the Pacific Northwest. =20 =20 The illustrations and treatments from the second of the two Flora of = North America volumes is currently being made available at http://herbarium.usu.edu/grassmanual/ As many works of this dimension, = this volume is not without mistakes and errors. In order to see the = corrections and print out Errata, visit the following web site: http://herbarium.usu.edu/grassmanual/FNA25/default.htm =20 =20 Mary Barkworth and all the others involved in the preparation of this = volume should be congratulated on this great achievement. 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(8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id h9NBHwQ9024317 for ; Thu, 23 Oct 2003 04:17:58 -0700 (PDT) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([64.180.113.216]) by priv-edtnes40.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.5.01.06.05 201-253-122-130-105-20030824) with ESMTP id <20031023111753.BBIL19684.priv-edtnes40.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Thu, 23 Oct 2003 05:17:53 -0600 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Thu, 23 Oct 2003 04:17:42 -0700 Message-ID: <000c01c39957$4710be70$d871b440@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 Importance: Normal X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.38 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-MIME-Autoconverted: from quoted-printable to 8bit by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca id h9NBHwQ9024317 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 315 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 315 October 23, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- CONFERENCE ANNOUNCEMENT: INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF VEGETATION SCIENCE 47TH ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM - JULY 18-23, 2004 - HAWAII BEN is proud to sponsor the following symposium: Landscape Change and Ecosystem Disturbance: Islands and Continents 47th Annual Symposium International Association of Vegetation Science July 18-23, 2004 King Kamehameha's Kona Beach Hotel, Kailua-Kona, Hawai'i, USA We are pleased to invite you to attend the 2004 meeting of the International Association of Vegetation Science in Kailua-Kona, Hawaii Island, Hawaii, USA. The meeting theme "Landscape Change and Ecosystem Disturbance: Islands and Continents" will provide an ample umbrella for contributed papers, posters, and special sessions on vegetation theory, methods, observations, experi- ments and management. Field trips before, during and after the conference are special, rare opportunities to see Hawaii's beautiful endangered plant communities with expert guides. For more details see http://conference.uhh.hawaii.edu/iavs2004.info.htm We look forward to seeing you in Hawaii in 2004! Conference Co-Chairs: Julie S. Denslow (US Forest Service) Dieter Mueller-Dombois (University of Hawaii) CAREX ACUTIFORMIS - DOMINANCE OF A CRYPTIC INVASIVE SEDGE AT OTTAWA From: Paul M. Catling and Brenda Kostiuk, Agriculture and Agri- Food Canada, Environmental Health, Biodiversity, Saunders Bldg., C.E.F., Ottawa K1A 0C6 e-mail [catlingp@agr.gc.ca] How would anyone know that a solid stand of sedge was entirely alien? After all, there are relatively few invasive alien sedges, and many native sedges do form more or less monospecific stands. Furthermore how many field biologists can recognize sedges? Even experts are less likely to recognize a species that is unknown in their region and consequently not covered in regional literature. European Lake Sedge (also called Lesser Pond Sedge, _Carex acutiformis_ Ehrh.) is a case in point. It was first noticed in Canada when a specimen originally misiden- tified as _Carex aquatilis_ was correctly identified by sedge expert A.A. Reznicek (Univ. of Michigan). This plant was col- lected in the Stony Swamp near Ottawa on 10 June 1987 and again at the same location on 6 June 1989 (specimens in the Agricul- ture and Agri-Food Canada herbarium, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa). A rare introduction in North America, European Lake Sedge was one of a number of invasive aliens of the Ottawa District high- lighted during the Ottawa workshop on invasive species hosted by the Ottawa Stewardship Council in May 2003. It was highlighted as a serious invasive from Europe that is unique in Canada to the Ottawa District. It is also known from six states in the northeastern U.S. (Reznicek & Catling 2002). During the workshop one of the important points that emerged was that people need information in order to participate in the monitoring and management of invasive alien plants. The most needed information is how to identify the invasive plant and this is particularly important for species that may be readily mistaken for natives. Next is the location and how much of it there is as well as biological information on spread and dominance. This kind of information has been requested on several recent occasions for the European Lake Sedge at Ottawa. Since it is an alien that could be easily overlooked, and may even now be more prevalent than we realize, the following information may be useful anywhere in North America. Identification of European Lake Sedge Among the large group of sedges (genus _Carex_), European Lake Sedge is distinctive in its possession of more than one spike on a stem, 3 stigmatic branches, and 3-sided fruits within a non- hairy sac (called the perigynium) and a persistent style at the top of the fruit. The perigynia are coarsely 12-18-nerved, 3-4.5 mm long, with a beak 0.3-0.6 mm long and teeth 0.2 mm long. The upper spikes are either entirely staminate, or pistillate at the base and staminate above. European Lake Sedge differs from other members of its section _Paludosae_ in its combination of smooth (instead of hairy) perigynia, leaves moderately broad, 5.5-15 mm wide (instead of less than 5 mm wide) and perigynia relatively short being 3-4.5 mm long (instead of longer). Of course sedges are notoriously difficult to identify, but some are easier than others. European Lake Sedge is relatively easily identified if one knows what to look for. At close range, it bears a general resemblance to only a few native species. It differs from the Beaked Sedges (_Carex rostrata_ Stokes and _Carex utriculata_ Boott) in having perigynia with much shorter beaks (less than 1/4 the length of the perigynia), and the leaves are plicate (M-shaped rather than V-shaped in cross- section) and often only obscurely septate-nodulose (instead of strongly so). This latter term refers to partitions in the tissue that become raised bumps when the tissue dries out or is compressed). In northeastern North America, European Lake Sedge most closely resembles Tussock Sedge (_Carex stricta_ Lam.) and Aquatic Sedge (_Carex aquatilis_ Wahlenb.) but differs markedly from both of these in having strongly nerved (instead of nerve- less) perigynia (the sac enclosing the fruit of a sedge), three- parted stigmas and three-sided fruits called achenes (instead of a 2-parted stigmas and a two-sided, lenticular fruits). At a distance it also resembles a stand of Lake-bank Sedge (_Carex lacustris_ Willd.). It differs from Lake-bank Sedge, and from other species in its section _Paludosae_, in its hairless and relatively short perigynia, and moderately broad leaves (5.5-15 mm wide). Although it appears that it is not yet spreading aggressively in North America, it clearly has the potential to be a very serious invasive and its general resemblance to the native species could allow it to go undetected long enough to become increasingly well established and to initiate a stage of much more rapid spread. Identification and control are thus important issues. Already it may have been overlooked to a degree. Another very helpful clue to recognizing this invasive on the landscape is the fact that the leaves remain green long after the first frost and later in the fall than those of many native sedges. This is a general characteristic of plants of European origin that is shared with other northeastern invasives such as Glossy Buck- thorn (_Frangula alnus_ Miller) and European Weeping Birch (_Betula pendula_ Roth). Impact and dominance The 1989 specimen label notes that this alien species "was dominating several acres of moist, open area." In 2003 we visited the site to further evaluate its dominance. It dominated an area of approximately 6 acres of moist open marsh with scat- tered trees of Tamarack, Eastern White Cedar, White Birch, and American Elm. Along a 3 m wide transect 215 m in length, repre- senting 645 m2 quadrats, the sedge had a frequency of 100% and Ŧ of its surface area (cover) was 100 to 500 % of the surface area of each quadrat, with an approximate average of 200%. The only other species present are listed in Table 1. These are all native and none contributes more than a fraction of a percentage of the cover. The very extreme dominance of European Lake Sedge is clear from the frequency and cover values of the native species. A general survey confirmed that the sampled area was representative of the 6 acre stand. In general native species were either trees or confined to more recent mounds produced by ants. Ferns (Table 1) were often present on new currently used ant mounds, and Cinnamon Fern (_Osmunda cinnamomea_ L.) appeared to be able to maintain a place on these mounds and possibly to resist encroachment by the sedge as a result of its extensive and dense rhizome development. An adjacent area of similar elevation and tree cover on the edge of the stand has a diverse natural plant association with many co- dominants including: _Athyrium filix-femina_ (L.) Mertens var. _angustum_ (Willdenow) G. Lawson (Northern Lady Fern), _Boehmeria cylindrica_ (L.) Sw. (False Nettle), _Calamagrostis canadensis_ (Michx.) P. Beauv. (Blue-joint Grass), _Carex_ spp. (Sedges), _Cornus sericea_ L. - Red-osier Dogwood), _Onoclea sensibilis_ L. (Sensitive Fern), _Parthenocissus quinquefolia_ (L.) Planchon ex DC. (Five-leaved Virginia Creeper), _Solidago canadensis_ L. (Canada Goldenrod), _Solidago rugosa_ Aiton subsp. _rugosa_ (Rough Goldenrod), _Symphyotrichum punicem_ (L.) Löve & Löve (_Aster puniceus_ L. var. _puniceus_, Purple-stemmed Aster), and _Thelypteris palustris_ Schott var. _pubescens_ (Lawson) Fernald (Marsh Fern). The native species present in the stand of European Lake Sedge are also present in this adjacent diverse native plant associa- tion and are likely remnants of this association which was probably displaced by the alien sedge. At least it seems likely that this diverse native association would be present were it not for the dominance of the alien sedge. Although much of the area it dominates is relatively uniform as described above, the European Lake Sedge at the Stony Swamp site has a remarkable ecological amplitude. It grows in hummocks around open water up to 1 m deep. Here the rhizomes grow out into the water and extend the hummock. There is some evidence that European Lake Sedge may be controlled in wetlands by reduc- tion in water level (Kazda 1995), but at the Stony Swamp site it grows in some relatively dry semi-open areas where the vegeta- tion is dominated by an old field association of _Daucus carota_ L. (Wild Carrot) and _Poa compressa_ L. (Canada Blue Grass). In these areas the sedge is 100% cover or less, but still dominant up to the edge of the more diverse association. European Lake Sedge is unusual among sedges in its high canopy and large amount of leaf area (Aerts & DeCaluwe 1994). This allows both photosynthetic carbon gain and suppression of other species in the competition for light. It is a highly productive species in its native range and is characteristic of eutrophic wetlands. Its leaf litter decomposes more slowly than that of other species of sedge (Aerts and DeCauwe 1997). The litter immobilizes more N and P for longer periods than the litter of other species (Corona and Verhoeven 1999). The characteristic dense cover of the current year growth as well as the dense accumulation of litter forming a dense subcanopy were charac- teristic of the Stony Swamp population. The extreme dominance of this introduced sedge may be attributable to a combination of successful competition for nutrients and competition for light as a result of both dense green cover and smothering by persist- ing dead leaves from the previous year. The effect of litter accumulation may be greater in base-poor waters (more acid waters over granite or sandstone) due to slower cellulose decay than occurs in base-rich waters (Verhoeven & Arts 1992). Origin and dispersal It seems most likely that European Lake Sedge arrived at the Ottawa site in hay from Europe. A number of farms existed in the immediate vicinity which may have introduced hay from Europe. Another more frequent introduced sedge, _Carex flacca_ Schreb. (HEATH SEDGE) occurs nearby in drier pasturelands with many other introduced species. The Stony Swamp area is one of the botanically richest areas of the Ottawa district (Brunton 1982). Substrates include limestone, sandstone and glacial till. The population of European Lake Sedge is on top of a rolling sandstone-capped plateau. It is fruiting abundantly and it appears to be capable of spread of perigynia by both adhesion to a variety of mammals such as beaver and muskrat and ingestion by waterfowl. Since it occurs along a major road in the ditch and along the ditch banks, another potential method of spread is transport of root masses and rhizomes by road maintenance vehicles. References Aerts, R. & H. DeCaluwe. 1994. Effects of nitrogen supply on canopy structure and leaf nitrogen distribution in _Carex_ species. _Ecology_ 75(5): 1482-1490. Aerts, R. & H. DeCauwe. 1997. Nutritional and plant mediated controls on leaf litter decomposition of _Carex_ species. _Ecology_ 78(1): 224-260. Brunton, D.F . 1982. _Stony Swamp Life Sciences_. Conservation Studies 5, National Capital Commission, Ottawa. Corona, P.M.E. & J.J.A. Verhoeven. 1999. Biomass allocation and phosphorous productivity of _Carex_ species in relation to soil phosphorous status. _Israeli J. Plant Sc._ 47(2): 97- 102. Kazda, M. 1995. Changes in alder fens following a decrease in the ground water table: results of a geographical information system application. _J. Applied Ecology_ 32(1): 110-120. Reznicek, A.A. & P.M. Catling. 2002. _Carex_ Linnaeus sect. _Paludosae_. Pp. 302-306 in _Flora of North America north of Mexico_. vol. 23. Oxford University Press, New York. Verhoeven, J.T.A. & H.H.M. Arts. 1992. _Carex_ litter decomposi- tion and nutrient release in mires with different water chemistry. _Aquatic Botany_ 43(4): 365-377. TABLE 1. Species names followed by percentage frequency and percentage cover of 12 vascular plants recorded in 645 m2 plots along a transect through an open wetland dominated by European Lake Sedge (_Carex acutiformis_ Ehrh). _Carex acutiformis_ Ehrh., European Lake Sedge, 100.0000, 200.0000; _Parthenocissus quinquefolia_ (L.) Planchon ex DC., Five-leaved Virginia Creeper, 0.0108, 0.0010; _Phalaris arun- dinacea_ L., Reed Canary Grass, 0.0170, 0.0079; _Ulmus americana_ L., White Elm, 0.0015, 0.0077; _Betula papyrifera_ Marshall, White Birch, 0.0015, 0.0077; _Epilobium_ sp., Willow- herb , 0.0015, 0.0015; _Cornus sericea_ L., Red-osier Dogwood, 0.0046, 0.0004; _Onoclea sensibilis_ L., Sensitive Fern, 0.0003, 0.0003; _Thelypteris palustris_ Schott var. _pubescens_ (Lawson) Fernald, Marsh Fern, 0.0124, 0.0012; _Athyrium filix-femina_ (L.) Mertens var. _angustum_ (Willdenow) G. Lawson, Northern Lady Fern, 0.0003, 0.0010; _Dryopteris cristata_ (L.) A. Gray, Crested Wood Fern, 0.0015, 0.0001; _Sambucus canadensis_ L., Common Elderberry, 0.0015, 0.0010. NON-NATIVE _PHRAGMITES COMMUNIS_ IN BRITISH COLUMBIA Frederick W. Schueler, Aleta Karstad, Jennifer Helene Schueler, Bishops Mills Natural History Centre, RR#2 Bishops Mills, Ontario, Canada K0G 1T0 e-mail: [bckcdb@istar.ca] In 2000, when we drove from Ontario to the CARCNet [Canadian Amphibian and Reptile Conservation Network] meetings in Pentic- ton, we GPS'd _Typha angustifolia_ L. and _Phragmites communis_ (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. along roadsides all across the country. Among the results was a complete absence of Typha angustifolia in the Okanagan, and a nearly complete absence of Phragmites. The exceptions were the two sites detailed below, which are separated by less than a kilometre. These were the typical invasive-type _Phragmites_, which looked like they were spread- ing as rapidly as if they had been on the outskirts of Montreal or Syracuse. See http://www.invasiveplants.net/phragmites/phrag/natint.htm for a discussion of the differences between the invasive and native Phragmites. [For more information, see also BEN # 310 and BEN # 284. - AC] I suggest that anyone concerned with the native flora of the Okanagan look into the identity of these stands, and the possibility of action against them while they're still relatively confined. Field notes of Frederick W. Schueler: _Phragmites australis_. codominant herb, in fruit, specimen. 2000/219/bc Canada: British Columbia: : Highway 97, MAP: 82E/4, UTM 11U 313557 5440620. 49.09202N 119.55497W 18 September 2000 Collected by: Frederick W. Schueler, Aleta Karstad, & Jennifer H. Schueler, Karstad family Field#: 2000/219/bc Habitat: disturbed roadside shore of small _Scirpus_-bordered lake; big stands for several 100 m S of here, & a few to the N. This is from a stand where the lake comes closest to the road. After not seeing this species once along the TransCanada Hwy from central Manitoba to Westbank, it's striking to see it rambling 'invasively' over disturbed ground here, as if this were the outskirts of Montreal or Syracuse. _Phragmites australis_. 1 stand, specimen. 2000/226/aa Canada: British Columbia: Okanagan R, at ecological reserve. MAP: 82E/4, UTM 11U 314453 5440990. 49.09561N 119.54288W 25 September 2000 Collected: Frederick W. Schueler, CARCNET field trip Field#: 2000/226/aa Habitat: channelized river in sagebrush desert; WAYPT/104, single stand on inland side of dike along river. There were more stands in a circular marsh farther west. Note: Waypoints determined by: F.W.Schueler; Site accuracy: 100m Garmin45 Coordinates from: GPS:L/L-WGS84,UTM-NAD27Canada; EOBase REWARD: LOOKING FOR THE PACIFIC YEW BIODIVERSITY ILLUSTRATION From: Ernie Small [smalle@agr.gc.ca] and Paul Catling [catlingp@agr.gc.ca] An illustration with Pacific Yew tree in the centre, an owl in the branches and other animals as well as arrows indicating ecological cycles appeared no later than 1998. We have tried to locate this image but have not been able to do so. We recall having seen it in a popular article about the value of biodiver- sity. If anyone can help us to locate this image and its source, we would very much appreciate it. The reward for the first person to reply with information leading to our locating the image and its source is a free copy (English or French) of the book "Canadian Medicinal Crops" published by NRC press. The picture of Pacific Yew in the book on page 153 came from the ecological diagram we seek. The tree alone also accompanies a description at http://www.fs.fed.us/ipnf/eco/yourforest/trees/yew.html NEW PUBLICATIONS: TREES AND SHRUBS IN WINTER Pojar, Rosamund & Evi Coulson. 2003. _Trees and Shrub in Winter: A Guide to the Identification of Common Trees and Shrubs in Northwestern British Columbia_. Cassiope Press, Smithers. 154 p. ISBN 0-9733592-0-X [soft cover, coil binding] Price: CDN$ 19.95 To obtain copies, contact the publisher: Cassiope Press, Box 3089, Smithers, BC V0J 2N0 E-mail: rpojar@bulkley.net When living in a part of the country where the leaves start to fall at the end of August and do not begin to reappear until the end of April or early May, identifying most plants in all their leafy glory must be crammed into a few short summer months. Consequently, being able to identify some of the plants during most of the remaining months is a definite asset - especially for people involved in resource management activities like forestry, wildlife habitat assessment and so on. For college students, whose school days coincide almost exactly with the leafless months, learning how to identify deciduous plants in winter dormancy (at least those that show above the snow) is a must - there is not much choice! This is a guide to the winter identification of not only deciduous trees and shrubs, but also evergreen coniferous trees and evergreen flowering shrubs commonly found in northwestern British Columbia. Most species included here are also found elsewhere in the province. The keys and identifying features used in this guide are designed with a minimum of technical jargon and using simple diagnostic features that are easy to see in the field. Pen and ink illustrations for each species highlight their key identify- ing field characteristics. Beautiful pen and ink drawings (black and white) done by Evi for each of the species for which there is a key. Keys to: 19 species of conifers, 4 species of deciduous trees, 32 species of deciduous shrubs, and 7 species to evergreen shrubs. Contains also a list of other species (15) found in the north and where to find them, glossary, references, index. All species described with key field identification features, mainly focussing on twigs (what can be seen in winter), but also some other features (e.g. bark in trees) and some interesting natural history notes. Illustrations on page facing the descrip- tion are annotated with the most important identifying features. PUBLICATION ANNOUNCEMENTS: WILDFLOWER FIELD GUIDES Lone Pine Publishing: Kershaw, Linda. 2003. _Alberta wayside wildflowers_. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton. 160 p. ISBN 1-55105-350-0 [soft cover] Price: $16.95 Kershaw, Linda. 2003. _Manitoba wayside wildflowers_. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton. 160 p. ISBN 1-55105-352-7 [soft cover] Price: $16.95 Kershaw, Linda. 2003. _Saskatchewan wayside wildflowers_. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton. 160 p. ISBN 1-55105-354-3 [soft cover] Price: $16.95 Lone Pine Publishing publications can be ordered at the following toll-free phone number: 1-800-661-9017 Harbour Publishing: Trelawny, John. 2003. _Wild flowers of the Yukon, Alaska & northwestern Canada_. 2nd revised edition. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park, BC. 224 p. ISBN 1-55017-257-3 [soft cover] Price: $24.95 Order from: Harbour Publishing Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 219, Madeira Park, British Columbia, Canada V0N 2H0 http://www.harbourpublishing.com LOOKING FOR A HERBARIUM CABINET AND OTHER EQUIPMENT From: Anne Zamluk, Western Edge Botany, Sidney, BC [azamluk@shaw.ca] I am establishing my business as a consulting systematic botanist (morphology) and still require some equipment. Boom mounted microscopes are amazingly expensive, so if anyone has a used one for sale, I would be willing to pay a reasonable price for it. Even the boom alone would be useful. Also, with less urgency, I would like to buy a used herbarium cabinet and am willing to pick it up. If anyone is clearing out histological equipment, please contact me since I might be interested in buying part or all of it. I am good with computers, statistics and gory details. If you want more information, reply to azamluk@shaw.ca or phone the number below. There is an answering machine. My daily charge is highly competitive. Dr. Anne Zamluk Western Edge Botany Box 2085, Sidney, BC Canada V8L 3S3 250 655-5233 ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska@telus.net Fri Nov 21 02:30:46 2003 Received: from priv-edtnes12-hme0.telusplanet.net (outbound03.telus.net [199.185.220.222]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id hALAUhuF009085 for ; Fri, 21 Nov 2003 02:30:45 -0800 (PST) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([64.180.113.216]) by priv-edtnes12-hme0.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.6.00.05.02 201-2115-109-103-20031105) with ESMTP id <20031121103038.NIFX5817.priv-edtnes12-hme0.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Fri, 21 Nov 2003 03:30:38 -0700 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Fri, 21 Nov 2003 02:30:21 -0800 Message-ID: <000001c3b01a$7b0b9220$d871b440@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0001_01C3AFD7.6CE85220" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Importance: Normal X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 316 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0001_01C3AFD7.6CE85220 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 316 November 21, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- [In this BEN we return back to the giant hogweed, BEN # 314] EXPERIENCES FROM MANAGEMENT OF GIANT HOGWEED (_HERACLEUM MANTEGAZZIANUM_) IN DENMARK AND RESULTS FROM A PILOT STUDY ON NONCHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS: ABSTRACT From: Rita Merete Buttenschon, Danish Forest and Landscape Research Institute, Horsholm Kongevej 11, 2970 Horsholm. [rmb@fsl.dk] An international workshop on _Heracleum mantegazzianum_ (giant hogweed) held from 5 to 7 March 2003 in Riga, Latvia. http://www.flec.kvl.dk/giant-alien/html/menu.asp?id=138 CHEMICAL APPLICATION Herbicides (glyphosate) is considered effective and cheap Spray- ing at least twice during the growing season: early in the season and high summer. Glyphosate is non-selective and should be used for spot spraying where possible. Herbicides should not be used at lake- and riverbanks. Possible seepage of chemicals to ground water. Application of herbicides often leave the ground bare after withering of the Giant Hogweed ROOT CUTTING Root cutting is very effective, but expensive. Cutting should take place in early spring and be repeated in highsummer. Cutting should be done 10 cm below soil surface. The cut plants must be pulled up and either removed or left to dry. Umbels should be removed from flowering plants. MOWING Mowing techniques are useful for larger population. Mowing must be conducted 2-3 times during the season. Small population can be cut manually using a scythe or a grass trim- mer. Mowing machines may spread seeds. Mowing machine disturbance may enhance seed germination. REMOVING OF UMBELS Umbels should be removed when seeds are formed but not yet mature. WAIPUNA AND GIANT HOGWEED (_HERACLEUM MANTEGAZZIANUM_) From: Mary Sanh, Waipuna Western Canada, Phone: (250) 716-6652 [marysanh@waipuna.com] "Waipuna" originated in New Zealand and is now operating throughout Europe, i.e., Germany, United Kingdom, France, Australia and South America. Three years ago we entered the US market with our head office in Chicago, for the past 18 months we have been focused on the west coast of the US and are now just entering into the west coast of Canada. The Waipuna system (combination of hot water and foam) applies heat using biodegradable organic foam, consisting of sugar extracts from corn and coconut, from a specially developed machine. After application the foam dissipates harmlessly in a few minutes. The sugar extract is added at .4% to water, which is then heated and arrives at the application head at 97 degrees C - not quite boiling. The foam acts as an insulating blanket (surfactant) and helps retain the heat over the plant for a longer period of time, which allows for faster rate of application, the hot water is the active ingredient in this process. In treating Giant Hogweed, there are several application wands, the "spear attachment" is the most effective, a 6-8" pointed head with several outlets staggered along it's length, the spear attachment is under pressure at the nozzle @ approx. 150psi, this is then injected directly into the rooting structure of the Hogweed at various locations, trigger is then released, literally destroying it. GENESIS AND THE RETURN OF THE GIANT HOGWEED From: Gerry Truscott [gtruscott@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca] Genesis was an important band in 1970s progressive rock, a musical form based on complex melodies and rhythms, with lyrics that relate stories, often fantastic, mythological or histori- cal, sometimes comical or satyrical. (In its early years (1969- 74), Peter Gabriel was the singer and front man; then drummer Phil Collins took centre stage. Both went on to more popular solo careers as singer/songwriters.) "Return of the Giant Hogweed" is from a 1971 album called Nursery Cryme and the song appears to have been based on a newspaper story about an infes- tation of the weed in Britain. It was not a popular hit, but it was a favourite in the band's live concerts. THE RETURN OF THE GIANT HOGWEED - LYRICS (Banks/Collins/Gabriel/Hackett/Rutherford) Turn and run! Nothing can stop them, Around every river and canal their power is growing. Stamp them out! We must destroy them, They infiltrate each city with their thick dark warning odour. They are invincible, They seem immune to all our herbicidal battering. Long ago in the Russian hills, A Victorian explorer found the regal Hogweed by a marsh, He captured it and brought it home. Botanical creature stirs, seeking revenge. Royal beast did not forget. He came home to London, And made a present of the Hogweed to the Royal Gardens at Kew. Waste no time! They are approaching. Hurry now, we must protect ourselves and find some shelter Strike by night! They are defenceless. They all need the sun to photosensitize their venom. Still they're invincible, Still they're immune to all our herbicidal battering. Fashionable country gentlemen had some cultivated wild gardens, In which they innocently planted the Giant Hogweed throughout the land. Botanical creature stirs, seeking revenge. Royal beast did not forget. Soon they escaped, spreading their seed, Preparing for an onslaught, threatening the human race. The Dance Of The Giant Hogweed Mighty Hogweed is avenged. Human bodies soon will know our anger. Kill them with your Hogweed hairs _HERACLEUM MANTEGAZZIANI_ Giant Hogweed lives (Genesis - Nursery Cryme 1971) ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ ------=_NextPart_000_0001_01C3AFD7.6CE85220 Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Message
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aceska@victoria.tc.ca &nbs= p;            = ; =20 Victoria,=20 B.C.
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&n= bsp;Dr.=20 A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W=20 3S2
-----------------------------------------------------------
[In= this=20 BEN we return back to the giant hogweed, BEN # 314]
 
EXPERIENCES   = FROM  =20 MANAGEMENT  OF  GIANT  HOGWEED =20 (_HERACLEUM
MANTEGAZZIANUM_) IN DENMARK AND RESULTS FROM A  = PILOT =20 STUDY  ON
NONCHEMICAL CONTROL METHODS: ABSTRACT
 
From:  Rita  Merete =20 Buttenschon,  Danish  Forest  and = Landscape
  =20 Research Institute, Horsholm Kongevej 11, 2970  Horsholm. =
  =20 [rmb@fsl.dk]
 
An  international  workshop = on _Heracleum=20 mantegazzianum_ (giant
   hogweed) held from 5 to 7 March = 2003 in=20 Riga, Latvia.
   http:/= /www.flec.kvl.dk/giant-alien/html/menu.asp?id=3D138
 
CHEMICAL APPLICATION
 
Herbicides (glyphosate) is considered = effective and=20 cheap Spray-
ing at least twice during  the  growing =20 season:  early  in  the
season and high = summer.
 
Glyphosate is non-selective and should = be used for=20 spot spraying
where possible.
 
Herbicides  should not be used at = lake- and=20 riverbanks. Possible
seepage of chemicals to ground = water.
 
Application of herbicides often  = leave =20 the  ground  bare  after
withering of the Giant=20 Hogweed
 
ROOT CUTTING
 
Root cutting is very effective, but=20 expensive.
 
Cutting  should  take  = place =20 in early spring and be repeated in
highsummer.
 
Cutting should be done 10 cm below soil = surface.
 
The cut plants must be pulled up and = either removed=20 or  left  to
dry.
 
Umbels should be removed from flowering = plants.
 
MOWING
 
Mowing techniques are useful for larger = population.
 
Mowing  must  be  = conducted =20 2-3  times during the season. Small
population can be cut = manually using=20 a scythe or a  grass  trim-
mer.
 
Mowing machines may spread seeds. = Mowing machine=20 disturbance may
enhance seed germination.
 
REMOVING OF UMBELS
 
Umbels  should  be  = removed =20 when  seeds  are formed but not yet
mature.
 

WAIPUNA AND GIANT HOGWEED = (_HERACLEUM=20 MANTEGAZZIANUM_)
From: Mary Sanh, Waipuna Western Canada, = Phone: =20 (250)  716-6652
   [marysanh@waipuna.com]
 
"Waipuna" originated  in  New = Zealand  and  is   now  =20 operating
throughout  Europe,  i.e.,  Germany, =20 United  Kingdom,   France,
Australia  and  = South=20 America. Three years ago we entered the US
market with our head = office in=20 Chicago, for the past  18  months
we  have  = been =20 focused  on the west coast of the US and are now
just entering = into the=20 west coast of Canada.
 
The Waipuna system (combination of hot = water=20 and  foam)  applies
heat  using  = biodegradable =20 organic  foam,  consisting  of sugar
extracts from = corn =20 and  coconut,  from  a  specially =20 developed
machine.  After  application the foam dissipates=20 harmlessly in a
few minutes.
 
The sugar extract is added at .4% to = water, which=20 is then heated
and arrives at the application  head at 97 = degrees C -=20 not quite
boiling. The foam acts as an insulating blanket = (surfactant)=20 and
helps  retain  the  heat  over  the = plant for a=20 longer period of
time, which allows for faster rate of application, = the hot=20 water
is the active ingredient in this process.
 
In treating Giant Hogweed, there are = several=20 application  wands,
the  "spear  attachment"  = is =20 the most effective, a 6-8" pointed
head with several outlets = staggered along=20 it's length, the spear
attachment is under pressure at the  = nozzle =20 @  approx.  150psi,
this is then injected directly into the = rooting=20 structure of the
Hogweed   at   various =20 locations,  trigger  is  then  = released,
literally=20 destroying it.
 

GENESIS AND THE RETURN OF THE = GIANT=20 HOGWEED
From: Gerry Truscott=20 [gtruscott@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca]
Genesis was an important  = band  in =20 1970s  progressive  rock,  a
musical  form based = on=20 complex melodies and rhythms, with lyrics
that relate stories, often=20 fantastic, mythological  or  histori-
cal,  sometimes = comical=20 or satyrical. (In its early years (1969-
74), Peter Gabriel was the = singer=20 and front  man;  then  drummer
Phil  = Collins =20 took  centre  stage. Both went on to more = popular
solo =20 careers  as  singer/songwriters.)  "Return  of  = the  Giant
Hogweed"  is from a 1971 album called Nursery = Cryme and=20 the song
appears to have been based on a newspaper story about = an =20 infes-
tation  of the weed in Britain. It was not a popular hit, = but=20 it
was a favourite in the band's live concerts.
 
THE RETURN OF THE GIANT HOGWEED -=20 LYRICS
(Banks/Collins/Gabriel/Hackett/Rutherford)
 
Turn and run!
Nothing can stop = them,
Around=20 every river and canal their power is
growing.
Stamp them = out!
We must=20 destroy them,
They infiltrate each city with their thick = dark
warning=20 odour.
 
They are invincible,
They seem = immune to all our=20 herbicidal
battering.
 
Long ago in the Russian hills,
A = Victorian=20 explorer found the regal Hogweed by
a marsh,
He captured it and = brought it=20 home.
Botanical creature stirs, seeking revenge.
Royal beast did = not=20 forget.
He came home to London,
And made a present of the Hogweed = to the=20 Royal
Gardens at Kew.
 
Waste no time!
They are = approaching.
Hurry=20 now, we must protect ourselves and find
some shelter
Strike by=20 night!
They are defenceless.
They all need the sun to = photosensitize=20 their
venom.
 
Still they're invincible,
Still = they're immune=20 to all our herbicidal
battering.
 
Fashionable country gentlemen had=20 some
cultivated wild gardens,
In which they innocently planted the = Giant
Hogweed throughout the land.
Botanical creature stirs, = seeking=20 revenge.
Royal beast did not forget.
Soon they escaped, spreading = their=20 seed,
Preparing for an onslaught, threatening the
human = race.
 
The Dance Of The Giant = Hogweed
 
Mighty Hogweed is avenged.
Human = bodies soon=20 will know our anger.
Kill them with your Hogweed hairs
_HERACLEUM=20 MANTEGAZZIANI_
 
Giant Hogweed lives
 
(Genesis - Nursery Cryme=20 1971)
________________________________________________________________=
 
Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l
Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca
BEN is=20 archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/
________________________________________________________________=
------=_NextPart_000_0001_01C3AFD7.6CE85220-- From aceska@telus.net Tue Dec 2 09:47:29 2003 Received: from priv-edtnes40.telusplanet.net (outbound05.telus.net [199.185.220.224]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id hB2HlPBj006705 for ; Tue, 2 Dec 2003 09:47:25 -0800 (PST) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([64.180.113.216]) by priv-edtnes40.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.6.00.05.02 201-2115-109-103-20031105) with ESMTP id <20031202174720.HKGP19813.priv-edtnes40.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Tue, 2 Dec 2003 10:47:20 -0700 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Tue, 2 Dec 2003 09:47:03 -0800 Message-ID: <003101c3b8fc$4e618870$d871b440@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 Importance: Normal X-Spam_Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.60 (1.212-2003-09-23-exp) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0.496 required=5 tests=MAILTO_TO_SPAM_ADDR autolearn=no version=2.60 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-MIME-Autoconverted: from quoted-printable to 8bit by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca id hB2HlPBj006705 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 317 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 317 December 2, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPREHENSIVE BOTANICAL INVENTORIES From: P. M. Catling [catlingp@agr.gc.ca] and A. A. Reznicek [reznicek@umich.edu] Over the past few months we have received a number of requests for information on the requirements for comprehensive inven- tories of vascular plants. These requests have come from field botanists, government agencies and other organizations. Our standard response to these requests has been the following list of considerations which may be of general interest, but the main reason for reproducing them here is to solicit additional ideas. An improved list of requirements and acknowledgements will be made available at a later date. Here "inventories" refers to baseline floristic information including composition of plant communities and the species present within a specified area. Such information provides a framework for subsequent monitoring, management and stewardship as well the data necessary for evaluation of composition and representivity for protection. Impact An understanding of why the survey is being done and its poten- tial impact is very important. There are often specific ques- tions but overall and future impact should not be overlooked. It seems remarkable but the fact is that people doing botanical surveys sometimes do not really understand why they are doing them, and this leads to difficulties in both methodology and interpretation. Expertise Substantial knowledge of plant classification, plant morphology and identification procedures and plant collecting and herbarium procedures is required to conduct adequate botanical inven- tories. A good knowledge of the other workers in the field and of the relevant literature is desirable. With prior arrangement, experts in herbaria are often willing to determine specimens in exchange for a labeled collection that can deposited in the expert's home institution. Such collections should have standard labels and be unmounted (to facilitate evaluation of distinctive features, - too often specimens are mounted with only the upper leaf surface visible and the lower surface covered with glue making the evaluation of microscopic characteristics of the undersurface very difficult). Herbarium curators at universities and museums can provide guidance in appropriate methods of collecting and labelling and they often have a knowledge of experts as a result of loaning their specimens. People generally cannot find what they do not know, and even when they collect everything they see, there will be a lot that is missed as a consequence of not knowing what to look for. Thus botanical experience on the landscape is extremely beneficial. However, an equally important ability is to understand the limitations of the expertise available. With regard to issues such as species at risk and the use of floristic quality indices as landscape evaluation tools, accuracy and completeness of botanical surveys has become especially critical. Funding support Inventory is a complex and time-consuming task that requires adequate funding. Too often a client requires an inventory but pays so little that all that is possible is a compilation of fragmentary existing data. Insufficient funding may also limit available expertise. Background It is important to begin an inventory with a thorough basis of the existing information. This often means library and computer searches and contacting a number of people. Adjustment of methods Methods may be adjusted to the question or the area or to other aspects. For example, the "is it present" question can be answered by creation of species lists, but the "what is the trend" question may require both counting or establishment of permanent quadrats that are sometimes advantageously set out during an initial inventory so as to provide data as soon as possible. As another example, recording during random walk may be suitable for a small area whereas permanently marked tran- sects set out to cover conspicuous zonations may be more ap- propriate for larger areas. Coverage by season Since flowers and fruits are often necessary to identify plants, and these are available at different times during the season for different species, visits at several time are often necessary to gather identifiable material. Some plants, such as the spring ephemerals in eastern North American deciduous forests (e.g. _Erythronium americanum_) can be dominant but have completely disappeared above ground after midsummer. Spring, fall and summer visits to each habitat type are usually a minimal re- quirement for a reliable inventory. Coverage over a period of years Some species appear only during wet years. This phenomenon is most prevalent in dry habitats, but it is by no means confined to deserts and scrublands. _Euphorbia commutata_ of eastern North American alvars appears only in wet years. Other species such as those in a submerged seedbank waiting for exposure may only appear in very dry years at irregular intervals when water levels are at an unusually low level. All within a group of plants It is desirable to be as complete as possible. At the very least a major group, such as all vascular plants should be included in a survey. In some cases difficult subgroups such as grasses or sedges, which are extremely useful indicators, are omitted. Expertise should be sufficient to include these groups or addi- tional expertise should be sought. All habitats All kinds of wetlands including fens, bogs, marshes, swamps within a study area should be surveyed. Open water is often neglected or overlooked due to difficulty of access or because the submerged plants are inconspicuous. It is a variable habitat that can be alkaline to acid and differs in floristic composi- tion in relation to amounts of wave action, flow rate, water transparency, etc. Variability in open water leads to relatively high biodiversity and significant species (locally rare, at risk, etc.) may also be present. Cliff faces are also sometimes neglected (due to difficulty of access!) but are also very important. Binoculars may be useful for surveying this special habitat. All vegetation types Consideration should be given to sampling all identified vegeta- tion types within a study area. All factors Microclimate (exposure such as both cool, moist north-facing slopes and warm, dry south-facing slopes), soil or substrate (acid or alkaline rocks), ecological aspects (areas of grazing versus non-grazing), historical aspects (such as villages of indigenous people where cultivated or selected native germplasm persists), areas recently disturbed for example by fire (where a seedbank has been released) are among the considerations in this category. Voucher specimens Collection of specimens to document important records is a very good idea. The extent of collection depends on what is already available and whether an institutional collection will accept the specimens. Rare species should not be collected or only parts collected (which can be supplemented by photographs). Such specimens of legally protected and rare plants may be essential under certain circumstances (litigation for example). Procedures for collection, care and submission of botanical specimens for identification are available: (http://res2.agr.gc.ca/ecorc/dao/dao11_e.htm - see also Saville 1962, Brayshaw XXX, Metsger & Byers 1999, etc.) Local help To the extent possible experts on the local terrain (guides) and experts on the local flora should be contacted and invited to assist either formally with payment or informally depending on circumstances. Local experts may be just as valuable as scien- tific experts. Expectation list It is very useful to prepare a list of at least the significant species that could occur in the area, based on comparison with other more well known areas within the region. This allows for the development of specific search images and specific search behavior, and it increases the likelihood of significant dis- coveries. Contents Among the very important items to be included in an inventory report are the _methods_ (recording, identification as well as a precise definition of the area), _goals or purpose_ of the inventory work, _context_ (an evaluation of the inventory results in a regional context at least), _limitations_ (includ- ing reference to areas not adequately surveyed, times when visits should have been made but were not, unusual conditions affecting floral display such as drought, and any related con- siderations that will help to provide a basis for the next inventory), and _threats_ (potential and actual threats to perpetuation of plants and plant communities including pollu- tion, development, overuse, competition with invasive aliens, etc.). For more information on content see the web; for example http://www.landtrustalliance.bc.ca/public/appendices2.pdf References Brayshaw, T.C. 1996. _Plant collecting for the amateur_. New edition. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC 44 p. Metsger, D.A. & S.C. Byers 1999. _Managing the modern herbarium - an inter-disciplinary approach_. Society for the preservation of natural history collections, Washington D.C. 384 p. Saville, D.B.O. 1962. _Collection and care of botanical specimens_. Research Branch, Canada Dept. Of Agriculture, Publication 1113, 124 p. ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES ON MEDICINAL PLANT: CHITRAK From: Santosh Sharma and Ashwani Kumar, Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004 - India [msku31@yahoo.com] Introduction Chitrak (Plumbago zeylandica L. - Plumbaginaceae) has traditionally been used by rural and tribal people in traditional system of medicine,and also in Ayurveda. It is a perennial shrub with rambling branches (Chopra, 1933). Leaves ovate with bisexual flowers. The root is light yellow, when dry, internal colour is brown, fracture short,taste acrid and biting. Beacause of its stimulatory property, it is used by different tribes in various ways as stimulant. Case studies The tribe Lodhas which inhabit in larger part of Rajasthan use a piece of root (about 3 cm long) for causing abortion upto 3 to 4 months of pregnancy (placing of root in genital organ for more than three hrs creates abscess). They apply root bark paste with decoction of long peppers 3:2 ratio in venereal diseases. They apply root bark paste after warming for treatment of Leucoderma and give root decoction with cow milk 1:1 ratio for treatment of fever. The tribe Mundas boil root in mustard oil and apply that oil for treatment of rheumatism and massage paste of stem bark in mus- tard oil for treatment of paralysis (Salomi-Topno et al, 1998). Santals tribe give root paste with stem bark paste of Dant-rang (_Eretia laevis_) (3:2) to women as abortifacient (Joshi, 1993). They apply stem bark as cure for piles and prescribe stem bark decoction with paste of black peppers and common salt (5:3:2) as appetizer. Oraons tribe use root to cauterize snake bite wound and give orally root paste to patients and believe that is patient passes stool, he or she is safe (Jain,1991). Folk women of different parts of Assam use root pieces for permanent sterlizition. It shows antifertility effects. The tongas and shangaans use the root as a leprosy remedy. The powered material is taken internally and applied locally. Other ethnic communities give root decoction with cow milk 1:5 against body ache. Different tribes apply root juice for creating blisters on body for soliciting sympathy. They use root decoction as antiscabies. In Japan and Phillipines root is used for causing abortion. In Tanzania root with other plant parts is used on tumors. In West Africa and Ghana root is used as vesican. The plant is used as vulnery in new Calidonia. In the gold coast, the roots are used as an enema to cure piles. Chitrak has been used by the tribal and non tribal rural folks for the treatment of different kinds of ailments of their domes- tic animals having stomach troubles (Sikawar, 1994). A cold infusion is used in influenza and black water fever and juice is used as a tatoo dyes in Africa. In west Africa, the root is traditinally mixed with okra (_Hibiscus esculentus_ ) to treat leprosy. In Nepal a decoction of the root is used to treat baldness. This plant also has important role in Ayurvedic medicinal system of India. The root and root bark and bitter, hot, dry stomachic, carmina- tive, astringent to the bowels, anthelmintic, alterative to cure intestinal troubles, dysentary, leucoderma, inflamation, piles, bronchitis, vata and kapha, itching, diseases of the liver, consumption, ascites, "tridosha" good in anemia (Ayurveda) (Kirtikar and Basu, 1981). The root has bitter taste bechic laxative, expectorant. stomachic, tonic abortifacient, alexipharmic, good appetizer, useful in laryngitis, rheumatism, diseases of the spleen, leucoderma, ring worm, scabies. The leaves are caustic, vesicant, aphrodisiac, good for scabies(Yunani) (Sharma, 1996). A ticture of the root bark has been employed as an an- tiperiodic . It acts as powerful sudarific. During the present investigations, it was found that different medicinal system, tribal and non tribal are utilizing this plant to cure different ailments in various ways. Like the other various aspects , ethnobotany offer vast scope for medicinal reserach in modern values . The plant species which are common in tribal and indigenous system of medicine with thier local names , distribution provide scientific evaluation and wider applications. References Chopra, R. N. 1933. _Indigenous drugs of India_. Academic pub- lishers . New Delhi. Dwarkan, P. Algesaboopathi, C. 1998. _Ethnoveternary studies on Kolli hills of Tamil Nadu Flora and Fauna_. Jhansi. Jain, S.K. 1991. _Dictionary of Indian medicine and ethnobotany_. Deep publication, New Delhi. Joshi, P. 1993 _Ethnobotany of the tribal communities of Kumaon. India_. Ph.D. thesis. Kumaon University Nainital. Kirtikar, K. and B.D. Basu. B. D. 1981. _Indian medicinal plants_. Taj offset press, New Delhi. Sharma, P.V. 1996. _Classical uses of medicinal plants_. Chauk- hamba Vishwa Bharti, Varanasi. Sikawar, R. L. S. 1994. _Ethnoveterinary plant medicine in Morena district of MP_. Lucknow, India BOOK REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTICES FROM THE NOVEMBER 2003 ISSUE OF _TAXON_ From: Rudi Schmid [schmid@socrates.Berkeley.EDU] Nicholls, Graham. Nov. 2002. _Alpine plants of North America: An encyclopedia of mountain flowers from the Rockies to Alaska._ Ed. by Rick Lupp. Timber Press, Portland (http://www.timberpress.com ). 344 pp., ill. (col.), 271x196 mm, ISBN 0-88192-548-9 (HB), $49.95. [_Contents:_ foreword by B. J. Ward; intro ("preface"); intro--chief alpine habitats w. N. Amer. (by R. Lupp); A-Z descr. pt.; cult.; glossary; appen- dices (distr. taxa by state; addresses); biblio.; index.] Lavishly produced, this attractive work treats 54 genera, _Androsace_ to _Zauschneria,_ and some 650 species that are found in eleven states from the southernmost Rocky Mountains to the Brooks Range of Alaska, but excluding the western Canadian provinces. With this distribution, "western United States" would have been a better delimiter in the title. The genera included are both familiar and unfamiliar ones, with _Aquilegia, Astragalus, Campanula, Castilleja, Dodecatheon, Erigeron, Eritrichium, Gentiana, Hymenoxys, Lewisia, Oxytropis, Penstemon, Phlox, Primula, Saxifraga, Silene,_ and _Townsendia_ receiving the lengthiest discussion in this well-illustrated book--495 color photos and 2 color maps. Missing are a few alpine genera, as _Arenaria,_ one of my favorites, as well as familiar low woody taxa such as various ericads of the alpine heath phase. The species treated receive a good amount of morphological and distributional information. Concluding each account of a genus are helpful sections on propagation and cultivation; sometimes this information is quite extensive, as 5 pages for _Lewisia._ A general chapter on the tricky cultivation of alpine plants follows (rather than precedes, the usual practice) the descrip- tions of taxa. A valuable 10-page overview discusses alpine habitats in the western United States. Fide the transitory dust jacket, editor Rick Lupp wrote this overview, but there is no mention of this anywhere in the book. An appendix arraying species by state covers 16 pages but this information might have been more economically and usefully arranged in tabular form. Contributing to the lavish production are rather wide margins, including a two-column format and ragged-right margins that I think are unjustified. These are minor quirks, however. This is an immensely valuable work treating a subject and taxa mostly underemphasized or neglected in standard horticultural accounts. -- Rudolf Schmid, UC Preston, C. (Chris) D.; Pearman, D. (David) A. & Dines, T. (Trevor) D. (ed.; assist. by H. R. Arnold & Jane M. Croft). Sep. 2002. _New atlas of the British & Irish flora: An atlas of the vascular plants of Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands._ Oxford University Press, Oxford (www.oup.co.uk; www.oup-usa.org). xi, 910 pp., ill. (most col.), 322x263 mm, ISBN 0-19-851067-5 (HB), US$185.00. Idem et al. _New atlas of the British and Irish flora on CD-ROM._ Ibid. CD-ROM, same ISBN (incl. w/ book). [Supersedes _Atlas of the British flora_ (1962). _Computer requirements:_ Pen- tium III 500 MHz or better, Windows 98 or higher, 128MB RAM, 250MB hard-disk space. _Contents book:_ foreword by F. H. Perring & S. M. Walters; intro (by Preston et al.); Preston et al. on 1962 _Atlas_ and later recording projects; Dines et al. on scope of _New atlas_ project; idem on its organiza- tion; H. R. Arnold et al. on its coverage; idem on vasc. pl. biodiversity in Brit. Is.; Preston et al. on Britain's chang- ing flora, 1930-99; accounts spp. (ed. by Dines et al.); list contributors; glossary; index to accounts spp. (by R. G. Ellis). For another review see G. Parolly, _Willdenowia_ 33: 220-221.] Franklyn H. Perring & S. Max Walters's _Atlas of the British flora_ published in 1962 set a high standard in its mapping taxa on a 10-km2 grid. Now four decades later its mammoth book and CD-ROM replacement raises the bar. The book gives 46 pages of introductory essays on the project (see heading) and then 810 pages of distribution maps, with text, for 2412 taxa of vascular plants in the British Isles, including all native species, commoner hybrids, well- established alien species, and in- fraspecific taxa, or 750 more taxa than in the 1962 atlas. There are plots for pre- 1970, 1970-86, and 1987-99 records. The distribution maps derive from a database of over nine million records, including some five million collected since 1987 by over 1600 volunteers. The text for each taxon gives information on habitat, changes in distribution of native taxa, dates of introduction for alien taxa, extra-British-Isles distribution, and key references. The book weighs a "ton" and rather than carrying it some 2 km from the university library to my parked car I xeroxed the title and contents pages to work up the above heading information and happily took home only the CD-ROM. This installs easily and completely and becomes unnecessary unless the program, which takes only 250MB of hard-disk space and works fine on my five- year-old Pentium II 350 system, is uninstalled. The CD-ROM contains the data for the 2412 taxa but "also presents informa- tion [for] 942 taxa that were not included in the book because of constraints on space. These are introduced species that were recorded in less [_sic_--i.e., fewer] than 50 10-km squares" (from "getting started" file). Help information is available in the form of "getting started" Gates-Word (its table of contents is missing) and Acrobat-pdf readable files. Either file should be examined for the more sophisticated potentials of the CD-ROM, as generating a checklist for a region, producing additional maps with environmental overlay information, etc. Simple access to the data maps, however, is straightforward, allowing an initial choice between the 2412 "book" taxa versus the 942 strictly CD-ROM taxa, then Latin versus common names, and finally an option to scroll somewhat tediously through the names to the desired one to obtain the same map and text as in the book (the CD-ROM gives references but lacks a bibliography). This brief review does not do justice to the immense value of this monumental project. A model of data presentation (OUP should make the CD-ROM available separately at nominal cost), this essential work will allow reassessment of the conservation status of various taxa or reevaluation of the threats of alien invaders. Bravo, to one and all, including the over 1600 volunteers. -- Rudolf Schmid, UC NOTICES--STANDALONE WORKS Geils, Brian W.; Cibri n Tovar, Jose & Moody, Benjamin (techn. coordinators). Sep. 2002. _Mistletoes of North American conifers._ USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA (series: _General tech- nical report,_ RMRS-GTR-98). [x], 123 pp., ill., ep. text, 279x217 mm, no ISBN/ISSN (PB), gratis. [_Contents:_ bionotes; 8 chaps. by various authors (mistletoes in N. Amer.; _Psit- tacanthus_ in Mex.; _Phoradendron_ in Mex., U.S.; _Ar- ceuthobium_ in N. Amer.; damage, effects, importance _A;_ surveys _A;_ management strategies for _A_--biol., chem., genet.; idem--silvicult.); appendices (biblio.; Lat., common names; glossary; index). Resp., for aforenoted gen., on 6, 10, 32 spp. (6 subspp.).] Kruckeberg, Arthur R. Oct. 2002. _Geology and plant life: The effects of landforms and rock types on plants._ University of Washington Press, Seattle (www.washington.edu/uwpress). x, 362, [1] pp., ill., ISBN 0- 295-98203-9 (HB), $35.00. [_Contents:_ geol.-pl. interface; hist. roots geobot.; reciprocal relations of geoedaphics (Gs), other environ. infls. (Is); landforms (geomorph.) and pl. life; Is lithol. on pl. life; implications Gs for syst., evol.; Gs, biogeogr.; human Is on geol.-pl. interface; epilog; glossary; biblio.; index. From one who has "straddled the academically artifi- cial boundary between botany and geology" (p. ix), a compell- ing account using worldwide examples to demo the role of landforms, rock types in producing the distinctive distrs. of pls.; w/ 98 photos, 21 line drawings, 47 tables.] Kuijt, Job. Sep. 2003. _Monograph of Phoradendron (Viscaceae)._ American Society of Plant Taxonomists, Ann Arbor (www.sysbot.org) (series: _Systematic botany monographs,_ vol. 66). [v], 643 pp., ill., ISSN 0737-8211, ISBN 0-912861- 66-6 (HB), $70.00 U.S., $80.00 foreign, postpaid. [_Contents:_ intro; tax. hist.; methods; morph., anat.; chromo. nos.; dispersal; germ.; establishment; the haus- torium; hybrid.; veg. repro.; hosts; physiol.; habitats, distr.; gen., infragen. relations; tax. pt.; biblio.; appen- dices; indices. On 234 spp. (78 new) of w., se. U.S., the Carib., Mex., Cen., S. Amer.] Nitare, Johan (ed.). 2000. _Signalarter: Indikatorer pa skyddsv„rd skog: Flora ”ver kryptogamer._ Skogsstyrelsens F”rlag, J”nk”ping (www.svo.se/forlag). 384 pp., ill. (col.), 265x225 mm, ISBN 91-88462-35-6 (HB), price unknown. [_Contents:_ foreword by M. Norrfalk; intro; lists indicator spp.; bryophytes ("mossor"); lichens; fungi; Eng. summary; index. Data sheets for 55 spp. bryophytes ("mosses"), 87 spp. lichens, 130 spp. fungi, 380+ taxa descr., mapped, esp. spectacularly ill. The Eng. summary (pp. 376-377) entitled "Indicator species for assessing the nature conservation value of woodland sites--a flora of selected cryptogams" states that the spp. selected are indicator spp. ("signal- species") that "are possible to identify macroscopically in the field and are either: (1) known to occur mainly in sites holding endangered species, (2) restricted to certain sub- strates or habitats rarely found in woodland landscape, (3) poor colonizers which are restricted to aged habitats and sites with long ecological continuity (e.g., ancient wood- lands) or old-growth forest stands in late successional states with old, dying and dead trees." For a rev. of a New- World, but less spectacular counterpart on 366 site in- dicators, K. Klinka et al.'s _Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia_ (1989), see R. Schmid, _Taxon_ 38: 614.] Nold, Robert. Oct. 2003. _Columbines: Aquilegia, Paraquilegia, Semiaquilegia._ Timber Press, Portland (www.timberpress.com). 158 pp., [32] pp. pls. (col.), text ill. (B&W), ISBN 0-88192- 588-8 (HB), $24.95. [_Contents:_ cult.; pests, diseases; propag.; morph., distr.; meanings of names; tax. tangles; relatives _A;_ tax. pt.; hybrids, curiosities; sources of seed; glossary; biblio.; index. On 65 spp. _Aquilegia_ detailed (w/ key), plus several hybrids, relatives briefly treated; w/ 45 col. photos, 8 watercolors, 4 B&W line draw- ings. Well done, but a checklist of taxa needed.] Phillips, H. Wayne. 2003. _Plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition._ Mountain Press Publishing Co., Missoula (www.mtnpress.com). vii, 277, [1] pp., ill. (col.), ISBN 0- 87842-477-6 (PB), $20.00. [_Contents:_ pl. explor.; intro to field guide; e. deciduous forest; tallgrass prairie; high plains; Rocky Mts.; Columbia Plains; Pac. forest; glossary; appendix (pl. colls.); biblio.; index. bionote. On the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-06) traversing from St. Louis to Oregon coast; w/ info on the pls. and accounts from L&C journals. For S. A. Ritter's related guidebook, _Lewis and Clark's mountain wilds_ (2002), see _Taxon_ 52: 172.] NOTICES--CONTINUING WORKS Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). [started in] 1993 - _Flora of North America north of Mexico._ Oxford University Press, New York (www.oup.co.uk; www.oup-usa.org): Barkworth, Mary E.; Capels, Kathleen M.; Long, Sandy & Piep, Michael B. (ed.). 13 May 2003 (fide grass website). Vol. 25. _Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2._ xxv, 783 pp., ill., ep. maps, 285x220 mm, ISBN 0-19-515748-1 (HB), $120.00. [_Contents:_ lists personnel; intro (format of work); key to tr.; tax. pt.; 13-p. geogr. biblio.; 13-p. general biblio.; names, syns.; nomen. index; lists suprasp. taxa. On 6 subfam., 11 tr., 130 gen., 739 spp.--489 native (135 endemic U.S., 34 endemic U.S., Can.), 237 alien (137 naturalized), 7 unclear, 6 intersp. hybrids. Almost all spp. ill., nicely so by L. A. Vorobik. On the PACCAD grasses, i.e., Panic-, Arundin- s.s., Chlorid-, Centothec-, Aristid-, Danthonioideae, w/ over half the spp. in Gram. and fide mobio a monophyletic group. Vol. 24 will treat Phar-, Bambus- , Ehrhart-, Pooideae. "Volume 25 is being published before volume 24, because volume 24 will contain a key to all the grass tribes in the _Flora_ region and an artificial key to the genera. Because keys must be checked against the final descriptions for the taxa they contain, volume 24 cannot be completed until the tribal and generic treatments in both volumes have been finalized. The current volume contains a key to the tribes treated, but not one to the genera" (p. xv). See http://herbarium.usu.edu/grassmanual for the proposed _Manual of grasses for North America north of Mexico_ and vols. 24-25, incl. online info, errata for text and ill., etc. See http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/fna for general info on FNA and online treatments. For revs. of vols. 1-3 see R. Schmid, _Taxon_ 43: 147-148, 46: 179-194, 47: 208-209; for notices vols. 22, 26 see _Taxon_ 49: 868, 52: 404. See also BEN 314.] Kubitzki, K. (Klaus) (ed.). 1990-. _The families and genera of vascular plants._ Springer, Heidelberger Platz 3, W-1000 Berlin 33, Germany (www.springer.de): Idem & Bayer, C. (Clemens) (ed.). Feb. 2003. Vol. 5. _Flowering plants ? Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales)._ viii, [i], 418 pp., ill., 276x202 mm, ISBN 3-540-42873-9 (HB), E199.00. [_Contents:_ intro to expanded Caryophyllales (by P. Cu‚noud); conspectus their fam. (idem); intro to Capparales (Kubitzki); conspectus their fam. (idem); intro Malvales (idem & M. W. Chase); conspectus their fam. (Kubitzki); general biblio.; tax. pt. (various authors); addendum vol. 2 (Hydrastid., by H. Tobe); index. On 40 fam., Akani.-Tropaeol., incl. Emblingi. at last minute; w/ 97 figs. A beautifully executed, much praised, and expensive series. Vols. 1-4: 1, _Pteridophytes and gymnosperms,_ 1990; 2, _Flowering plants: Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, hamamelid and caryophyllid families,_ 1993; 3, _Idem: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae),_ 1998; 4, _Idem: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae),_ 1998. For previous pts. of series see _Taxon_ 48: 205, and for revs. vols. 1-2 see, resp., R. Schmid, P. F. Stevens, _Taxon_ 40: 361, 43: 517- 518.] Species Plantarum Steering Committee, International Organization for Plant Information (Anthony E. Orchard, pts. 1-7, Orchard & Annette J. G. Wilson, pt. 8, executive eds.). 1999-. _Flora of the world._ Australian Biological Resources Study, Can- berra (http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs) (ISSN 1441-1393): Kirschner, Jan (comp.). 2002. Pt. 6. _Juncaceae 1: Rostkovia to Luzula._ Pt. 7. _Juncaceae 2: Juncus subg. Juncus._ Pt. 8. _Juncaceae 3. Juncus subg. Agathryon._ vii, 237, viii, 336, viii, 192 pp., ISBNs 0-642-56822-7, 0-642-56823-5, 0- 642- 56824-3, A$50.00, A$70.00, A$50.00. Munro, Sioban L.; Kirschner, Jan & Linder, H. Peter. 26 Mar. 2001. Pt. 5. _Prioniaceae._ v, 7 pp., ISBN 0-642-56811-1, A$8.00. Saun- ders, Richard M. K. 26 Mar. 2001. Pt. 4. _Schisandraceae._ v, 62 pp., ISBN 0-642-56810-3, A$18.70. Steyn, E. M. A. & Smith, G. F. 11 Nov. 1999. Pt. 3. _Welwitschiaceae._ v, 8 pp., ISBN 0-642-56806-5, A$6.60. Idem; Idem & Hill, K. D. 11 Nov. 1999. Pt. 2. _Stangeriaceae._ v, 9 pp., ISBN 0-642-56805-7, A$6.60. _Each:_ ill., PB, all postpaid. [_Contents each pt.:_ lists contributors; intro to flora; tax. pt.; map(s); appendix, pts. 5-8 (list taxa w/ lecto-, neotypes); index. Resp., on 7/441 (3 subgen., 7 sect., 115 spp. _Luzula,_ 2 subgen., 10 sect., 311 spp. _Juncus_), 1/1, 2/39, 1/1, 2/3 gen./spp. The Junc. work is immense: 441 spp. (+ hybrids), 788 pp., 148 full-p. pls. of drawings, 537 maps. For previous pts. of series, begun 1999, and scope of flora see _Taxon_ 48: 652. For rev. pts. 2-8 see R. Hand, _Willdenowia_ 33: 219-220. See also BEN 314.] ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska@telus.net Mon Dec 15 09:48:30 2003 Received: from priv-edtnes57.telusplanet.net (defout.telus.net [199.185.220.240]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id hBFHmSl0018507 for ; Mon, 15 Dec 2003 09:48:28 -0800 (PST) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([64.180.113.216]) by priv-edtnes57.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.6.00.05.02 201-2115-109-103-20031105) with ESMTP id <20031215174822.GHME9479.priv-edtnes57.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Mon, 15 Dec 2003 10:48:22 -0700 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2003 09:48:16 -0800 Message-ID: <006801c3c333$9ebed200$d871b440@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 Importance: Normal X-Spam_Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.60 (1.212-2003-09-23-exp) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0 required=5 tests= autolearn=no version=2.60 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-MIME-Autoconverted: from quoted-printable to 8bit by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca id hBFHmSl0018507 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 318 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 318 December 15, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- USE OF _SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM_ AS A MYCOHERBICIDE TO CONTROL THE SPREAD OF GIANT HOGWEED (_HERACLEUM MANTEGAZZIANUM_) IN THE NETHERLANDS AND DENMARK From: W. Barend de Voogd*, Meindert D. de Jong* and Charlotte Nielsen** * Biological Farming Systems, Wageningen University, Marij- keweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands. Fax: +31- 317 478313 e-mail: barend.devoogd@wur.nl meindert.dejong@wur.nl, respectively. ** Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Kongevej 11, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. e-mail: chn@kvl.dk Note: Manuscript cross-posted to both BEN (Botanical Electronic Newsletter) and IBGnews (International Bioher- bicide Group news). Introduced to Western Europe during the 19th century, Giant Hogweed, _Heracleum mantegazzianum_ Sommier et Levier, has become a persistent invasive weed along water ways, road verges, and foot paths, both in open land and forest gaps. Most European countries are now banning or severely reducing the use of chemi- cal pesticides in certain habitats such as water ways and nature reserves, which hampers the quick and cheap control of Giant Hogweed. At these sites, the most common practice to handle Giant Hogweed is annual mowing. However, this does not prevent the plant from regrowing and flowering. A biological way to control this plant may open new possibilities. An EU-project aiming to develop an integrated management strategy that com- prises effective, practicable and sustainable means of control- ling Giant Hogweed was started in 2002 (Seier, 2003). In this project, the Danish partners collect insect herbivores and pathogens of Giant Hogweed, and investigate and evaluate presently applied chemical and mechanical control methods. In September 2003, the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, and the Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, was visited to discuss prospects of a novel mycoherbicide based on _Sclerotinia sclerotiorum_ (Lib.) De By. to control Giant Hogweed. During our stay in Denmark we also visited six sites that were investigated by Charlotte Nielsen for research into damaging insects and fungal pathogens. The plots differed from each other by light intensity, ground-water level and soil type. This gave an impression of the varieties in the Danish landscape, and differences in phenotypes of Giant Hogweed, as well as possible sensitivity of the host to several biotic and abiotic factors. Only seedlings and dead flowering stems of Giant Hogweed were present during time of visit (22 September to 6 October, 2003). One plot had been surveyed two years ago on fungal pathogens of Giant Hogweed (Ernebjerg, 2002). Although at that time a severe infection by _Sclerotinia sclerotiorum_ of Giant Hogweed was encountered, the fungus was not detected in 2003. Nonetheless Charlotte Nielsen found a few sclerotia of _Sclerotinia_ sp. at a nearby site inside a flowering stem in late summer of 2003. Barend de Voogd found during the visit pathogenic fungi inside a stem tissue after splitting a number of stems of Giant Hogweed at the lower part. Only in one flowering stem at the 3rd visited location, he found hitherto unidentified small sclerotia. After isolation and subsequently cultivating we can state that it is probably _S. sclerotiorum_, and looks on PDA the same as the sclerotia found earlier by Charlotte Nielsen. During the visit to the 4th sampling site, with half of the stand cut after flowering, we frequently found on the cut half old roots with new leaf sprouts. The non-cut half had decaying roots. Seedlings were present in the whole plot. Beside these extensive field surveys, the Dutch had many fruit- ful communications with their Danish colleagues about a promis- ing new way of biological control of Giant Hogweed. The efficacy of _Sclerotinia sclerotiorum_ to control Giant Hogweed was studied in 2002-2003 by Barend de Voogd in roadside vegetation in the municipality of Zutphen, the Netherlands, where it was established for more than five years. A new mycoherbicide, based on mycelium of _S. sclerotiorum_, was applied as a liquid mycelial suspension early spring 2002, before leaves were un- folded. First results appeared in August 2002, when in the treated plot only dwarf-plants developed with chlorotic yellow- ing leaves, after regular cutting of the flowering plants in June 2002. Untreated plants recovered after the June cutting. The subsequent year, some plants recovered, but when cut in June 2003, the great majority disappeared, and only 4 plants out of 17 inoculated plants showed some weak regrowth. Thus the great majority was killed by the bioherbicide (76%). The open spot was taken over by several herbs, indicating that treatment was not detrimental for other dicotyledonous plants. Plants in the untreated plot recovered with large leaves. Inoculation later in 2002 (May, August, October) did not result in a significant growth reduction. We think that a combination of optimal development of both Giant Hogweed and the pathogen, _S. sclerotiorum_, is crucial. When growth activities of the host cease in winter time and those of the pathogen are far better off, we may expect best control. An alternative explanation of effectiveness of the pathogen to control Giant Hogweed is due to its quasi-perennial character of its root system. Once entered, the pathogen is apparently capable as a sort of systemic bioher- bicide to infect the root system. If the plants life cycle was strictly biannual, the root should die after flower-setting, also in the absence of a pathogen, which clearly was not the case. We observed in our experimental plot that Giant Hogweed can be considered a monocarpic perennial, which was also sug- gested by Tiley et al. (1996). This perennial nature may be stimulated by mowing plants before flowering and we would like to define subsequent state as "pseudo-perennial". During the visit to a sampling site in Denmark, with half of the stand cut just after flowering, we frequently found on the cut half old roots with new leaf sprouts. The noncut half had only decaying roots. Seedlings were present in the whole plot. Although these results are only from one experiment and on a small scale, they look quite promising. More research is indeed needed, but the results indicate that spread of Giant Hogweed can be limited by _Sclerotinia sclerotiorum_. Acknowledgements We thank dr. Aad J. Termorshuizen, Biological Farming Systems, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, for his help with edit- ing, prof. dr. Ariena van Bruggen, Trudie Coenen, Oscar de Vos, dr. Anne van Diepeningen of Biological Farming Systems provided general support. Dr. Jorgen K”hl, PRI, Wageningen, the Nether- lands) supplied diseased sunflowers with sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mr. Rob Visser, Public Green Zutphen, gave permission to carry out research in the municipality of Zutphen. Dr. Hans-Peter Ravn (Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Horsholm, Denmark), and dr. Niels Holst (Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Flakkebjerg, Den- mark) gave scientific advice, dr. Iben M. Thomsen (Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Horsholm, Denmark) gave mycological assistance. We had scientific meetings in Jutland with dr. Marian Erneberg, dr. Rita Merete Butterschon and Susie Nielsen (MSc student). Dr. Adolf Cesta (BEN) and dr. Maurizio Vurro (IBG news) gave additional advice. References Butterschon, R.M. 2003. Experiences from management of Giant Hogweed (_Heracleum mantegazzianum_) in Denmark and resxults from a pilot-study on nonchemical control methods: Abstract. _BEN_ # 316 (Nov. 21, 2003) Erneberg, M. 2002. _The process of plant invasion with focus on the effect of plant disease._ PhD Thesis, Denmark. Seier, M.K. 2003. Classical Biological Control of Giant Hogweed (_Heracleum mantegazzianum_). _IBGnews_ 12, 10. Tiley, G.E.D., Felicite S. Dodd, & P.M. Wade. 1996. Biological flora of the British Isles: _Heracleum mantegazzianum_ Som- mier & Levier. _Journal of Ecology_ 84:_297-303. Relevant links: http://www.flec.kvl.dk/giant-alien/ http://www.geocities.com/meindertdejong/ COMMON REED (_PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS_) IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA From: Malcolm Martin [martinmac@telus.net] Concern has been mounting in recent years over the domination Common Reed, _Phragmites australis_ (Cav.) Trin., has estab- lished over many wetlands, particularly in eastern North America where it had previously been a stable, innocuous member of the native plant community. (See http://www.invasiveplants.net/phragmites/ for a history and other information.) Studies carried out by Cornell University and others suggest that an aggressively invasive Eurasian strain has replaced native members of the complex and have become a virtual monoculture in many previously varied wetlands. As a means of understanding the extent of penetration of the alien strain(s) across the continent, principals of the program offered to determine whether collections submitted to them were native or non-native. Of those sent from the North Okanagan one stand was indeed identified at being non- native and this has already spawned a larger stand on the other side of Highway 97 north of Vernon and approximately 100 m from Swan Lake, showing that the invasive race is already present in the interior of British Columbia. The Invasive Plants website above describes several points of differentiation between native and non-native strains and provides a reliable source for this information, however, the gross appearance of alien specimens north of Vernon does suggest a quick preliminary decision may be possible in some cases in that plants tend to be more robust than native and carry longer, fuller, spikes of a distinct purple colour when in flower com- pared with the skimpier, browner, heads of native race(s). On this basis it is presumed that a vigorous stand of purple-headed plants on Indian Reserve land at the head of Okanagan Lake, seen many years ago, is also alien and may be the source of the Highway 97 plants. Similarly, browner specimens at the north end of Osoyoos Lake in the South Okanagan and at Deadman Lake far- ther north have the appearance of native strains although none has been examined for the more exacting details described in the Invasive Plants website. As the alien _Phragmites_ is able to eliminate other wetland species equally as well as Purple Loosestrife (_Lythrum salicaria_ L.), specimens in or near all sensitive areas should be examined at this relatively early stage of spread, preferably through an official program of the Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. For other articles on _Phragmites australis_ in BEN see the following links: http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben284.html http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben295.html http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben310.html http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben315.html COMMENTS ON CATLING & REZNICEK: INVENTORY REQUIREMENTS [BEN 317] - A CONSULTANT'S PERSPECTIVE From: Mirek Sharp [msharp@nsenvironmental.com] The article regarding requirements for inventory in BEN # 317 is interesting, and I agree with Paul Catling and Tony Reznicek from a technical perspective, but their comments do not address all of the realities we face in consulting. The consulting industry is, unfortunately, geared to the timeframes of the planning process, rather than natural environments, and con- strained by clients to the minimum tasks they need to secure development approvals. This often, precludes meeting the various minimums noted by Paul and Tony. I cannot see this changing unless it is regulated. The Province(s) should take lead role and establish standards for inventory and impact assessment. This is a real issue. Since our company does a lot of peer review work for municipalities, we see a lot of other consultant's work and it is often less than adequate, falling well short of what I consider to be the minimum required. This is often not the fault of the consultant, but a reflection of what planners and client know they can "get away with". Developers have no standards for inventory and impact analysis they have to meet, and thus they do the minimum. Sometimes it seems that if the right title is on the report (e.g." Environmental Impact Study"), the applicant can say he fulfilled his obligations, and it is good enough to submit in support of a development application, notwithstanding the con- tents. It is even argued that the appropriate content of a biophysical analysis for a development application should only include what is needed for approval (since that is the objective of the exercise from the applicant's perspective), thus the fault for inadequate inventory can be placed with the regulators. The development industry, in this case, will argue they are only doing as much as they are being told to do. I should add that I do not want to paint all developers with the same brush. There are many out there who genuinely want to do the right thing and give consultants considerable latitude to develop appropriate work plans. Municipalities and other approval agencies do not have any legislation or even policy to fall back on that would enable them to demand better work be done. Here in Ontario, if municipalities object to shoddy work, the matter is often referred to the Ontario Municipal Board, and they generally place emphasis on the planning merits of an application and "minor" issues like completeness of inventory falls to the wayside. Anyhow - that is my perspective, sorry for the cynicism. It is nice that Paul and Tony have articulated this complete list of requirements, but for the majority of work done by the private sector - I do not see it making a difference. PHOTOS OF NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS ON CD From: Louis-M. Landry [LM.Landry@sympatico.ca] Consultation and Services in Ecology (C.S.E.) is pleased to offer a new series of volumes, "FLORE-IMAGES" on CD. 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Purchase FLORE-IMAGES volumes for only $20 each, two for $35, or three for $45, taxes included. (For Canada, shipping and han- dling charges of $5, including taxes, are added for each parcel. For express delivery, or shipping outside of Canada, additional charges will be added. We accept money orders and cheques, payable to "Consultation and Services in Ecology (C.S.E.)". We will ship your order as soon as we receive your payment. Louis-M. Landry, Biologist Consultation and Services in Ecology (C.S.E.) 225, 57e Rue Ouest Charlesbourg (Quebec) G1H 4Z5 Telephone: (418) 623-2518 E-mail: LM.Landry@sympatico.ca Web site: http://flore-images.com NEW BOOK: WOMEN AND PLANTS - GENDER RELATIONS IN BIODIVERSITY Howard, Patricia L. 2003. _Women and plants: Gender relations in biodiversity management and conservation_. Zed Books, London, UK. 320 p. ISBN 1 84277 156 6 [hard cover], ISBN 1 84277-157- 4 [soft cover] Price: US$75.00 [hard cover], US$29.95 [soft cover] Available from: Zed Books, 7 Cynthia Street, London N1 9JF, UK Tel.:_+44(0)20 7837 4014; Fax:_+44(0)20 7833 3060; e-mail: sales@zedbooks.demon.co.uk; www.zedbooks.co.uk This unique collection of largely unpublished, in-depth case studies drawn from Latin America, Asia, Africa, Europe and North America aims to increase our understanding of the importance of women and gender relations in plant genetic resource management and conservation. It intends to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the concepts, relationships and contexts that help explain the relatively hidden gender dimensions of people-plant relations. The contributors come from a rich range of disciplines including ethnobotany, geography, agronomy, anthropology, plant breeding, nutrition and development economics. They demonstrate how cru- cial women are to plant biodiversity management and conservation at household, village, and community levels; and how gender relations have a strong influence on the ways in which local people understand, manage, and conserve biodiversity. Continued access to biological resources is crucial to rural women's status and welfare, and their motivations therefore are a prin- cipal driving force countering processes of biological erosion. The volume covers the following broad areas: * Women, domesticity and plants * Gender relations and women's rights to plants * Plants and women's status * Gendered indigenous knowledge systems * Changing gender relations and genetic erosion The contributors highlight the gender biases evident in much contemporary scientific research, policy and development prac- tice relating to biodiversity management. And they seek to contribute to a number of important debates, including the determinants of genetic erosion, the significance of gender in indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge systems, indigenous intel- lectual property rights systems and women's entitlements therein, and ecofeminist and other debates about the nature of gender-environment relations. ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska@telus.net Tue Dec 23 15:57:40 2003 Received: from priv-edtnes04.telusplanet.net (outbound02.telus.net [199.185.220.221]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id hBNNvbl0011067 for ; Tue, 23 Dec 2003 15:57:37 -0800 (PST) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([64.180.118.199]) by priv-edtnes04.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.6.00.05.02 201-2115-109-103-20031105) with ESMTP id <20031223235731.LVQP6771.priv-edtnes04.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Tue, 23 Dec 2003 16:57:31 -0700 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Tue, 23 Dec 2003 15:57:13 -0800 Message-ID: <002b01c3c9b0$7fbebea0$c776b440@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_002C_01C3C96D.719B7EA0" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 Importance: Normal X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: 00000000C06708F54003554D89A831B66A8953E9E4B26F00 X-Spam_Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.60 (1.212-2003-09-23-exp) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0 required=5 tests= autolearn=no version=2.60 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 319 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_002C_01C3C96D.719B7EA0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable BEN=09 BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS=09 ISSN 1188-603X=09 No. 319 December 23, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C.=09 Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 LEON E. PAVLICK (1939-2003) My former colleague in the Royal BC Museum, botanist Leon Pavlick, died = at the beginning of December 2003 of lymphoma. He made a significant contribution to our knowledge of the genera Festuca and Bromus in the Pacific Northwest and North America. For his biography and the = bibliography of his works see the following web sites: http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/cgi-bin/view?bio=3Dlpavlick and http://www.eman-rese.ca/eman/ecotools/botanists/PavlickLE.html PROLOGUE TO THIS BEN: In my attempts to edit BEN, I tried to avoid two issues - politics and the technical aspects of human reproduction (to = stay away from the word that can trigger your anti-minced-meat programs). In = this issue I could not resist to venture into the politics and this issue is actually PEN (Political Electronic News) rather than the traditional = BEN. You do not have to unsubscribe BEN, the next issue of BEN will be back = to BEN. Or will it be? Stay tuned, you might be surprised again. - AC, BEN Editor. DAVID ANDERSON: CANADIAN OLD/NEW MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT From: http://www.davidandersonmp.com/bio.htm David Alexander Anderson was born on August 16, 1937 in Victoria, = British Columbia, the son of James William Anderson and Sheila Gillespie.. While growing up in Victoria David developed an early passion for the environment as a frequent visitor to the Provincial Museum. He learned = to speak Mandarin while living in China, and at the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, and was very involved in athletics. David attended Victoria High School and then Victoria College, the predecessor to the University of Victoria. He eventually transferred to = the University of British Columbia where he obtained his Law degree, and = then went on to post graduate studies at the Institute for Oriental Studies = at the University of Hong Kong. During his time at UBC David was a member = of Canada's National Rowing team and, along with his crew members, brought = home Silver medals for Canada in both the Rome Olympics in 1960, and at the = 1959 Pan America Games. His first work in government was with the Department of External Affairs where he was stationed in Vietnam, Hong Kong and eventually Ottawa as = the External Affairs officer responsible for China. He eventually returned to British Columbia and in 1968 was elected as = the Liberal Member of Parliament for Esquimalt-Saanich. As a backbench MP, = he founded and chaired the Special Committee on Environmental Pollution, = and worked hard on the creation of Vancouver Island's Pacific Rim National = Park. In 1975, and until 1993, David worked as a law professor at the = University of Victoria and as an environmental consultant. During this time he = served on several government commissions and boards, including the Immigration Appeal Board, as the sole commissioner of the Inquiry into Fraser Valley Petroleum Exploration, and as an advisor to the Premier of British = Columbia on tanker traffic and oil spills. =20 In 1993, David was elected as the Liberal Member of Parliament for = Victoria and appointed Minister of National Revenue and Minister responsible for British Columbia. As Minister of Natural Revenue he streamlined border operations through the introduction of CANPASS, increased enforcement on international smuggling and brought forward new measures to combat the underground economy.=20 In 1996, he was appointed Minister of Transport where he developed links between transportation and tourism, and implemented the transfer of = airport management across Canada to regional authorities.=20 David was re-elected as the Member of Parliament for Victoria in June = 1997 and appointed Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. He has been recognized internationally for his efforts during this tenure for his exceptional = work on salmon conservation. He also secured the Pacific Salmon Treaty with = the United States, established Canada's first Marine Protected Areas, and initiated efforts to improve boating safety through mandatory training = and certification.=20 In 1999, Mr. Anderson was appointed Canada's Minister of the = Environment. In this role he has distinguished himself locally and internationally as = a passionate advocate for Clean Air, Clean Water and Endangered Species. These key priorities are all focused on ensuring that future generations = of Canadians, and young Canadians, are left with a strong environmental = legacy that keeps them healthy, and able to enjoy all that Canada has too = offer. =20 David is married to Sandra Anderson, and they have two children: James = and Zoe. GOOD NEWS ON THE FIGHT TO SAVE BURNS BOG From: Gwen Barlee [gwen@wildernesscommittee.org] December 15, 2003=20 http://media.wildernesscommittee.org/news/2003/12/627.php Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada - Western Canada Wilderness = Committee heaped praise on government leaders, BC Premier Gordon Campbell and = Delta Mayor Lois Jackson, for their roles in offering to buy Burns Bog to turn = it into a nature park. Premier Campbell's Liberal government, often = criticized by environmental organizations, such as the Wilderness Committee, for rolling-back environmental legislation, announced December 11 that an = offer had been made for the purchase of Burns Bog. The offer - more than $77 million - is to ensure that the bog, totaling 5,436 acres, is protected = as a nature park.=20 Under the proposal the BC government is kicking in the biggest share at $28.6 million, followed by the Federal government at $28 million, then = the Greater Vancouver Regional District at $14.2 million with the city of = Delta providing $7.9 million. Western Delta Lands (WDL), the private land = owner, has been ordered by the courts to sell the Bog by the end of January = 2004 in order to pay back mortgage holders $50 million, including the provincial government, which is the primary mortgage holder.=20 "All the government leaders and bureaucrats who worked so hard to get = this offer on the table deserve a great deal of praise. People will rejoice = and remember their efforts for generations to come," enthused Joe Foy, = campaign director of the Western Canada Wilderness Committee.=20 "Will the people of Greater Vancouver find a protected Burns Bog under = their Christmas tree come Christmas morning?" mused Foy "Probably not. But = with the continued high level of support (85% of citizens of Vancouver want = the Bog protected according to the Burns Bog Conservation Society) and the support of leaders like Premier Campbell and Mayor Jackson it looks = likely that the Bog will be protected early in 2004 - at least that's my New = Year's prediction. We'll see if it comes true! " said Foy.=20 Declaring the Burns Bog Conservation Society "Eco Heroes" for working tirelessly for almost two decades to preserve Burns Bog, Foy urged = members of the public who donate to environmental groups to be extra generous to = the Conservation Society this year. "They've done a great job on a = shoestring budget and deserve every penny of support they can get to keep doing = their good works," said an appreciative Foy. IN THE NORTHWEST: TGIF -- IT MUST BE TIME FOR BUSH POLICY CHANGES: HOW = THE WHITE HOUSE USES STEALTH TACTICS (ON FRIDAYS) IN U.S. From: Joel Connelly [joelconnelly@seattlepi.com], originally published = in Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Friday, December 12, 2003 The Bush I administration perfected Stealth military technology and = deployed it to devastating effect as U.S. planes, invisible to Saddam Hussein's radar, began Gulf War I by destroying Iraqi infrastructure. Bush II has taken a giant leap further. It has extended the reach of = Stealth tactics into American domestic policy, delivering lethal blows to environmental and health regulations while presenting only the tiniest = of targets. The administration's new, political Stealth can be recognized by the familiar set of initials TGIF: Thank God It's Friday. The end of the workweek has come to be the time to announce far-reaching regulatory changes. "They do it on Friday afternoon because they know that is when it will = get buried in the news cycle, when it will get the least attention," Sen. = Jim Jeffords, I-Vt., explained earlier this year. The latest Friday fix came just a week ago. Interior Secretary Gale = Norton relaxed Clinton-era rules designed to halt overgrazing by ranchers who = pay a pittance to run their livestock on federal land.=20 In baseball lingo, Bush II has hit for the cycle on Fridays this fall, weakening protections on four different fronts. On Friday, Oct. 31, the Environmental Protection Agency and Department = of Agriculture let out a precedent-setting decision. The feds will trust testing for water pollution from atrazine -- one of America's most = applied weed killers -- to the chemical's manufacturer. Two weeks earlier, on Friday, Oct. 17, the EPA announced that it would = not be regulating dioxins in sewage sludge used in farm fertilizer, on = grounds there are no health or environmental risks. The home run of Friday decisions was on Friday, Oct. 10, start of the Columbus Day weekend. The Interior Department overturned a policy that had strictly limited = the amount of public land that can be used for dumping mining waste, which = is the largest volume of toxic material unleashed annually in the United States. The limitation had blocked a large open-pit mine in Okanogan = County. An environmental group, the Natural Resources Defense Council, has = tracked more than 100 environmental rollbacks implemented under Bush II: 58 have been disclosed on Fridays, just before holidays or during holiday = weekends. "It's not just the Friday timing," said Rob Perks of NRDC. "Decisions = are announced by low-level officials. They are released in the late = afternoon. On the grazing decision, we called up the agency and it would give us no information. Details were made available on Monday, when everyone had = moved on." With such tactics, TGIF-Stealth technology puts a "spin" on stories, = keeps flak to a minimum and discourages pursuit of stories.=20 For instance, the lineup for weekend capital talk shows is usually set = by early afternoon on Friday. The usual array of talking heads has been apportioned among the networks. And network TV isn't that interested in public health and the environment to begin with. Washington, D.C., talks about and to itself. The Feast of the Nativity and coming of the New Year were, in 2002, occasions for additional demonstration of political Stealth technology = by Bush II.=20 On Christmas Eve, the administration changed rules to make it easier for state, county and local governments to gain control of long-abandoned = mining roads on federal land -- a change that could bring dirt bikes into backcountry of Grand Canyon, Denali, Death Valley and North Cascades national parks. New Year's Eve was occasion for Bush II to announce that a fishing = practice (favored by Mexican fishermen) that entails encircling dolphins with = nets would have no significant adverse impact on dolphin populations in the Pacific Ocean. Only a single national journalist -- Washington Post columnist Mary = McGrory -- caught the administration's fishy decision. TGIF-Stealth technology is useful even when it comes to suppressing good news -- in cases where upbeat findings are at odds with the = administration's agenda. Friday, Sept. 26, saw the (very) quiet release of a new Office of = Management and Budget study. It found that environmental rules are well worth the = costs they impose on industry and consumers, resulting in major public health benefits and other improvements. Major strikes against pollution and health regulations can require more = than one Friday and/or holiday. On Friday, Aug. 22, the Bush administration made final its decision to = let America's most polluting coal-fired power plants and refineries upgrade facilities without installing state-of-the-art air quality controls. Original announcement of the plan came from an underling just before Thanksgiving of last year. New rules formally easing requirements on polluters were issued on New Year's Eve. Bush II picked Friday, Jan. 10, to propose guidelines "redefining" what constitutes a wetland entitled to preservation under the Clean Water = Act. The guidelines could result in loss of federal protection for as many as = 20 million acres of swamps and bogs across America. A final announcement is expected this Christmas season. The list goes on: The Interior Department picked Friday, April 11, to announce "settlement" of a lawsuit with the state of Utah. Under the accord, Bush II removed millions of acres of Bureau of Land Management property -- most in the Inland West and Alaska -- from being evaluated for protection as wilderness. The settlement opened the door = to expanded oil and gas leasing in canyonlands of the Southwest. It's all very skillful -- and cynical. In the 1980s, loudmouth Interior Secretary James Watt -- "I don't like = to paddle and I don't like to walk" -- taught the drillers, diggers and polluters that the public can get mad. "Americans want clean air and clean water," said Perks. "You can't have = a full frontal assault on environmental protection. Soccer moms like to go = to parks. NASCAR dads like to hunt and fish and hike. If you want to weaken protection, you've got to go below the radar screen." AUSTRALIAN FORESTRY OFFICIALS HAVE ADMITTED TO KILLING THE NATION'S LARGEST TREE, BY MISTAKE=20 From: BBC News - http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/3306655.stm posted here courtesy of BBC NewsOnline http://news.bbc.co.uk The tree, a eucalyptus known as El Grande [Swamp gum - Eucalyptus = regnans F. Muell. - Myrtaceae], was damaged earlier this year when a burning = operation designed to regenerate surrounding woodland got out of control.=20 Conservationists pronounced the tree dead in May but Forestry Tasmania = was waiting to see whether the eucalyptus would recover in the spring. = Forestry Tasmania general manager of operations, Kim Creak, admitted on Wednesday that their hopes were misplaced. "A group of forest scientists has = conducted an assessment of the condition of the tree. Unfortunately, it is = deceased," he said. Although there are taller trees on Tasmania, El Grande - which stood at 79 metres (260 feet) - is thought to be the largest tree in Australia in terms of volume.=20 Environmentalists in Tasmania, where the Greens' party attracts 20% of = the vote, have accused the authorities of being unfit to protect one of the world's most diverse rainforests. "It is significant that Forestry has confessed to killing the largest known living thing in Australia," said Geoff Law, a spokesman for the environment group Wilderness Society.=20 http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/forests/tasmania/elgrand_03/ "They have confessed to killing it through their own incompetence," he = said. Mr Creak said the tree's death was a "learning experience" and that the department had written new guidelines for woodland clearance exercises. = The fate of El Grande has intensified scrutiny of the burning of Tasmania's forests to provide wood chip for export. Fires are started to clear the undergrowth.=20 FERN: WHO WE ARE AND HOW WE WORK =20 From: http://www.fern.org/ FERN is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) created in 1995 by the = World Rainforest Movement. NGO representatives from different European = countries make up our board and we work closely with many national and = international NGOs.=20 FERN promotes the conservation and sustainable use of forests and = respect for the rights of forest peoples in the policies and practices of the European Union. We co-ordinate several NGO networks and works = co-operatively to achieve change.=20 Currently, our main campaign areas are climate change, forest = certification, export credit agencies, WTO & trade agreements, intergovernmental = agendas, aid & development co-operation and rights of forest peoples. For more information about these issues visit our Campaigns page.=20 FERN stands for Forests and the European Union Resource Network, = although we are more widely known by our acronym - the name was chosen for its = symbolic value, as ferns are among the few plant families found in all forest = types.=20 =20 Join FERN's mailing list to get our newsletter EU Forest Watch at http://www.fern.org/ ------=_NextPart_000_002C_01C3C96D.719B7EA0 Content-Type: application/ms-tnef; name="winmail.dat" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="winmail.dat" eJ8+IhMXAQaQCAAEAAAAAAABAAEAAQeQBgAIAAAA5AQAAAAAAADoAAEIgAcAGAAAAElQTS5NaWNy b3NvZnQgTWFpbC5Ob3RlADEIAQ2ABAACAAAAAgACAAEIAAUABAAAAAAAAAAAAAEJAAQAAgAAAAAA AAABBoADAA4AAADTBwwAFwAPADkAAAACAEcBAQOQBgDMRQAALgAAAAsAAgABAAAACwAjAAAAAAAD ACYAAAAAAAsAKQAAAAAAAwAuAAAAAAADADYAAAAAAB4ATQABAAAAAQAAAAAAAAAeAHAAAQAAAAsA AAAgQkVOICMgMzE5AAACAXEAAQAAABsAAAABw8mui8KKONZLg4RATKtaeP4EaIvGAABvJtAACwAX 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aceska@telus.net Tue Dec 30 07:54:51 2003 Received: from priv-edtnes27.telusplanet.net (outbound04.telus.net [199.185.220.223]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id hBUFsll0008580 for ; Tue, 30 Dec 2003 07:54:48 -0800 (PST) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([64.180.118.199]) by priv-edtnes27.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.6.00.05.02 201-2115-109-103-20031105) with ESMTP id <20031230155441.BQPX10764.priv-edtnes27.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Tue, 30 Dec 2003 08:54:41 -0700 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Tue, 30 Dec 2003 07:54:27 -0800 Message-ID: <003601c3ceed$34612aa0$c776b440@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0037_01C3CEAA.263DEAA0" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 Importance: Normal In-reply-to: X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: 00000000C06708F54003554D89A831B66A8953E9E4B57000 X-Spam_Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.60 (1.212-2003-09-23-exp) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0 required=5 tests= autolearn=no version=2.60 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 320 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0037_01C3CEAA.263DEAA0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable BEN=09 BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS=09 ISSN 1188-603X=09 No. 320 December 30, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C.=09 Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 KEY TO SLUGS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA From: Robert G. Forsyth [robert_forsyth@telus.net ]=20 Introduction This is the key to the species slug-like terrestrial molluscs of British Columbia, and it includes all confirmed species. Beyond the borders of = the province, it will be of use in southeast Alaska, Alberta and adjacent = parts of the Pacific Northwest. Care should be taken, however, when using this = key in the latter region because additional native (and possibly exotic) = species occur there. Slugs are not a natural group within the molluscan class Gastropoda, but rather a grouping by convenience of animals with similar body form. = Slugs are snails with the shell reduced and the viscera more or less = incorporated into the tail (less so in Hemphillia for example). They usually have no external shell, but when there is one, the animal is incapable of = retracting into it, as can snails. The following key is derived from my book, Land Snails of British = Columbia (Forsyth, in press). It differs from the keys in the book by combining = the separate keys to genera and species into a single key and by eliminating internal anatomical features. Genital anatomy and to a lesser extent, anatomy of the gut, while important for recognition of genera, species, etc., have been omitted. Until Land Snails of British Columbia (Forsyth in press) is published in spring 2004, there is no readily available guide to native slugs in = British Columbia that is useful for non-specialists. Until then, there are = currently two excellent English-language guides to European slugs (Cameron et al. 1983; Kerney & Cameron 1979). The monograph by Quick (1960), although nomenclaturally dated, has good summaries of the natural histories of European species. The paper by Rollo & Wellington (1975) on slugs of Vancouver and the Fraser Valley is also a little dated in its taxonomy = of European slugs. The taxonomy of European slugs species (particularly = within the genus Arion) have significantly been revised in recent years. In = British Columbia, recent activity have brought forth unrecorded species of both native and exotic slugs, and the known ranges of many previously = recorded species have been expanded. Following the key is a glossary, an annotated list of species, and instructions for preserving slugs for scientific study. Key to slugs Note: Introduced European species are marked with an asterisk (*). 1 Animal with an exposed or partially exposed shell, either plate-like and mostly embedded within the mantle near the middle or front of the animal, or ear-shaped and at the tip of the tail - 2 Animal without a shell evident (either wholly internal, embedded under = the mantle, or absent) - 5 2 Shell ear-shaped, at the tip of the tail - *Testacella haliotidea Shell plate-like, mostly embedded in a well defined visceral hump = located near the longitudinal middle of the animal - Hemphillia - 3 3 Animal small (length to ca 30 mm). Visceral pouch and mantle extending over =BD or more the length of the entire animal and with many = small papillae - Hemphillia glandulosa Animal larger (length to ca 60 mm). Visceral pouch and mantle extending less than =BD length of the entire animal and with a few = scattered papillae only - 4 4 Caudal horn prominent - Hemphillia dromedarius Caudal horn lacking - Hemphillia camelus 5 Animal very narrow and wormlike (length about 15=D7 width when fully extended), pale greyish - *Boettgerilla pallens Animal not as above - 6 6 Pneumostome at or in front of the midline of the mantle on the right side - 7 Pneumostome behind the midline of the mantle on the right side - 17 7 Tail often having an oblique constriction that marks the site of self-amputation; caudal mucus pore absent - Prophysaon - 8 Tail never without an oblique constriction; caudal mucus pore present - Arion - 11 8 Animal blue-grey, without lateral bands - Prophysaon coeruleum Animal variously pigmented but not blue-grey and usually with bands - 9 9 Animal variable in colour, but generally with reddish pigment: red on the back, grey-buff at the sides, generally with two conspicuous = lateral bands running back along the tail from the mantle, defining a = wedge-shaped, lighter dorsal area which may enclose a dark dorsal stripe at midline - Prophysaon vanattae Animal generally without reddish pigment. Lateral bands not prominent on tail. Back usually with a light dorsal stripe at midline - = 10 10 Section of tail capable of being self-amputated relatively shorter (ca 1/3 the length of the body, from posterior edge of the mantle to the = tip of the tail; foot fringe usually without dark vertical bars (but = sometimes faint); body length of adults up to ca 60 mm - Prophysaon andersoni Section of tail capable of being self-amputated relatively longer; foot fringe with usually dark vertical bars (but sometimes very faint); = body length of adults up to ca 120 mm (but can be as small as ca 30 mm) - Prophysaon foliolatum 11 Length to about 15 mm, tubercles on the back having soft points, giving the contracted animals a "prickly" appearance; body yellowish = grey with head darker and lateral bands usually faint - *Arion intermedius Adults longer than 20 mm, without a "prickly" appearance when contracted; variously pigmented - 12 12 Contracted body not bell-shaped in cross-section; ground colour dark grey or bluish grey, sometimes with a brownish tinge - *Arion distinctus Contracted body bell-shaped in cross-section; if less than bell-shaped, ground colour usually orange-yellow to brown - 13 13 Animal very large, greater than 70 mm in length (up to nearly 200 mm), tubercles very coarse; adults usually not banded; animals often = exhibit a twisting, rocking motion when disturbed - *Arion rufus Animal smaller, less than 70 mm in length; tubercles finer; usually banded; animals without rocking behaviour - 14 14 Body with ground colour of reddish brown, rusty orange or occasionally yellow; body mucus yellow or orange; slugs cannot contract = into a hemispherical shape (viewed from the side) - *Arion subfuscus Body with ground colour of light greyish or brownish grey or with yellowish on the body; body mucus colourless; slugs can contract into a hemispherical shape - 15 15 Body light grey with a yellowish or cream tinge and usually with a yellowish band below the lateral bands (mantle not dotted) - *Arion fasciatus Body light grey, without the yellowish tinge or "zone" below the lateral bands - 16 16 Lateral bands more or less blurred below; mantle with dark dots. Distal third of the epiphallus heavily pigmented with dark dots - *Arion circumscriptus Body pale grey, fading to white on the sides, lateral bands well contrasted on lower edge; mantle without dark dots. Epiphallus = unpigmented or only very slightly pigmented - *Arion silvaticus 17 Mantle smooth or granular, without concentric folds or ridges - 18 Mantle with a pattern of concentric folds or fingerprint-like ridges - 19 18 Mantle very large, covering most of the dorsal surface of the animal; dorsal keel absent - Magnipelta mycophaga Mantle not exceptionally large; dorsal keel well developed - Ariolimax columbianus 19 Tail gradually tapering to a point; mantle ridges centred on the midline; dorsal keel long (about =BC of the length of the body) - 20 Tail obliquely truncated; mantle ridges centred on right side above the pneumostome; dorsal keel short - Deroceras - 22 20 Mantle usually with distinct dark lateral bands (but sometimes faint) - *Lehmannia valentiana Mantle solid coloured, spotted or marbled, but without bands - 21 21 Body yellowish with grey mottling; tentacles bluish; body mucus yellowish - *Limacus flavus Body greyish with darker mottling; tentacles reddish brown; body mucus colourless - *Limax maximus 22 Body mucus milky white when the animal is irritated; body colour cream or pale grey, usually with darker grey reticulation; animal 35-50 = mm long - *Deroceras reticulatum Body mucus always clear; body colour varies; animal * 35 mm - 23 23 Animal * 35 mm; body colour brown, often with darker spots and fine speckles - *Deroceras panormitanum Animal smaller, * 25 mm; body colour varies and may be spotted - Deroceras hesperium and Deroceras laeve Glossary Caudal horn In Hemphillia, a fleshy protuberance at the end of the tail. Foot fringe The edge of the foot set off from the rest of the foot by a conspicuous constriction. Keel A ridge along the midline of the tail, which when present, is complete (extending the entire length) or incomplete (only at the hind = end). Mantle A fold of the body wall lining and secreting the shell in shell-bearing molluscs; it is exposed in slugs (the "shield") as a = clearly demarked, raised area on the body of the slug, behind the head. Visceral hump The major conglomeration of organs forming much of the = body. Papillae A minute protuberance on the skin. Pneumostome The hole on the right side of the mantle through which the animal breathes (breathing pore). Reticulation A netlike pattern. Checklist of British Columbia slugs Twenty-four species of slugs are known from British Columbia. Of these, = 13 are introduced European species, marked here with an asterisk (*). For a complete list of introduced terrestrial molluscs (includes snails) and photos, see http://www3.telus.net/rforsyth/exotics.html. FAMILY TESTACELLIDAE *Testacella haliotidea Draparnaud, 1801; Earshell slug =09 FAMILY BOETTGERILLIDAE *Boettgerilla pallens Simroth, 1912; Wormslug FAMILY LIMACIDAE *Lehmannia valentiana (F=E9russac, 1822); Three-band Gardenslug *Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758); Yellow Gardenslug *Limax maximus Linnaeus, 1758; Giant Gardenslug FAMILY AGRIOLIMACIDAE Deroceras hesperium Pilsbry, 1944; Evening Fieldslug Deroceras laeve (M=FCller, 1774); Meadow slug This species and D. hesperium are possibly synonyms (Wiktor 2000). It is unsure if they can be separated by = external characters. *Deroceras panormitanum (Lessona & Pollonera, 1882); Longneck Fieldslug Synonym: D. caruanae. *Deroceras reticulatum (M=FCller, 1774); Grey Fieldslug FAMILY ARIONIDAE Ariolimax columbianus (Gould, 1851); Pacific Bananaslug *Arion circumscriptus Johnston, 1828; Brown-banded=20 A. circumscriptus and A. silvaticus, together with A. fasciatus belong to the Carinarion group. A. fasciatus has been recorded from British Columbia but remains unconfirmed. Identification of these three species largely relies on anatomical characters, but the dark speckles on the mantle of A. circumscriptus appear to be a good character for species' recognition. *Arion silvaticus Lohmander, 1937; Forest Arion *Arion distinctus Mabille, 1868; Darkface Arion This species is very similar to A. hortensis, separable for sure only from that species by genital anatomy(Davies 1977, 1979). The records of A. hortensis by Rollo & Wellington (1975) are prior to the recognition of three species in the hortensis-group. Synonym: In Davies (1977) and Kerney & Cameron (1979), "Arion hortensis form A." *Arion intermedius Normand, 1852; Hedgehog Arion *Arion rufus (Linnaeus, 1758); Chocolate Arion Generally A. rufus is treated as a separate species from A. ater. While the later species has been recorded from = British Columbia, I know no anatomically confirmed records. Arion rufus can be = black to reddish; colour is not important, contrary to the information implied = by Rollo & Wellington (1975). *Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud, 1805); Dusky Arion Hemphillia camelus Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1897; Pale Jumping-slug Hemphillia dromedarius Branson, 1972; Dromedary Jumping-slug Hemphillia glandulosa Bland & Binney, 1872; Warty Jumping-slug Magnipelta mycophaga Pilsbry, 1953; Magnum Mantleslug Prophysaon vanattae Pilsbry, 1948; Scarletback Taildropper Prophysaon andersoni (Cooper, 1872); Reticulate Taildropper Prophysaon coeruleum Cockerell, 1890; Blue-Grey Taildropper Prophysaon foliolatum (Gould, 1851); Yellow-bordered Taildropper A request for data Gardeners, botanists and horticulturalist often have intimate knowledge slugs in gardens. I am always interested in receiving records of exotic = and native slugs in British Columbia. In particular, among the exotic = species, all records of Testacella haliotidea, Boettgerilla pallens, Limacus = flavus and Arion silvaticus, or species not included here, are of interest. = Records of most species of exotic slugs from areas outside of southern Vancouver Island and Greater Vancouver are especially useful as well, since there = are relatively few records from elsewhere. For further information, please contact me: robert_forsyth@telus.net. Preserving slugs Preserving slugs for dissection and museum collections is relatively = easy. Slugs dropped directly into alcohol will twist and contract and produce large quantities of mucus, so this should be avoided. Most sluggers = advocate drowning in water, usually overnight, to relax the animal, but the = longer the slug stays in water, the greater the chance of decomposition starting-and it is not so kind for the slug. I use carbonated water, = namely Perrier, which drowns slugs much quicker. Once relaxed (dead), slugs can = be transferred to 70% ethanol (EtOH). Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol in drug stores) is cheap and easily found, and can be used in a pinch, but = it overly hardens tissues. Rubbing compound (mostly ethanol, plus extra = stuff to make it unpalatable) can usually also be found in drugstores, and = once diluted to 70% works as good as the real thing. As water is drawn out of = the tissue, the fluid should be changed. References Cameron, R.A.D., B. Eversham, & N. Jackson. 1983. A field key to the = slugs of the British Isles. Field Studies 5:807-824. Davies, S.M. 1977. The Arion hortensis complex, with notes on A. = intermedius Normand (Pulmonata: Arionidae). Journal of Conchology 29:173-187. Davies, S.M. 1979. Segregates of the Arion hortensis complex (Pulmonata: Arionidae), with the description of a new species, Arion owenii. Journal = of Conchology 30:123-127. Forsyth, R.G. In press. Land Snails of British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum/UBC Press. Kerney, M.P., & R.A.D. Cameron. 1979. A field guide to the land snails = of Britain and north-west Europe. London: Collins. Quick, H.E. 1960. British slugs (Pulmonata; Testacellidae, Arionidae, Limacidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 6 (3):103-226. Rollo, C.D., & W.G. Wellington. 1975. Terrestrial slugs in the vicinity = of Vancouver, British Columbia. The Nautilus 89:107-115. Wiktor, A. 2000. Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) - a systematic monograph. Annales Zoologici (Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences) 49:347-590. Robert G. Forsyth [robert_forsyth@telus.net] Research Associate Royal British Columbia Museum 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC =20 Canada V8W 9W2 Mailing address: PO Box 3804, Smithers, BC, Canada V0J 2N0 MANAGING DEER USING SpayVac(tm) IMMUNOCONTRACEPTIVE VACCINE From: Mark Fraker [maf@terramarreserach.com] Deer overabundance has reached extreme proportions in many areas of = North America. Consequences include hazards to traffic, habitat degradation, = and disease transmission. Where hunting is not practical or permissible, = people have sought non-lethal means. The most promising approach is immunocontraception (IC). IC exploits the fact that the glycoproteins in the outer layer of the mammalian egg, the zona pellucida, are involved in sperm-binding. For = more than a decade, scientists have experimented with using porcine zona pellucida (PZP) proteins as the antigens in vaccines. The PZP elicits antibodies that bind to the surface of the eggs of the treated female mammal. For certain groups, such as deer and horses, the vaccines can be very effective. Practical application of IC to control populations of overabundant deer requires that a large proportion (80%) of the population be treated and reducing populations by IC alone can take several years. To achieve = control more quickly and economically, a combination of IC and lethal removal = can be applied. PZP vaccines have no potential for adverse food-chain effects. The = vaccines are entirely biodegradable, as are the antibodies that are produced by = the treated deer. A number of studies have shown that PZP vaccines are safe = for the treated animals, as well. Most PZP vaccines require a booster inoculation in the first year and = annual boosters thereafter. Because accessing the deer for treatment is very costly, vaccines that require boosting are not practical or economic. = The exception to this is SpayVac(tm), which has proven to be 100% effective = for 3 years in both Fallow Deer and White-tailed Deer. At the end of 3 = years, the antibody titers remained high, so that contraception will likely continue indefinitely. (The Fallow Deer research results are reported = in: Fraker, M.A. et al. 2003. Long-lasting, single-dose immunocontraception = of feral fallow deer in British Columbia. Journal of Wildlife Mangement 66(4):1141-1147.) For more information about SpayVac(tm) and immunocontraception, you can visit the SpayVac(tm) website at www.spayvac.org, or contact Mark Fraker = at maf@terramarreserach.com . CONTROL OF PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (LYTHRUM SALICARIA) From: Douglas A. Landis, Donald C. Sebolt, Michael J. Haas, & Michael Klepinger. 2003. Establishment and impact of Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Lythrum salicaria L. and associated plant communities in Michigan. Biological Control 28: 78-91. Abstract. Corresponding author: [landisd@msu.edu] Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) is an invasive = wetland perennial plant of Eurasian origin that is widely established in North America and is considered a threat to native wetland flora and fauna. = Two European beetles, Galerucella calmariensis L. and Galerucella pusilla = Duft. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) have been introduced and widely distributed = in North America for biological control of Lythrum salicaria. Experimental releases of Galerucella spp. beetles were made in three locations in Michigan in 1994. In 1997 we initiated a project to rear, redistribute, = and evaluate the impacts of Galerucella calmariensis in 19 additional sites throughout Michigan. G. calmariensis became established at 100% of the = 24 release locations monitored in these studies and have persisted for up = to seven years while G. pusilla apparently failed to establish. Large populations of G. calmariensis developed from each of the 1994 releases = and caused 100% defoliation of L. salicaria. From 1995 to 2000, L. salicaria stem height was reduced 73-85%, percent plant cover was reduced 61-95%, = and richness of nontarget plant species increased significantly at four out = of five sites. By 2001, L. salicaria stem height and percent cover were = reduced 38-81% and 32-74%, respectively, and nontarget plant species richness increased significantly at all five sites in contrast to the situation = in 1995. Beetles have spread 3-10 km from these original release sites. Of = the 19 additional sites monitored for 3-5 years post-release, 50% (4/8) of = the 1997 releases have developed into large G. calmariensis populations and produced severe damage to L. salicaria. Thirty-three percent (2/6) of = the 1998 releases have generated moderate impacts while all 1999 releases = (5/5) remain without clear impacts. The successful establishment, spread, and impacts of G. calmariensis indicate the critical need for additional research on its role in the restoration of desirable plant communities = in areas formerly dominated by L. salicaria.=20 NEW BOOK: MAMMAL COMMUNITY DYNAMICS - CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS From: Cambridge University Press [web@cup.org] Zabel, Cynthia J. & Robert G. Anthony (eds.) 2003. Mammal Community = Dynamics Management and Conservation in the Coniferous Forests of Western North America. Cambridge University Press, New York. 732 p. ISBN 0-521-00865-4 [soft cover] Price: US$60.00 Order from: Cambridge University Press, 100 Brook Hill Drive, West Nyack, NY 10994-2133, USA Phone: 845-353-7500, fax: = 845-353-4141 This book provides a synthesis of the literature on the role of forest mammals in community structure and function in the coniferous forests of western North America, with emphasis on management and conservation. In addition to coverage of some of the charismatic megafauna such as = grizzly bears, gray wolves, mountain lions, elk and moose, the book also = includes thorough treatment of small terrestrial mammals, arboreal rodents, bats, medium-sized carnivores, and ungulates. The unique blend of theoretical = and practical concepts makes this book equally suitable for managers, = educators, and research biologists. Contents Foreword Jack Ward Thomas Part I. Management and Conservation Issues for Various Taxa:=20 1. Introduction and historical perspective C. Zabel and R. Anthony 2. Forests and woodlands of western North America M. Hemstrom 3. Faunal composition and distribution of mammals in western coniferous forests T. Lawlor 4. Habitat ecology and conservation of bats in western coniferous = forests J. Hayes 5. Ecological relationships of terrestrial small mammals in western coniferous forests J. Hallet, M. O' Connell and C. Maguire 6. Ecology and conservation of arboreal rodents of western coniferous forests W. Smith, J. Waters, R. Anthony, N. Dodd and C. Zabel 7. Small and mid-sized carnivores S. Buskirk and W. Zielinski 8. Ecology, conservation and restoration of large carnivores in western = N. America K. Kunkel 9. Ungulates in western coniferous forests: habitat relationships, population dynamics and ecosystem processes J. Kie, R. Terry Bowyer and = K. Stewart Part II. Community and Ecosystem Relations:=20 10. Relationships among fungi and small mammals in forested ecosystems = D. Luoma, J. Trappe, A. Claridge, K. Jacobs and E. Cazares 11. Ecology of coarse woody debris and its role as habitat for mammals = W. McComb 12. The ecological role of tree-dwelling mammals in western coniferous forests K. Aubry, J. Hayes, B. Biswell and B. Marcot 13. The role of ungulates and large predators on plants, community = structure and ecosystem processes in national parks F. Singer, G. Wang, and N. = Hobbs 14. The role of the lynx-hare cycle in boreal forest community dynamics = S. Boutin, C. Krebs, R. Boonstra and A. Sinclaire 15. Association of mammals with riparian ecosystems in Pacific Northwest forests R. Anthony, A. O'Connell, M. Pollock and J. Hallet Part III. Conservation Issues and Strategies:=20 16. Small mammals in a landscape mosaic: implications for conservation = K. Martin and W. McComb 17. Measuring and interpreting changes in connectivity for mammals in coniferous forests L. Scott Mills, M. Schwartz, D. Tallmon, K. Lair 18. An evolutionary and behavioural perspective on dispersal and colonization of mammals in fragmented landscapes J. Wolff 19. The functional diversity of mammals in coniferous forests of western North America B. Marcot and K. Aubry 20. Synthesis and future perspective R. Anthony and C. Zabel Index. EPILOGUE TO THIS BEN: I have been running the so-called Botany Nights = for the Victoria Natural History Society, and one of the most successful = Botany Night was Robert Forsyth's workshop on identification of slugs! I hope = that you will appreciate his key to slugs the same way the Botany Night's participants appreciated his workshop. Birth control of deer may be a solution of managing deer populations in urban areas, chrysomelid = beetles are used to control purple loosestrife in North America, and a book announcement on West Coast mammals wraps up this issue of ZEN, excuse = me, BEN, quite well. Nevertheless, I promise that the next issue of BEN will = be BEN again. All the best in the year 2004! 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<20040115014443.LKQE269.priv-edtnes03-hme0.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Wed, 14 Jan 2004 18:44:43 -0700 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Wed, 14 Jan 2004 17:44:30 -0800 Message-ID: <001001c3db09$21b34050$c776b440@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0011_01C3DAC6.13900050" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Importance: Normal X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: 00000000C06708F54003554D89A831B66A8953E964607300 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 X-Spam_Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.61 (1.212.2.1-2003-12-09-exp) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0 required=5 tests= autolearn=no version=2.61 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 321 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0011_01C3DAC6.13900050 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable BEN=09 BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS=09 ISSN 1188-603X=09 No. 321 January 14, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C.=09 Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 BOTANY BC - ATLIN, BC - JULY 5-7, 2004 From Del Meidinger [Del.Meidinger@gems2.gov.bc.ca] Information on Botany BC, July 5-7, Atlin, is now posted at the = following URL:=20 http://members.shaw.ca/dmeidinger/botanybc/ ALASKA RARE PLANT FORUM - FAIRBANKS, AK - APRIL 8+9, 2004 The Alaska Rare Plant Forum will hold its 2004 annual meeting April 8h = and 9th in Fairbanks at the Bureau of Land Management, Northern District = Office, 1150 University Avenue. Anyone interested in rare plants of northern regions is invited to = attend or to give a presentation. The purpose of this notice is to alert you of the meeting, and to = solicit speakers and agenda items. Agenda items could include the results of = recent botanical work, descriptions of your field trips, proposals for upcoming field work and presentations describing your ongoing botanical work or research. If you wish to give a presentation, please send your name, a brief description of your presentation and the presentation's approximate = length. We will appreciate hearing about any topics that you would like to see = added to the agenda. Please send this information to me at the address below. An agenda will be sent out in late-March. Please contact me if you need = any additional information, you wish to give a presentation, or if you have ideas for agenda items. Exciting botanical work is taking place in our = part of the world, so we look forward to a particularly interesting meeting = of the Alaska Rare Plant Forum. Mary Stensvold U.S.D.A. Forest Service 204 Siginaka Way Sitka, Alaska 99835 telephone: (907) 747-4210 e-mail: mstensvold@fs.fed.us WORKSHOP: INTRODUCTION TO BRYOPHYES OF SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA From: Stephen Talbot [stephen_talbot@fws.gov]=20 Special Three-Day Workshop 20- 22 May 2004 SHELDON JACKSON COLLEGE 801 Lincoln St., Sitka, Alaska 99835 Principal leader: Dr. W. B. Schofield Department of Botany University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. Canada V6T1Z4 The U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U. S. Forest Service are Sponsoring a workshop, 20 - 22 May 2003 at SHELDON JACKSON COLLEGE in beautiful Sitka, Alaska. Purpose of the Workshop: To gain familiarity with bryophyte genera in southeastern Alaska based on field and microscopic characters, with = strong emphasis on habitats, morphological variation and the living plant. This workshop gives an entry into bryophyte taxonomy and provides the = characters used to discriminate among bryophyte genera, and to an extent, to the species. It will include an introduction to the literature, information = on collecting, storing and annotating collected material for reference, = field experience with collecting, laboratory experience with microscopic examination and use of the literature, and use of artificial keys to aid = in identification. Requirements: Participants should have a hand lens 15 or 20X. Other = useful items include good typewriter paper for preparing moss packets, a = collecting bag, and a pocket knife, putty or paint scraper, or wood chisel. = Students may bring a limited number of specimens that they have collected for determination. Description: The workshop will be held at Sheldon Jackson College (with field trips in the local area) and be limited = to 20 participants. Class times are from 9:00-12:00 and 1:00-5:00 pm. General questions concerning the workshop should be addressed to: Stephen = Talbot, Div. of Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 1011 East = Tudor Road, Anchorage, AK 99503; phone (907) 786-3381, e-mail . Cost of the workshop is $200 and by check = only. To register send your name, mailing and email address and a check not = later than 5 April 2004 made payable to "Sheldon Jackson College" with "Moss Workshop" on the "Memo" line to: Attn: Lem Lambert, Sheldon Jackson College, 801 Lincoln St., Sitka, AK 99835, and notify Stephen Talbot by email that you are registering. Note: You cannot be enrolled until = payment is received. Questions regarding travel, lodging, and the Sitka area = should be sent to: Mary Stensvold, U.S. Forest Service, Sitka; phone (907) 747-4210, e-mail . A general map of Sitka showing = the location of Sheldon Jackson is at . Lodging is available at hotels or in dormitory-style housing on the = Sheldon Jackson campus. Campus housing costs $35/night single occupancy or = $40/night double occupancy. To make reservations call (907) 747-5252 before May = 15, and mention the bryophyte workshop to get this special rate. Information on the presenter: Dr. Wilf Schofield is an internationally = known expert on the bryophytes of the Pacific Rim. He published over 100 = papers, is co-author of 4 textbooks in plant structure and evolution. His = textbook "Introduction to Bryology" (1985) is the standard. His new book "Hepatic Genera of Pacific North America" was published in 2001. Wilf's field experience in mosses goes from 1947 to present, seven summer periods in Alaska, two in Arctic and subarctic Canada. also periods in Australia, = New Zealand, Japan, Taiwan, Europe, conterminous USA. He is a contributor to bryophyte flora of North America and of Australia. College Credit: 1 semester credit is available from Sheldon Jackson = College. THE LONG HISTORY OF OREGON WHITE ASH (FRAXINUS LATIFOLIA BENTH.) IN = BRITISH COLUMBIA From: Richard J. Hebda [hebda@shaw.ca] For most of the rare plant species in British Columbia we will never = know when they came and how they fared before reaching the status they have today. Such is not the case for Oregon white ash for despite Chris Brayshaw's (1996) musings on page 305 in Trees and Shrubs of British Columbia, the species has a long history in the Province. All ash species produce wind blown pollen and that pollen has a = distinctive form such that it can be reliably distinguished. Being that there is = only one ash species in our region, it should be possible to follow its = history through the extraction and study of pollen from lake and wetland = sediments. Up until recently fossil ash pollen had not been confirmed from B.C. sediments, largely because no one really looked for it and if it was detected it occurred as single grains. The occurrence of single pollen grains of a wind-pollinated species can be attributed to long-distance dispersal. In practice there is also a possibility of confusing ash = pollen with that of a Rumex species, particularly if there are not enough = pollen grains to view all the details clearly. The situation changed with the study of the remarkable sediments from Saanich Inlet obtained by the Ocean Drilling Program vessel JOIDES Resolution. Many tens of metres of annually-layered mud were recovered = in a couple of days of drilling off Brentwood Bay. Marlow Pellatt (now with = Parks Canada), Rolf Mathewes (Simon Fraser University) and I extracted, = identified and counted pollen and spores from more than 10,000 years of record to almost 1000 years of the present (Pellatt et al. 2001). The youngest sediments are so charged with Hydrogen Sulphide gas, that once raised = from sea floor, they liquefied and shot out from pressure release holes = punched into core tubing as if propelled from a geyser. Our analyses provided a single-year picture for every 25 th year of the 10,000 years. As we identified and counted pollen grains, we realized that Fraxinus = pollen occurred in sufficient abundance that we had to pay attention to it = because its presence could no longer be discounted as the result of long = distance transport from many hundreds of kilometres to the south, nor accidental contamination from the modern atmosphere. The first ash pollen grains appear just after 9500 calendar years ago slightly earlier than oak pollen. Though not abundant, there is more ash than oak pollen for the next 1500 years, suggesting that Oregon white = ash grew in the vicinity of the Inlet at this time. The abundance of oak increases markedly about 8200 years ago and oak become a major species = on the landscape until about 6000 years ago. During this time ash seems to nearly disappear or occur so infrequently that it leaves no record. With the decline of oak and increase in conifers, especially western redcedar, about 4000 years ago, ash pollen values rise. Ash pollen = reaches is greatest abundance in the interval 4000-1200 years ago, when the = sediment record ends, strongly suggesting that ash was a notable element of the vegetation of southern Vancouver Island at least to about the beginning = of the last millennium. Preliminary studies of cores suggest that scattered trees may have occurred as far north as the Nanoose area too. Thus the pollen record reveals that ash has been a native species for = nine and half millennia, though it has never been abundant. The occurrence of = a natural population near Port Alberni confirms that it can occur in = non-urban situations. The plants of urban Victoria are likely descendants of = natural, pre-colonial stands that dispersed into and survived in the urban environment. The plants at Government House may even be survivors of an original stand. The trees in James Bay, which prompted Chris Brayshaw to wonder about the native status of the species, may have arrived via = American or returning Canadian tourists. But even these could be descendants of native stands. Like our other rare native species, Oregon white ash deserves our = attention and concern. And like many of those plant species at the northern limits = of their range, it may be part of the flora that will benefit from the inexorable warming in climate of the near future. Though we may speculate upon the origins of modern species' abundance = and distribution, we cannot know how these may have come to be without = evidence from the fossil record. Lucky for us Fraxinus latifolia provided us with one. Reference Pellatt, M.G., R.J. Hebda, & R.W. Mathewes. 2001. High-resolution Holocene vegetation history and climate from Hole 1034B, ODP leg 169S, Saanich Inlet, Canada. Marine Geology 174: = 211-226. =20 WHITEBARK PINE (PINUS ALBICAULIS ENGELM.) DISCOVERED ON MOUNT ASHLAND, JACKSON COUNTY, OREGON From: Frank A. Lang, Emeritus Professor of Biology Southern Oregon University, Ashland, OR=20 e-mail: [frlang@charter.net] On August 31, 2003, while attending a Forest Service-sponsored trip, to examine the proposed expansion of the Ski Ashland development, I = discovered a whitebark pine tree with a single cone growing near the moraine at the bottom of the bowl on Mount Ashland in the eastern Siskiyous. The trip leaders Steve Johnson of the Forest Service and ski area manager Jeff Hanson, witnessed this event, and another participant confirmed my identification. Surrounding the tree are several small five-needled = saplings that could be whitebark pine or the much more common western white pine. = Two weeks later Jim Duncan and I found a second whitebark pine tree with = cones near a large western white pine on the east edge of a man-made tree = island on the west edge of upper Dream ski run near the entrance to Caliban.=20 As far as I can determine, these are the first documented discoveries of whitebark pine on Mount Ashland (which is 7523 feet in elevation) or in = the eastern Siskiyous. Like Mount Ashland's Engelmann spruce and subalpine = fir, the whitebark pine may offer evidence of a colder climate in the past. = This tiny population is at risk from white pine blister rust and disturbance = from a proposed ski area expansion. The Rogue River National Forest and Mount Ashland Association are aware of these whitebark pine trees. Hopefully = they will make every effort to avoid damaging them. Possibly other observers = have seen whitebark pines on this mountain or other nearby peaks and = photographed or collected specimens, but failed to report the find. I would = appreciate learning about any documented reports. [The author address is 535 Taylor Street, Ashland, OR 97520; phone (541) 482-5235; or frlang@charter.net] Reprinted by permission and modified from Nutcracker Notes, Issue 5, Fall/Winter 2003, Whitebark Pine Ecosystem Foundation. p. 11. INTRODUCED SLUGS ARE DAMAGING THREATENED ORCHID IN NEW HAMPSHIRE From: Lionel Chute [lchute@dred.state.nh.us] As an enthusiastic reader of both BEN, PEN and ZEN, I wanted to share=20 something brief with you regarding slugs here in New Hampshire Around 1984, staff and volunteers of the New England Wildflower Society noticed that slugs were significantly damaging an important New = Hampshire population of the Federally-threatened orchid, the small whorled pogonia Isotria medeoloides (Pursh) Raf. They collected a specimen of the slug = and sent it to the Smithsonian to identify, who in turn passed it on to a = slug specialist located somewhere in the southwest (Arizona? New Mexico?). = This person keyed out the slug (apparently through microscopic analysis of = the slug's teeth!) as the introduced Dusky Arion, Arion subfuscus = (Draparnaud, a species reputed to show strong colonisation capacities and be a major = pest in US agriculture. Since this identification, slug damage to the small whorled pogonia population in New Hampshire has continued annually, = reducing the number of plants as well as the number of stems bearing seed = capsules. It is not currently known if Dusky Arion has any particular affinity for small whorled pogonia, nor to what extent Dusky Arion may be = contributing to the ongoing decline of known small whorled pogonia populations = throughout its natural range. VIDEO-ON-LINE: POMPEII OF THE NORTHWEST From: David Russell [derzak@hotmail.com], originally posted in Research = in Quaternary Science [quaternary@morgan.ucs.mun.ca] Friends and colleagues: In 1971, a Seattle television station carried = two programs about wet-site excavations at the Ozette Site, which has been called the "Pompeii of the Northwest." We are proud to bring you the = first of these programs as People of the Whale, Part 1, the latest video = offering on our public education website, The Archaeology Channel (http://www.archaeologychannel.org). Located on the outer coastline of Washington's Olympic Penninsula, the Ozette Site yielded the perfectly preserved remains of a pre-contact = Makah village beneath a series of mudslides. This made-for-TV program depicts archaeological fieldwork at Ozette in 1970, the first of 12 seasons of = work that recovered 55,000 artifacts now displayed at the Makah Cultural and Research Center in Neah Bay, Washington. The archival footage in this = film is destined to be a key resource for those studying and teaching the = history of North American archaeology. This and other programs are available on TAC for your use and enjoyment. = If you feel that this project is a worthy endeavor, please participate in = our Membership (http://www.archaeologychannel.org/member.html) and = Underwriting (http://www.archaeologychannel.org/sponsor.html) programs. Only with = your help can we continue and enhance this nonprofit public-education and visitor-supported service. We also welcome new content partners as we = reach out to the world community. Subscriptions:=20 http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l.=20 Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca=20 BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/=20 ------=_NextPart_000_0011_01C3DAC6.13900050 Content-Type: application/ms-tnef; name="winmail.dat" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="winmail.dat" eJ8+IiQBAQaQCAAEAAAAAAABAAEAAQeQBgAIAAAA5AQAAAAAAADoAAEIgAcAGAAAAElQTS5NaWNy b3NvZnQgTWFpbC5Ob3RlADEIAQ2ABAACAAAAAgACAAEGgAMADgAAANQHAQAOABEALAAAAAMAKgEB A5AGAAREAAAoAAAACwACAAEAAAALACMAAAAAAAMAJgAAAAAACwApAAAAAAADADYAAAAAAB4AcAAB AAAACgAAAEJFTiAjIDMyMQAAAAIBcQABAAAAFgAAAAHD2wkYFFisRIi9DE5GhSC6fMKGoYcAAAIB HQwBAAAAFgAAAFNNVFA6QUNFU0tBQFRFTFVTLk5FVAAAAAsAAQ4AAAAAQAAGDgDwDgwJ28MBAgEK DgEAAAAYAAAAAAAAAMBnCPVAA1VNiagxtmqJU+nCgAAAAwAUDgAAAAALAB8OAQAAAAIBCRABAAAA 2j8AANY/AAAVnQAATFpGdU742SIDAAoAcmNwZzEyNRoyDGBjAFABBHN0c+JoBXBiY2gO9QkAD4dm aA3gD5ZiaQFDC2BukQ4QMDMzEaZmZRIiPwH3AqQDYwIAD4AKwHNlQnQC0XBycTIAACrJCqFubxTg 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T1JJQVRDQ0FWSUNUT1JJQSxCQ0RSQUNFU0tBLFBPQgAAAACniQ== ------=_NextPart_000_0011_01C3DAC6.13900050-- From aceska@telus.net Thu Jan 29 00:17:15 2004 Received: from priv-edtnes28.telusplanet.net (outbound04.telus.net [199.185.220.223]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i0T8HDHs003919 for ; Thu, 29 Jan 2004 00:17:13 -0800 (PST) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([64.180.112.154]) by priv-edtnes28.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.6.00.05.02 201-2115-109-103-20031105) with ESMTP id <20040129081708.UYKT9639.priv-edtnes28.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Thu, 29 Jan 2004 01:17:08 -0700 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Thu, 29 Jan 2004 00:16:50 -0800 Message-ID: <000101c3e640$3f5dc070$9a70b440@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Importance: Normal X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.61 (1.212.2.1-2003-12-09-exp) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0 required=5 tests= autolearn=no version=2.61 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 322 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 322 January 29, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- BRUCE DOUGLAS RYAN (1950-2004) From: CaliforniaLichens@yahoogroups.com (Submitted by Thomas H. Nash III) We regret reporting that Bruce Douglas Ryan passed away last night (January 21, 2004), after battling cancer for the past two years. Somehow he has made his peace with the disease, and was amazingly cheerful up to the end. Bruce is survived by his parents, who are both in a nursing home near Seattle. Bruce was born on September 13th, 1950, in Los Angeles and was educated in Florida and Washington. He received a B.A. degree at Washington State University in 1976, a M.S. degree from Western Washington University in 1981 and a Ph.D. from Arizona State University in 1989. Bruce was an enthusiastic member of the American Bryological and Lichenological Society, The International Association of Lichenology, The Northwest Lichen Guild and the California Lichen Society. Through extensive collecting and laboratory research, he became one of the major experts in the identification of lichens from the western U.S. and was a specialist in _Lecanora_ subgenus _Placodium_. As the Associate Curator for the Arizona State University lichen herbarium, he was a major contributor to both Vol. I (published 2002) and Vol. II (nearing publication) of the _Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region_. PLANT RESCUE, AN ETHICAL CONFUSION From: Moralea Milne [moralea@telus.net], originally published as "The Ethics of Plant Rescue" in _The Victoria Naturalist_ 60.4(2004): 8-9. The Victoria Native Plant Study Group (NPSG) has been in the forefront of the plant rescue movement. By negotiating with developers we save native plants, even some quite rare ones, from sure eradication under the blades and tracks of land clearing machinery. Since you must be a member of our organization to participate and as more people hear about the rather new concept of harvesting native plants from sites that are earmarked for immediate development, they join our group and we benefit from increased membership and the attendant annual fees. Sometimes these rescued plants are used in our gardens or sometimes they are donated to restoration projects throughout the Victoria area. Sometimes the seeds and cuttings are used to propagate more plants in nurseries and further the native plant gardening movement. These all seem to be activities that we can and should support. But I wonder... Spring 2002 and 2003 saw a huge plant rescue operation at what came to be known as the Langvista sites in Langford. Early spring 2002 found myself an eager participant in plant rescue activities. I was delighted to be able to save native plants from certain obliteration and provide my own property and a native plant garden I was attempting to create on my local municipal grounds with often expensive and hard to find native plant material. We all carefully followed the rules laid out by the developers and stayed well out of covenanted areas, glad to know some of the site's natural beauty and plant community was protected. I did give a moments pause to wonder where the many birds displaying territorial behaviour would be nesting this year. However there was a beautiful intact site across the road they could migrate to and I ignored the obvious, which was; that site would already have it's full complement of birds asserting their territories. Overall, I felt good about myself and my efforts. Early 2003 myself and a friend bid on the contract to remove broom from the covenanted areas on this now developed site. Through this work we learned that the area across the road, the back side of Mill Hill Capital Regional District Park, was also about to be developed. I consulted with the developers and found they were amenable to further plant rescue operations at this new site. NPSG membership grew as word of the wealth of plant material at this site filtered through the native plant enthusiast community. This site was so amazing, everyone commented on the abundance and diversity of plant material. There were a few blue-listed _Isoetes nuttallii_, literally thousands of _Allium amplectens_, only recently declassified as a blue-listed species, both species indicative of an uncommon vernal wetland ecosystem. Some of the plants collected include: _Delphinium menziesii_, _Sisyrinchium douglasii_ (now _Olsynium_), _Allium accuminatum_ and _A. cernuum_, _Piperia_ spp., _Spiranthes romanzoffiana_, _Calypso bulbosa_, _Erythronium oregonum_, _Camassia_ spp., _Ranunculus occidentalis_, _Brodiaea coronaria_, _Triteleia hyacinthina_, _Fritillaria affinis_, _Saxifaga occidentalis_ and _S. cespitosa_, _Lithophragma parviflorum_, _Eriophyllum lanatum_, _Lupinus bicolor_, _Clinopodium chamissoi_, _Lilium columbianum_, _Dodecatheon hendersonii_ and _D. pulchellum_, _Trifolium willdenowii_, _Mimulus_ spp., _Collinsia grandiflora_ var. _pusilla_, _Plectris congesta_, _Grindelia intergrifolia_, various native grasses, such as _Danthonia californica_, _Elymus glaucus_, _Festuca roemeri_, _Bromus_ spp., and _Stipa lemmonnii_, ferns _Aspidotis densa_, _Pentagramma triangularis_, _Cystopteris fragilis_, _Polystichum munitum_ and _P. imbricans_, many unidentified mosses, lichens and fungi and there were large numbers of virtually all these plants. Some sharp-eyed members harvested _Aster curtus_, designated red-listed in British Columbia. All these species begs the question, what did we miss? What other rare jewels were not apparent to our non-expert eyes? Mill Hill Park has recently been inventoried by Hans Roemer and he has found many more species and occurrences of rare plants than was previously thought to exist there. It is logical to consider the same would be true at this adjacent site. This year brought a shift in my perceptions and I didn't feel quite so lucky to be involved in the "good works" of plant rescue, rather I felt increasingly sickened by the destruction and plunder of this hugely productive, rich, rare association of ecosystems. When someone declared they felt like "a kid in a candy store", I really started to wonder at the appropriateness of what we were doing. This was no candy store that could be restocked with old favourites. It took many thousands of years to produce the assemblage of plants and animals at this site. Nothing we attempt in our lifetimes could ever replace the astonishing environment that was lost. When I consider the number of people who made many repeated trips to this site to rescue plants, I wonder what could have been accomplished had that same time and energy been directed towards saving the site. I have heard the developers were willing to sell the site to CRD Parks. What if we had worked with the District of Langford, CRD Parks, GOERT, NGOs, the provincial and the federal governments? Could we have preserved this immensely rich and biodiverse community for future generations? Garry oak ecosystems are considered one of the three most endangered ecosystems in Canada, only a tiny fraction remains, and through our ignorance and inactivity we let a piece of the best of the last remnants be destroyed. Perhaps if we had not been so focused on "rescuing" individual plants we could have rescued an entire ecosystem. What good are the plants that we saved really? They have become mere gardening material rather than part of a dynamic ecosystem, is that a worthwhile trade? Since this spring I have not participated in further "plant rescue" opportunities. I feel ambivalent about the value and appropriateness of this activity. Should we focus our limited resources on plant rescue? Or would the enthusiastic members of the plant rescue corps harness the power of their combined energies to the preservation of endangered ecosystems? Does the immediate gratification of "owning" rescued plants outweigh the long and sometimes arduous struggle to protect and preserve our natural heritage? Does the diplomacy involved in securing plant rescue options on a site preclude the ability to fight for the preservation of the site? Is there even an organization that is working to prioritize the acquisition of the last relics of our Garry oak ecosystems? Perhaps if I could be sure that we had explored all possible avenues to protect and preserve every remaining significant Garry oak and associated ecosystem site, then "plant rescue" operations would be worthwhile endeavours. At the moment I find myself sitting on the fence of indecision, staring at the crossroads of choice and I ask myself this question: if there is only a limited time left, what would I want to leave as my legacy? PUBLICATION ANNOUNCEMENTS Zika P.F. 2003. _A Crater Lake National Park Vascular Plant Checklist_. Crater Lake (OR): Crater Lake Natural History Association. 92p. ISBN 0-9642124-3-9 Spiral Bound. $14.95 US plus shipping and handling. Available from: Crater Lake Natural History Association, P.O. Box 157, Crater Lake, OR 97604. Phone: (541) 594-3111. http://www.nps.gov/crla/nha.htm Peter F. Zika's annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Crater Lake National Park includes 682 documented species. Species are arranged by family. Accepted name, synonyms, common name, ecological information, park location(s), and miscellaneous notes are given for each species. - Frank A. Lang [frlang@charter.net] Weber, William A. [Editor] 2004. _The Valley of the Second Sons: Letters of Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell, a young English naturalist, writing to his sweetheart and her brother about his life in West Cliff, Wet Mountain Valley, Colorado 1887- 1890_. Pilgrims Process, Inc., Longmont, CO. 592 p. ISBN 0-9710609-9-1 [soft cover] Price: US$39.95 Available from: http://www.barnesandnoble.com or http://www.amazon.com or direct from the publisher: Pilgrims Process, Inc. 6 Niblick Drive Longmont, CO 80503-8316 http://www.pilgrimsprocess.com "_In giving us T. D. A. Cockerell up close and personal, William A. Weber has delivered a very valuable and interesting look at a period when science and education on the American frontier were at their earliest stages, and dependent on the heart and vision of an intrepid few._" Edward O. Wilson Harms, Vernon L. 2003. _Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Saskatchewan and the Provincially and Nationally Rare Native Plants in Saskatchewan_. University Extension Press, University of Saskatchewan Publication Date: 2003 0-88880-471-7 $39.95 A complete, updated checklist of the native and naturalized vascular plants found in Saskatchewan, including a subset of provincially and nationally rare plants, with their rarity ratings from a variety of sources. This is not an identification guide but a reference list with full botanical names, author-citations, synonyms, commmon names, and abundance estimates, for specialists such as botanists, enviornmentalists, and researchers. Hameed, C.A., K.P. Rajesh, & P.V. Madhusoodanan, P.V. 2003. _Filmy Ferns of South India_. Penta Book Publishers & Distributors, Calicut. 260 p. For copies contact: M/s. Penta Book Publishers & Distributors Darussalam Complex, Mavoor Road, Calicut, Kerala- 673 004, INDIA pentabooks@yahoo.com The filmy ferns are a unique group of plants among pteridophytes characterised by sporangia aggregated on cylindrical receptacles enclosed in characteristically shaped indusia and the one cell thick, delicate lamina lacking stomata. This book is the first of its kind on these delicate plants of the Western Ghats, one among the biodiversity hotspots of the world. Owing to their delicate plant body these plants are confined to the deeply shaded pristine evergreen forests, usually in the spray zones of waterfalls, on rocks and boulders of streamlets or attached to the bark and buttresses of shrubs and trees near the perennial water sources. This book is the result of extensive field studies done by the authors in the dense and deep evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of Southern India. Well-illustrated detailed accounts of 28 South Indian filmy ferns are provided in this book with updated nomenclature (5 new combinations) and ecological notes. ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska@telus.net Fri Feb 13 07:55:35 2004 Received: from priv-edtnes51.telusplanet.net (defout.telus.net [199.185.220.240]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i1DFtVHs011862 for ; Fri, 13 Feb 2004 07:55:32 -0800 (PST) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([64.180.112.154]) by priv-edtnes51.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.6.00.05.02 201-2115-109-103-20031105) with ESMTP id <20040213155526.DTTE19072.priv-edtnes51.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Fri, 13 Feb 2004 08:55:26 -0700 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Fri, 13 Feb 2004 07:54:51 -0800 Message-ID: <000001c3f249$bb0cf9b0$9a70b440@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0001_01C3F206.ACE9B9B0" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Importance: Normal X-MS-TNEF-Correlator: 00000000C06708F54003554D89A831B66A8953E904807B00 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.61 (1.212.2.1-2003-12-09-exp) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0.478 required=5 tests=LIMITED_TIME_ONLY autolearn=no version=2.61 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 323 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0001_01C3F206.ACE9B9B0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="windows-1255" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable =20 BEN=20 BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS=20 ISSN 1188-603X No. 323 February 13, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. TRADITIONAL PHENOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA From: Trevor C. Lantz (a) and Nancy J. Turner (b) (a) Department of Biology, University of Victoria, P.O. BOX 3020, STN CSC Victoria, B.C., Canada. V8W 3N5 [tlantz@cablelan.net] (b) School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, P.O. BOX 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, B.C., Canada. V8W 2Y2 [nturner@uvic.ca] =20 (NOTE: the full length version of this paper is published in: Journal of Ethnobiology vol.23 no.2 (2003): 263-286. Thanks to = Fiona Hamersley Chambers for helping us to abridge this article for BEN.) INTRODUCTION Phenology is the study of the seasonal timing of life cycle events (Rathcke and Lacey 1985) of organisms. In temperate regions seasonal development is relatively predictable, occurring primarily=20 in response to accumulated heat, and photoperiod. Since phenological events generally occur in a reliable se- quence, the occurrence of one event indicating the imminence of another, phenology can be used to time resource related ac- tivities. Aboriginal peoples have long recognized these phenological indicators and Traditional Phenological Knowledge (TPK) is evident throughout Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom (TEKW). In this paper we assess the nature and sig- nificance of TPK in British Columbia and the neighboring areas. A survey of the ethnographic literature for British Columbia, Canada and surrounding areas revealed over 140 examples of traditional phenological indicators. This TPK, representing more than 20 linguistic groups, is used to indicate the timing of plant and animal resource availability and abundance, to assess and predict changes in weather and the seasons, and to mark points in peoples' seasonal rounds. Approximately half of these are direct indicators involving the phenology of one species, typically a flowering plant, to signal the onset of a prominent stage in the life cycle (phenophase) of a second species, typi- cally an important resource. The rest are less direct, often embedded in language, and closely linked with traditional con- ceptions of time and the seasonal round. Consequently TPK, as it is described here, cannot be considered a discrete subset of TEKW, but is interwoven in a larger framework of cultural knowledge and represents a broad yet significant domain of TEKW. In temperate regions, the triggering of plant and animal development depends on the passing of certain temperature thresholds and changes in photoperiod (Larcher 1983). In the spring most woody plant species (e.g.; shrubs and trees) and perennial herbs (wildflowers) come into flower primarily in response to accumulated heat often measured using growing degree summation (Rathcke and Lacey 1985). One application of phenology is to use organisms that respond predictably to heat as in- dicator species. Phenological indicators can be thought of as stable biological timepieces that respond to seasonal variation between years (Molitor 1987). Such indicators have become very important proxies to monitor the biological impact of ac- celerated global warming. In Europe, researchers have used records, kept at a network of phenological gardens, to demonstrate that the length of the growing season has increased by approximately 11 days in the last 30 years (Menzel and Fabijan 1999). Similarly, long- term phenological data reveals a 26-day shift to the earlier onset of spring in Western Canada (Beaubien and Freeland 2000). Since phenological events generally occur in consistent order, with the arrival of one event predicting the imminence of another, phenological data can also be used as a valuable predictive tool in forestry, agriculture, and fisheries (Caprio 1966; Lieth 1974). Fishermen in Western Canada have long recog- nized that pickerel (_Esox lucius_ L.) run when the southern cottonwood (_Populus balsamifera_ L.) releases seed, and, on the East Coast of Canada, fishermen would not fish for shad (_Alosa sapisissima_ Wilson) until the saskatoon, or shadbush, (_Amelanchier_ spp.) had flowered (Beaubien 1991). The use of plant and animal development to predict seasonal events is by no means a new practice. When Samuel de Champlain arrived at Cape Cod in 1605, the Wampanoag people informed him that the best time to plant corn was when the white oak (_Quercus alba_ L.) leaf was the same size as the footprint of a red squirrel (_Tamiasciurus hudsonicus_ Erxleben) (Molitor 1987). On the west coast of Canada, the Nuu-Chah-Nulth peoples of Vancouver Island recognize the correspondence between the ripening of the salmonberries (_Rubus spectabilis_ Pursh) and the return of adult sockeye salmon (_Oncorhynchus keta_ Walbaum) to freshwater (Bouchard and Kennedy 1990). Phenological knowledge is also significant in the subsistence activities of the Ka'apor peoples of the Amazon (Bal=82e 1993), Pomo and Tubatulabal Peoples in California (Kat Anderson, pers. comm. to NT, 2002), and the Yanyuwa peoples of Northern Australia (Baker 1993). This paper is a preliminary effort to assess TEKW that relates to seasonality and phenology in British Columbia, Canada and surrounding regions, and to assess the significance of Tradi- tional Phenological Knowledge (TPK) to the aboriginal peoples in this region. Since many phenological indicators are intimately associated with language, cultural beliefs, and traditional conceptions of time, in order to consider all possible sources of knowledge, we define TPK in a broad sense here. TPK encom- passes all knowledge of biological seasonality, including: the observation of life cycle changes in specific plant or animal species to indicate the timing of the onset of growth stages in other species; linguistic references to phenological events; traditional conceptions of time as they relate to seasonal change; and spiritual beliefs about cause and effect relation- ships of seasonal change. METHODS We reviewed published and unpublished literature, noting direct and indirect references to plant and animal phenology. Sources included ethnobotanical monographs, ethnographies, technical reports, and plant-use handbooks. In general, this literature pertained to British Columbia, but published sources from sur- rounding regions (Alaska, Washington, Montana and Alberta) were also examined . Information on TPK was grouped using a linguis- tic / cultural classification and is presented and discussed by subcategories of plant [(1) berries, and (2) 'roots,' cambium, and shoots] and animal resources [(1) fish, and (2) mammals, birds and shellfish]. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Plant Resources: Berries.- Indicators of the imminence of berry ripening are among the most common phenological indicators used by aboriginal peoples in British Columbia. Phenological events used to signal the onset of berry ripening include life cycle changes in invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants, but predominantly incorporate the flowering or fruiting phenology of a second plant species. Indicators of berry availability include the Nlaka'pamux use of the blooming of wild rose (_Rosa_ spp.) as an indication that the soapberries (_Shepherdia canadensis_ [L.] Nutt.) are ready to harvest (Turner 1998b). One of the most interesting examples of phenological knowledge that relates to berry ripening is indirectly encoded in the belief that the singing of the Swainson's thrush (_Hylocichla ustulata_ Nutt.), is responsible for ripening the salmonberries (_Rubus spec- tabilis_ Pursh). The Tlingit, Tsimshian, Haida, Haisla, Oweekeno, Squamish, Nuu-chah-nulth, Ditidaht, and Straits Salish all associate the singing of this bird causally with the ripen- ing of salmonberries. This belief is also reflected in the names for the Swainson's thrush and the song of the Swainson's thrush in at least four languages (Haida, Oweekeno, Ditidaht, and Squamish), and encodes the direct TPK that in Coastal British Columbia salmonberry flowers mature and the fruits begin to ripen at approximately the same time (Pojar and MacKinnon 1994) that the Swainson's thrush returns to this part of its breeding range (Campbell et al. 1997). The prevalence of indicators used to determine when a particular edible berry is ready to harvest underscores the importance of these resources to the aboriginal peoples of British Columbia. Traditionally, berries were one of the most important food resources, and served as an essential winter foodstuff (Turner 1995, 1997a; Thornton 1999). Berries were also extremely impor- tant in trade, and as a food gift item in potlatch ceremonies (Turner 1995, 1997a; Thornton 1999). Different berries occur in different ecosystems across the landscape, often far from where other resources are harvested. Therefore, in addition to knowledge of berry distribution and abundance across over a given territory, a prerequisite to such planning - this is out of context now - is precise knowledge of the temporal availability of the berries, which would ensure that harvesting effort is not wasted. Indicator species that signaled the begin- ning of the availability of a particular berry crop may have also provided human gatherers with an important competitive advantage over other animals consuming the same resource. Plant Resources: 'Roots' (edible underground plant parts: in- cluding rhizomes, bulbs, and swollen roots), Cambium, Shoots, etc. In addition to berry resources, there are 16 phenological indicators of the availability of other plant foods and materials that are documented here. These consist of: indicators of the availability of a diverse range of resources, including: roots, bulbs and rhizomes (8), and other plant foods [cambium, shoots, mushrooms, tree sap and seaweed] (5), and plant materials (2). Like the seasonal markers that signal the availability of berries, these indicators mainly involve the flowering or fruiting phenology of a second plant species, but also include several animal indicator species. Examples include: the Okanagan use of the ripening of Douglas-fir (_Pseudotsuga menziesii_ [Mirbel.] Franco) pollen cones to signal that pon- derosa pine (_Pinus ponderosa_ Dougl. ex Loud.) edible cambium was ready to be harvested (Turner et al. 1980); and the Stl'atl'imx use of the blooming of wild rose (_Rosa_ spp.) to indicate the best time to collect cedar roots (_Thuja plicata_ Donn.) and grass (_Phalaris arundinacea_ L.) for basketry (Turner 1992). For many of the aboriginal peoples of British Columbia, edible underground plant parts, which were gathered and stored in extremely large quantities, served as an important winter resource (Turner 1995, 1997a). Like berries, the developmental timing, and consequently the availability, of many of these 'roots' varies greatly between years. The use of indicators as a cue for the best time to harvest would have allowed for the effective coordination of efficient harvesting activities. Indicators of underground plant part availability appear to have been particularly important to the aboriginal peoples of inte- rior British Columbia, where 'root' crops were among the first plant foods harvested in the spring, and first roots ceremonies celebrating the availability of these foods were an important socio-cultural recognition of the arrival of spring (Bandringa 1999; Hart 1974; Turner et al. 1990). Animal Resources: Fish.- The bulk of all of the phenological signals of animal resource availability that are detailed here relate to the seasonal appearance of fish resources. These include 18 indicators of life cycle timing in fish, more than half of which relate to the phenology and availability of sal- mon, and most of these involve the use of plant phenology to signal the timing of a particular spawning migration. Examples include: the Nlaka'pamux use of the leafing of desert currant (_Ribes cereum_ Dougl.) as a sign that the steelhead trout (_Oncorhynchus mykiss_ Walbaum) are running in the Stein River (Turner et al. 1990); and the Nuu-chah-nulth use of red elder- berry (_Sambucus racemosa_ L.) blooming as a sign that it is time to fish for halibut (_Hippoglossus stenolepis_ Schmidt) (Bouchard and Kennedy 1990). As with edible underground plant parts and berries, the high number of direct phenological indicators that relate to fish availability highlights the importance of these resources to the aboriginal peoples of British Columbia. Historically, these peoples consumed large quantities of animal protein throughout both the winter and summer months (Chisholm et al. 1983). Fish were also an important item in trade and ceremony (Turner 1995, 1997a. The use of phenological indicators would have provided an effective means of ensuring that harvesting effort was effi- ciently directed. Furthermore, a mistimed harvest, in addition to reduced yields, could also potentially jeopardize the long- term availability of the resource. For example, harvesting migrating adult salmon too early could preclude adequate escape- ment for spawning. Like the phenology and abundance of berry-producing shrubs, fish reproductive phenology, and thus availability, also varies considerably between years. For example, the timing of the chinook (_Oncorhynchus tshawytscha_ Walbaum) and coho salmon (_O. kisutch_ Walbaum) adult spawning migration into the Big Qualicum River, varied by as much as 5 weeks between 1959 and 1972 (Fraser et al. 1983). Indicators species, particularly plants that are widespread and thus easily observable, would have provided an important cue to the availability of fish, which are inherently more difficult to monitor than plants. Animal Resources: Mammals, Birds and Shellfish.- In addition to indicators signaling the onset of fish abundance, there are also a number of phenological indicators which are used to predict the availability of other animal resources. These include: 12 indicators of vertebrate resources [deer (_Odocoileus hemionus_ Rafinesque), bison (_Bison bison_ L.), marmot (_Marmota_ spp.), harbour seals (_Phoca vitulina_ L.), gray whales (_Eschrichtius robustus_ Lilljeborg), and seagull eggs (_Larus_ spp.)], and two indicators of invertebrate resources: (horse clams (_Tresus capax_ Gould) and butter clams (_Saxidomus giganteus_ Deshayes). Indicators of the timing of these resources also generally involve the use of plant flowering phenology to signal the best time to gather or hunt. Examples of these indicators include: the Haida utilization of the blooming of cow parsnip (_Heracleum lanatum_ Michx.) as a sign that seagull (_Larus_ spp.) eggs were no longer good to harvest (Turner 1998a); and the Okanagan use of mock-orange (_Philadelphus lewisii_ Pursh) blooming as an indicator that the marmots (_Marmota_ spp.) were fat and ready to be hunted (Turner et al. 1980). Phenology in Relation to Time and the Seasonal Round.- In addi- tion to what can be called direct indicators, where the phenol- ogy of one species is used to signal the onset of another phenophase in a second species (typically an important resource), there is also extensive Traditional Phenological Knowledge encoded in language and words with etymological reference to phenological events. Most of these lexically marked seasonal indicators are inextricably linked with traditional conceptions of time and the seasonal round. Eighty-four words in 21 languages, which make reference to a range of phenological events and discrete time periods, are described here. Of these, 35 are related to the phenology of plant resources, 26 of which relate to berries; and 49 are associated with animal phenology, 39 of which relate to fish. Examples include: the Squamish name for the time period corresponding to August (temt' ka7), which is derived from the name for salal (_Gaultheria shallon_ Pursh) (t' ka7ay) and is glossed as 'when the salal berries ripen' (Bouchard and Turner 1976); and the Oweekeno name for the time period corresponding to April (tcaHsAm), which is derived from the word for eulachon (_Thaleichtys pacificus_ Richardson) (tcaHan), and literally means 'eulachon moon' (Compton 1993). The First Foods ceremonies of many aboriginal peoples of British Columbia, in which harvesting and food use prescriptions were ritually enacted and the availability of a particular food was recognized and celebrated, similarly exemplify an understanding of plant and animal development that is encoded in spiritual beliefs and ritual (Compton 1993; Johnson 1997; Thornton 1999; Turner 1995, 1997a, Turner et al. 2000). For example, the Hanak- siala of the Northwest Coast of British Columbia celebrated the New Year (h'is=89=85m hs_h'snx) when the riceroot (_Fritillaria camschatcensis_ (L.) Ker-Gawl) flowered (around the end of March), and performed a ceremonial flower dance in which "cos- tumes were covered with flowers of the Nootka rose, salmonberry, blueberries, riceroot and any other plants that were blooming then." (Compton 1993:197). Importance of Traditional Phenological Knowledge.- The large number of phenological indicators used by many cultural groups, as documented in literature sources, highlights the overall importance of TPK to the Aboriginal Peoples of British Columbia and the surrounding regions. The over 140 examples of phenologi- cal knowledge described here, even so, undoubtedly represent only a small subset of the TPK that was used by over 20 linguis- tic / cultural groups. In British Columbia and the surrounding regions TPK was used as a means to ensure that adequate plant and animal resources were collected from across a large landscape, where annual variability in phenology would have had a considerable impact on the availability and abundance of these organisms. In British Columbia TPK may have been particularly important because the traditional homelands of many cultural groups are extremely heterogeneous, and plant and animal resources were separated by great distances and or elevations. TPK proxies that allowed indigenous peoples to accurately predict when a given resource was available without observing it directly would have increased the overall efficiency and effec- tiveness of subsistence activities. Traditional Phenological Knowledge (TPK) is an extremely impor- tant component of the Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom (TEKW) of the aboriginal peoples of British Columbia. Phenological Knowledge in British Columbia represents a sig- nificant domain of TEKW that shaped seasonal movements, subsis- tence activities, ritual, ceremony, language and cultural beliefs. Intimately linked with traditional conceptions of time and the seasonal round, TPK was also impacted by a much broader framework of cultural knowledge. This type of TEKW represents another layer of the sophisticated understandings of the natural world that was required of in- digenous peoples living within their traditional territories. TPK is particularly significant because it underscores the complexity and depth of Traditional Knowledge of the environ- ment, which in the case of TPK integrates detailed information from a number of 'disciplines', such as ornithology, meteorol- ogy, ecology, botany, and ichthyology and links them together with human activities in a complex ethnoecological web. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All of the traditional knowledge described here was shared by numerous elders and plant specialists from across British Colum- bia and the surrounding areas with a number of researchers. This paper has drawn exclusively on this knowledge as it is docu- mented in the published and unpublished research of: Nancy Turner, Brian Compton, Allison Davis, Sandra Peacock, Randy Bouchard, Dorothy Kennedy, Alex Johnston, George Emmons, Frederica De Laguna, Charles Hill-Tout, Jeffrey Hart, Earl Claxton, John Elliott, James Teit, and Erna Gunther. The authors would also like to thank the following individuals for their contribution to the development of this paper: M. Kat Anderson, Elisabeth Beaubien, Brenda Beckwith, Belinda Claxton, Helen Clifton, Ron Ignace, Marianne Ignace, Catherine Jacobsen, Leslie Main Johnson, Annie Lafontaine, Kevin Lantz, Kate Leslie, Dawn Loewen, Elia San Miguel, Mary Thomas, and John Volpe. Financial Support for this project has been provided by the National Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC PGS A - 220697 to T.C. Lantz), Global Forest Research (GF-18-2000-88 To N.J. Turner and T.C. Lantz), the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC 410-2000-1166 to N.J. Turner), and MCRI Coasts Under Stress Research Project (Rosemary Ommer, P.I.). REFERENCES CITED Baker, R. 1993. Traditional Aboriginal Land Use in the Bor- roloola Region. In: Williams, N.M. & G. Baines. [eds]. _Traditional Ecological Knowledge : Wisdom for Sustainable Development_. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra Bal=82e, W.L. 1993. _Footprints of the Forest : Ka'apor eth- nobotany: The Historical Ecology of Plant Utilization by an Amazonian people_. Columbia University Press, New York, NY. Bandringa, R.W. 1999. _The Ethnobotany and Descriptive Ecology of Bitterroot, _Lewisia rediviva_ Pursh (Portulaceae), in the Lower Thompson River Valley, British Columbia: A Salient Root Food of the Nlaka'pamux First Nation_. Masters Thesis, Department of Resource Management and Environmental Studies, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. Beaubien, E.G. 1991. _Phenology of Vascular Plant Flowering in Edmonton and Across Alberta_. Masters Thesis, Department of Botany, University of Alberta. Beaubien, E.G. & H.J. Freeland. 2000. Spring phenology trends in Alberta, Canada: links to ocean temperature. _International Journal of Biometeorology_ 44: 53-59 Bouchard, R. & D. Kennedy. 1990. _Clayoquot Sound Indian Land Use_. Report Prepared for: MacMillan Bloedel Limited, Fletcher Challenge Canada and British Columbia Ministry of Forests. B.C. Indian Language Project, Victoria, B.C. Bouchard, R. & N.J. Turner. 1976. _Ethnobotany of the Squamish Indian People of British Columbia_. Unpublished Manuscript. British Columbia Indian Language Project, Victoria, B.C. Campbell, R.W., N.K. Dawe, I. McTaggart-Cowan, J.M. Cooper, G.W. Kaiser, M.C.E. McNall & G.E.J. Smith. 1997. _The Birds of British Columbia, Volume 3: Passerines_. UBC Press, Van- couver, B.C. Caprio, J.M. 1966. Pattern of Plant Development in the Western United States. _Montana Agricultural Experimental Station Bulletin_ 607: 1-42 Chisholm, B.S., D.E. Nelson & H.P Schwarcz. 1983. Marine and terrestrial protein in the prehistoric diets on the British Columbia coast. _Current Anthropology_ 24: 396-398. Compton, B.D. 1993. _Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants and Fungi Among the Oweekeno, Hanaksiala (Kitlope and Kemano), Haisla (Kitamaat) and Kitasoo Peoples of the South Central and North Coasts of British Columbia_. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. Fraser, F.J., E.A. Perry & D.T. Lightly. 1983. Big Qualicum River Salmon Development Project. Volume 1: A Biological Assessment 1959-1972. _Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Science_ 1189. Hart, J.A. 1974. _Plant Taxonomy of the Salish and Kootenai Indians of Western Montana_. Masters Thesis. Department of Linguistics, University of Montana, Missoula, MT. Johnson, L.M. 1997. _Health, Wholeness and the Land: Gitksan Traditional Plant Use and Healing_. Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta. Larcher, W. 1983. _Physiological Plant Ecology_. 2nd edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Lieth, H. [ed]. 1974. _Phenology and Seasonality Modeling. Ecological Studies: Analysis and Synthesis, Volume 8_. Springer Verlag, New York, N.Y. Menzel, A. & P. Fabijan. 1999. Growing season extended in Europe. _Nature_ 397: 659. Molitor, H. 1987. The great code: the folklore and science of using plants as timepieces. _Harrowsmith_ 12 (73): 44-52. Pojar, J & A. MacKinnon. 1994. _Plants of Coastal British Colum- bia, Including Washington, Oregon and Alaska_. Lone Pine Publishing, Edmonton, AB. Rathcke, B. & E.P. Lacey. 1985. Phenological patterns of ter- restrial plants. _Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics_ 16: 179-214. Thornton, T.F. 1999. Tleikw aan=A1, the "berried" landscape: the structure of Tlingit edible fruit resources at Glacier Bay, Alaska. _Journal of Ethnobiology_ 19: 27-48. Turner, N.J. 1992. _Plants for All Reasons: Culturally Important=20 Plants of Aboriginal Peoples of Southern Vancouver Island._ Environmental Studies Program, University of Victoria,=20 Victoria, BC Turner, N.J. 1995. _Food Plants of Coastal First Peoples_. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C. and the Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, B.C. Turner, N.J. 1997a. _Food Plants of Interior First Peoples_. British Columbia Provincial Museum Handbook. UBC Press, Vancouver, B.C. and the Royal British Columbia Museum, Vic- toria, B.C. Turner, N.J. 1998a. _Unpublished notes (Haida)_. Department of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C. Turner, N.J. [ed]. 1998b (Draft). _Unpublished notes (Stl'atl'imx)_. Department of Environmental Studies, Univer- sity of Victoria, Victoria, B.C. Turner, N.J., R. Bouchard & D.I.D. Kennedy. 1980. _Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington_. Occasional Papers of the British Columbia Provincial Museum No. 21. Ministry of Provincial Secretary and Government Services Provincial Secretary. Victoria, B.C. Turner, N.J., M.B. Ignace & R. Ignace. 2000. Traditional ecological knowledge and wisdom of aboriginal peoples in British Columbia. _Ecological Applications_ 10: 1275-1287. Turner, N.J., L.C. Thompson, M.T. Thompson & A.Z. York. 1990. _Thompson Ethnobotany_. Memoir No. 3. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, B.C. ANNOUNCEMENT: HERBAGE ETHNOBOTANY DATABASE CD-ROM Third Edition by Tim Johnson author of the CRC Ethnobotany Desk Reference The Herbage CD-ROM contains a database of over 28,000 concise monographs of medicinal plant species characteristics - and an inventory of claimed attributes and historical uses by cultures throughout the world. - the result of more than a decade of independent research. Monographs are linked to hundreds of thousands of articles and images via the world wide web, providing an exhaustive tool for in-depth global herb research. Each species listing has links to powerful image and article searches. 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Tue, 16 Mar 2004 08:01:20 -0700 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Tue, 16 Mar 2004 07:01:10 -0800 Message-ID: <001a01c40b67$87705700$744606cf@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 Importance: Normal X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.61 (1.212.2.1-2003-12-09-exp) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0.446 required=5 tests=LOTS_OF_STUFF autolearn=no version=2.61 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-MIME-Autoconverted: from quoted-printable to 8bit by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca id i2GF1QHs014295 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 324 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 324 March 16, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- STATUS OF THE ALIEN RACE OF COMMON REED (_PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS_) IN THE CANADIAN MARITIME PROVINCES From: Paul M. Catling*, Gisele Mitrow*, Lynn Black*, Susan Carbyn** * Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Environmental Health, Biodiversity, Saunders Bldg., C.E.F., Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6 catlingp@agr.gc.ca **Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Environmental Health, Biodiversity 32 Main Street, Kentville, Nova Scotia B4N 1J5 An alien race of Common Reed (presumably the European _Phrag- mites australis_ (Cav.) Trin. ssp. _australis_) has been rapidly spreading along roadsides and invading and dominating wetlands in parts of southern Ontario and Quebec since the early 1990s (Schueler 2000a, b, Robichaud & Catling 2003, Catling et al. 2003). The invasion and domination of native plant communities led to a substantial reduction in native biodiversity (e.g. Catling et al. 2003, Lavoie et al. 2003). Very recently the status of the alien race has been clarified in other parts of Canada (e.g. Martin 2003, Schueler et al. 2003). However, in the Canadian maritime provinces its status has been unclear until recently when both field study and a database of herbarium records was completed. The herbarium records database includes data from all major herbarium collections in Canada (including those of particular importance with regard to the maritimes such as ACAD, CAN, DAO, MT, MTMG, NFLD, NSPM, UNB). The value of herbarium specimens in understanding status and spread was increased when a method of distinguishing the races using the floral character of lower glume length (Robichaud & Catling 2003) made it possible to identify many herbarium specimens lacking the distinctive lower stem characters. .The alien in- vasive race was distinguished from the native race by having first glumes 4.1 mm long or less and lower stem internodes yellow or brownish instead of reddish-purple (Robichaud & Ca- tling 2003). A chemical method for distinguishing the races has also recently become available (Saltonstall 2003). The following notes, arranged by province, are derived from response to several questions regarding the status of the alien race in the maritime region. NEWFOUNDLAND: The only record is that of a specimen collected from Stephen- ville Barachois by R. Day in 1991 (DAO). The native race has apparently not been recorded in the province. NEW BRUNSWICK: Of the locations mapped by Hinds (2000, p. 606), only that collected from 2 km S of Beaver Dam in Sunbury County by H. R. Hinds in 1981 (MTMG, UNB) was referable to the introduced race. A depauperate specimen from the salt marsh at St. Louis Cape in Kent County collected by P. R. Roberts and B. Pugh in 1965 (UNB) has a lower glumes approx. 4.0 mm long but lacks stem and was not assigned to race. In 2003 the alien race was collected by P. M. Catling at two locations on the Trans Canada highway at Sackville (DAO). Here it occurred within 20 m of the paved edge of the highway. From here it may spread into the adjacent Tantramar Marshes and displace the native race of _P. australis_, (which is presumably referable to ssp. _berlandieri_, see Fernald 1932). Schueler (2000b, 2002) found _Phragmites australis_ absent from sides of major roads in New Brunswick (and Prince Edward Island) so that the occurrence in the Sackville area along the major highway is almost certainly a recent phenomenon. This conclusion is supported by the small size of the clones present, i.e. only several m2. PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: At the present time only the native race is known from Prince Edward Island and it is considered rare in the province (Day & Catling 1991). It was collected from the Dunk River estuary in Bedeque by M. L. Fernald and H. St. John in 1914 (CAN, MT) and later by D. Erskine and A. J. Smith in 1953 (DAO, MT). Plants reported from Lennox Island (Day & Catling 1991) have not been seen. NOVA SCOTIA: Most of the locations mapped for Nova Scotia (Roland & Smith 1969, Zinck 1998) represent the native race. The obvious excep- tions are the specimens from Annapolis Royal and Bridgetown. The alien race was first collected at Annapolis Royal in by J. Macoun in 1910 (CAN), and subsequently by M. L. Fernald and B. Long in 1921 (ACAD, CAN, MT), by H. E. Perry and M. V. Roscoe in 1928 (ACAD), by G. C. Warren in 1938 (ACAD), W. G. Dore in 1940 (DAO), F. Kinsman in 1949 (DAO), M. S. Brown in 1949 (NSPM), P. Douglas in 1949 (NSPM), J. R. Jotchan in 1978 (ACAD), E. Specht in 1979 (ACAD), P. M. Catling, S. Carbyn and J. Achenbach in 2003 (DAO). It is believed in Annapolis Royal that the alien race was introduced with straw on trains carrying Elephants and other circus animals in the early 1900s (J. Achenbach, pers. comm.). It is locally called Elephant Grass. For many decades the occurrence of this gigantic (to 4 m tall in one season) grass in and around Annapolis Royal was recognized as a remark- able occurrence. Interestingly the Common Reed growing around Annapolis Royal was used to thatch a restored Acadian dwelling in the same way that the Acadians used the native race. Prior to the dyking which began around 1700, the native race may have been much more abundant in the Fundy tidal marshes. The alien race was also recorded relatively early at Bridgetown. Here H. G. Perry and M. V. Roscoe made a collection in 1928 (ACAD, MTMG, NSPM). Despite the continuity of collections from Annapolis Royal, there was a gap of 44 years until another locality of the alien race was recorded, this being from South Brookfield where it was collected by P. L. Comeau and J. M. Stanley in 1972 (NSPM). There are several more recent collec- tions; Big Pine Lake by M. Zinck and R. Ogilvie in 1992 (NSPM), Sable River by R.E. and R.B. Newell in 1993 (ACAD), south side of Annapolis River at Middleton by P.M. Catling in 2003 (DAO), junction of Trans Canada Highway 104 at Highway 102 by P. M. Catling (DAO), Highway 101 at Grand Pré by S. Carbyn in 2003 (DAO), 2 km W of Dodge Road overpass on Hwy 101 3 km W of exit 17 (Kingston/Greenwood) by S. Carbyn in 2003 (DAO),1 km W of exit 16 Hwy 101(Aylesford exit) by S. Carbyn in 2003 . All of these are within 20 m of a paved road suggesting that vehicles and roads are the means and pathway of invasion. Conclusions Although the alien race became established in the maritimes almost 100 years ago, it appears to have spread only recently and is apparently spreading by means of vehicle traffic on roads. This parallels the situation elsewhere in eastern Canada (Catling et al. 2003). Although the alien race is invading agricultural land, including cornfields in southern Quebec, its most serious impact to date has been the replacement of diverse native vegetation in wetlands with significant loss of biodiver- sity in general. Considering its impact on Atlantic coastal marshes in the United States (e.g. Blossey 2002, Marks et al. 1994, Meyerson et al. 2000), marshes along the St. Lawrence River (e.g. Lavoie et al. 2003) and wetlands in southern Ontario (pers. ob.), it is considered a threat to the biodiversity of the Bay of Fundy marshes. Since its spread into much of the region is recent, there is an opportunity for regional control, especially around major brackish marshes. For example, invasion of the upper levels of the Tantramar Marshes, at the head of the Bay of Fundy, may be prevented by eliminating patches invading along the Trans Canada highway (hwy 104), and monitoring the adjacent marshlands. Acknowlegements Jef Achenbach of Annapolis Royal assisted with field work in the Annapolis valley region. The development of a database was supported by the Federal Biodiversity Information Partnership. References Blossey, B. 2002. Replacement of native North American _Phrag- mites australis_ by introduced invasive genotypes. _Botanical Electronic News_ 284: 1-3. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben284.html Catling, P. M., F. W. Schueler, L. Robichaud and B. Blossey. 2003. More on _Phragmites_ - native and introduced races. _Canadian Botanical Association Bulletin_ 36(1): 4 - 7. Erskine, D. S. 1985. _The plants of Prince Edward Island_. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada publication 1798 (publi- cation 1088, 1960, reprinted). 272 p. Fernald, M. L. 1932. _Phragmites communis_ Trin. var. _berlan- dieri_ (Fournier) comb. nov. _Rhodora_ 34: 211-212. Hinds, H. R. 2000. _Flora of New Brunswick_. 2nd edition. University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick. 695 p. Lavoie, C., M. Jean, F. Delisle and G. Letourneau. 2003. Exotic plant species of the St. Lawrence River wetlands: a spatial and historical analysis. _Journal of Biogeography_ 30: 537- 549. Marks, M., B. Lapin and J. Randall. 1994. _Phragmites australis_ (_P. communis_): Threats, management, and monitoring. _Natural Areas Journal_ 14: 285-294. Martin, M. 2003. Common Reed (_Phragmites australis_) in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada. _Botanical Electronic News_ 318: 1. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben318.html Meyerson, L. A., K. Saltonstall, L. Windham, E. Kiviat, and S. Findlay. 2000. A comparison of _Phragmites australis_ in freshwater and brackish marsh environments in North America. _Wetlands Ecology and Management_ 8: 89-103 Robichaud, L. and P. M. Catling, 2003. Potential value of glume length in differentiating native and alien races of Common Reed, _Phragmites australis_. _Botanical Electronic News_ 310: 1-3. http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben310.html Roland, A.E. and E.C. Smith. 1969. _The flora of Nova Scotia_. Nova Scotia Museum. Reprinted from _Proceedings of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science_, 26: 1-238, 277-743. Saltonstall, K. 2003. A rapid method for identifying the origin of North American Phragmites populations using RFLP analysis. Wetlands 23(4): 1043-1047. Schueler, F. W. 2000a. Monster Grass an Invasive or Native. _SER Ontario News (Newsletter of the Ontario Chapter of the Society for Ecological Restoration_) 6(1), Spring 2000. 2 p. www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf Schueler, F. W. 2000b. GPS Surveys for _Phragmites_ and other invasives. _SER Ontario News (Newsletter of the Ontario Chapter of the Society for Ecological Restoration_) 6(1), Spring 2000. 2pp. www.serontario.org/pdfs/may00.pdf Schueler, F. W. 2002. Distribution of roadside _Phragmites_ in Canada. _Phragmites australis_: A Sheep in Wolf's Clothing? _Technical Forum 6-9 January 2002, Vineland New Jersey_, abstract pp 27-28. Schueler, F. W., A. Karstad and J. H. Schueler. 2003. Non-native _Phragmites communis_ in British Columbia. _Botanical Electronic News_ 315: 1 http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben315.html Zinck, M. 1998. _Roland's flora of Nova Scotia_. Nimbus Pub- lishing and Nova Scotia Musem. Halifax. 2 vol. 1296 p. DISCOVERY OF A NEW SALT MARSH INVASIVE TO BRITISH COLUMBIA, ENGLISH CORDGRASS (_SPARTINA ANGLICA_ C.E. HUBB.) AND MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES IN 2003 From: Gary Williams, GL Williams & Associates Ltd.,2907 Silver Lake Place, Coquitlam, BC Canada V3C 6A2 e-mail: [glwill@telus.net] I am sorry to add a very aggressive salt marsh grass, _Spartina anglica_ C.E. Hubb. (English cordgrass) to the growing list of invasive plants in British Columbia. I discovered it in August 2003 while conducting intertidal habitat surveys on Roberts Bank (Vancouver, British Columbia) in the Fraser River estuary: Voucher specimen: _Spartina anglica_ C.E. Hubb. British Columbia, Delta Municipality: Roberts Bank mudflats, lower marsh along Roberts Bank causeway. Growing with _Schoenoplectus maritimus_ (L.) Lye and _Salicornia virginica_ L. 49 deg. 02' 54" N and 123 deg. 07' 20" W Collected by Gary Williams, August 28, 2003. (Specimen will be deposited with the UBC herbarium) _Spartina anglica_ is a naturally formed amphidiploid, derived from _S_. x _townsendii_ H. & J. Groves, both originating from the hybridization of _S. maritima_ (M.A. Curtis) Fern. (small cordgrass), indigenous to England and Europe, and _S. alter- niflora_ Loisel. (smooth cordgrass), indigenous to eastern North America (Gray et al. 1991; Barkworth 2003). The latter species is thought to have been introduced to England in the early 1800’s from shipping (Gary et al. 1991). In the Pacific Northwest, _Spartina anglica_ was introduced into Puget Sound in 1961 to Port Susan Bay, just south of Stanwood, Washington State, to be used for dyke stabilization and to provide forage for cattle (Hacker et al. 2001). The plants thrived and expanded to 2.7 ha in mid 1970’s. _Spartina anglica_ was surveyed there in 1997 and had spread to 73 sites affecting 3,311 ha of marine intertidal habitat, equivalent to ap- proximately 400 ha solid habitat. One of the heaviest infesta- tions is in Willapa Bay where it covers approximately 2,000 ha and is spreading at a rate of 16 % annually. It appears to be transported to new areas by three pathways: nearshore currents, water birds, or ships (e.g. ballast water). The source or path- way for the Roberts Bank infestation is unknown. However, it now has a circumpolar distribution being recorded in over 130 sites around the world! _Spartina anglica_ is a very aggressive species that will spread over the mudflat, displacing existing habitat and moving upwards into natural salt marsh. Of particular concern in the Fraser estuary is the conversion of large, productive mudflats, which are rich in invertebrates used by shorebirds, waterfowl, and fish, to monotypic stands of cordgrass. Washington State has spent several millions of dollars and years trying to eradicate _Spartina_, using a range of approaches including manual labour, mechanical equipment, and chemical control, many with mixed success (Murphy 2003). Because the infestation in the Fraser estuary is in the early stages, estimated to have begun 3-5 years ago, aggressive management and removal may control further spreading and eliminate the need to use herbicides and more damaging eradication techniques. Following discovery of the infestation on Roberts Bank, I con- tacted Vancouver Port Authority (VPA) and they agreed to sponsor a control program on Roberts Bank. In September, with the assis- tance of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), seed heads were clipped and extent of the infestation was mapped using GPS. Data collected indicated plants averaged 1 m in height and clones were dense, over 800 stalks per square metre. In October, the Fraser Spartina Busters, comprised of 21 volunteers from VPA, DFO, Canadian Wildlife Service, Ducks Unlimited, Water Land and Air Protection, Tsawwassen First Nations, and Langley Environmental Partners Society, removed all but three clones from Roberts Bank and sent the plants to the Burnaby incinerator. In December, an inventory was funded by Ducks Unlimited and the Greater Vancouver Regional District, Regional Parks, to conduct an inventory of the outer estuary. DFO provided the Canadian Coast Guard hovercraft to survey the Boundary Bay and the banks south of Sea Island. Foot surveys of the Sea Island and Iona Island shorelines followed. More S. anglica was found in Bound- ary Bay off Beach Grove and over a 3 km section of shoreline between 96th and 112th Streets. Following two meetings in December, including participation by Washington State Spartina control agencies, DFO is leading an inter-agency initiative to develop an action program for the summer and fall of 2004 to remove the existing _Spartina anglica_ from Boundary Bay and Roberts Bank. The initiative will involve DFO, CWS, DU, VPA, City of Delta and several NGO’s. The program will also involve annual follow-up surveys, inventory of shoreline areas, and preparation of fact sheets to increase awareness of the problem and assist in identifying the plant in the field. An outreach program has also been initiated to make presentations and provide information to interested parties, which have included the Vancouver Natural History Society and City of Delta. References: Barkworth, M.E. 2003. _Spartina_ Schreb. Pp. 240-251. In M. E. Barkworth, K. M. Carpels, S. Long, and M. B. Piep (eds.). _Flora of North America North of Mexico_, _Vol. 25: Mag- noliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2_, Oxford University Gray, A.J., D.F. Marshall, and A.F. Raybould. 1991. A century of evolution in _Spartina anglica_. _Advances in Ecological Research_ 21: 1-62. Hacker S.D., D. Heimer, C.E. Hellquist, T.G. Reeder, B. Reeves, T.J. Riordan, and M.N. Dethier. 2001. A marine plant (_Spartina anglica_) invades widely varying habitats: poten- tial mechanisms of invasion and control. _Biological Inva- sions_ 3: 211-217. Murphy, K.C. 2003. _Report to the Legislature: progress of the 2003 - Spartina eradication program_. Washington State Department of Agriculture, Pub. 805-110 (N/1/04), Olympia, WA: 58 p. ALIEN PLANTS IN CHECKLISTS AND FLORAS Petr Pysek, David M. Richardson, Marcel Rejmanek, Grady L. Webster, Mark Williamson & Jan Kirschner. 2004. Alien plants in checklists and floras: towards better communication be- tween taxonomists and ecologists. _Taxon_ 53: 131-143. [Cor- responding author: Petr Pysek - pysek@ibot.cas.cz] Abstract. The number of studies dealing with plant invasions is increasing rapidly, but the accumulating body of knowledge has unfortunately also spawned increasing confusion about terminol- ogy. Invasions are a global phenomenon and comparison of geographically distant regions and their introduced biota is a crucially important methodological approach for elucidation of the determinants of invasiveness and invasibility. Comparative studies of alien floras provide substantial new insights to our understanding of general patterns of plant invasions. Such studies, using information in previously published floras and checklists, are fundamentally dependent on the quality of the assessment of particular species with respect to their taxonomic identity, time of immigration and invasion status. Three crucial decisions should be made when defining the status of a plant species in a given region: (1) whether the taxon is native or alien to that region (origin status); (2) what is its position in the invasion process, i.e., when was it introduced (residence status); and (3) what is the degree of its naturalization and possible invasion (invasion status). Standard floras differ hugely in their treatment of non-native species and those with appropriate categorization of alien species according to their status are rather rare. The present paper suggests definitions of terms associated with plant invasions and places these into the context of floras. Recommendations are outlined on how to deal with the issue of plant invasions in standard floras with the aim of contributing to a better understanding between taxonomists and ecologists and allowing more detailed compara- tive analyses of alien floras of various regions of the world. The authors proposed the following hierarchy of alien plants: Alien plants Cultivated Outside cultivation Casual Naturalized Non-invasive Invasive Not harmful Transformers Weeds The categories at each level are mutually exclusive with the exception of "cultivated" and "outside cultivation", and "weeds" and "transformers", respectively, which can overlap. Note that both "weeds" and "transformers" can be also native taxa. [P.S. I prefer the term "edificators" for what the authors call "transformers". Those are plants that significantly change habitat conditions, e.g., Scotch broom, _Cytisus scoparius_ L., in North America. - AC] LOOKING FOR EXPERTS ON CANADA'S WILD MEDICINAL PLANTS From: Paul Catling [catlingp@agr.gc.ca] & Ernie Small [smalle@agr.gc.ca] Does your expertise relate in any way to Canada's wild medicinal plants? A database providing information about people dealing in any way with any of Canada's approximately 1500 wild medicinal plant species is under construction at Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada. This information will be made available to the public. If your work relates to this subject, you are invited to com- plete one of the following on-line forms: English: http://www.agr.gc.ca/med/index_e.php French: http://www.agr.gc.ca/med/index_f.php BOOK REVIEWS AND A BOOK NOTICE FROM THE FEBRUARY 2004 ISSUE OF _TAXON_: PART 1 From: Rudi Schmid [schmid@socrates.Berkeley.EDU] Hogan, Sean (chief consultant). Sep. 2003. _Flora: A gardener's encyclopedia: Over 20,000 plants._ Vol. 1. _A-K._ Vol. 2. _L- Z._ Timber Press, Portland (www.timberpress.com). [viii], 1584 pp. (pp. 1-783, [[i-viii]], 785-1584), ill. (col.), 308x242 mm, ISBN 0-88192-538-1 (HB, 2-vol. set, slipcased), w/ CD-ROM _Flora_ (Global Book Publishing, Willoughby, Australia, no ISBN), $99.95 (U.S., Can. only, "Not Available" elsewhere; separately avail. CD-ROM to be publ. Feb. 2004, ISBN 0-88192-624-8, $39.95). The excellence and thoroughness of _Flora_ immediately demand it be placed on the reference shelf next to my two earlier favorite, all-purpose, hort encyclopedias: R.G. Turner, Jr. & E. Wasson (ed.)'s _Botanica_ (1997, with CD-ROM; for review see R. Schmid, _Taxon_ 47: 221-222; the 1999 3rd ed., 1020 pp., noticed in _Taxon_ 49: 385) and C. Brickell & J.D. Zuk (ed.)'s _The American Horticultural Society A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants_ (1996; see _Taxon_ 49: 367; U.K. ed. as _Royal Horticul- tural Society ...,_ 2003; as _EGP_ below). The comparison statistics are: _Botanica:_ 1020 pp., 308x241 mm, 10,000+ taxa, 6500+ photos _EGP:_ 1095 pp., 294x237 mm, 15,000+ taxa, ca. 6000 photos _Flora:_ 1592 pp., 308x242 mm, 20,000+ taxa, 11,000+ photos _Flora_ hence outdoes both. It also has 101 color illustrations and 14 maps, and its CD-ROM actually has 11,489 still jpgs and 1245 animate jpgs. All books have the useful obligatory front matter on horticultural groups and cultivation, respectively, 22, 44, and 52 pages in the three works, but I regard such information as superfluous and am interested only in the ac- counts of taxa and the brief guide to the format of the book. The slipcase of _Flora_ is nice but unwieldy; it makes a fine container for file folders. Selecting at random five genera, _Boykinia, Dianthus, Hordeum, Nepeta,_ and _Rosmarinus,_ allows some comparison betwixt _Botanica_ (pp. 150, 300, 450, 600, 801 for the genera),_ Flora,_ and _EGP:_ all works note the family (most clearly in _EGP,_ awkwardly in back matter in _Botanica_), lack nomenclatural authorities, give common names, bold cultivars, and have dimensions in English and metric units. They also have comparable descriptive accounts, with the inevitable dis- crepancies, particularly for size and hardiness zones (e.g., _Rosmarinus officinalis_ is hardy in zone 6, minimum -23°C/- 10°F, much beyond _EGP_'s zone 8, minimum -12°C/10°F), and omissions (e.g., _EGP_ not mentioning the potential invasiveness of _Hordeum_). Matters of cultivation are most detailed in _EGP,_ which has three categories: cultivation, propagation, and pests and diseases. The cultivation category of _Flora_ and _Botanica_ subsumes propagation and, inconsistently and skim- pily, pests and diseases (none of the books address petal blight of _Camellia_). No book lists which contributor/consultant (67 in the case of _Flora_) did the horticultural account, a stand- ard feature in taxonomic works. With such richness presented in _Flora,_ quibbles are few: its blank endpapers cry out for information about symbols, hardiness zones, terms, and the like; its covers and spines lack volume designations; a bibliography is lacking. But these omissions are minor. By the way, the CD-ROM of _Flora_ is excellent, much more comprehensive and user friendly than the one that came with _Botanica_--well, what do you expect, six years later? Naturally _Flora_ describes and illustrates many more taxa than the others, but _Botanica_ and _EGP_ often treat additional taxa. For instance, for the aforenoted five genera, respec- tively, _Flora_ treats 1/17/2/9/1 species, _EGP_ 4/31/2/9/1 species, and _Botanica_ 1/14/3/6/1 species, with 12 species _Nepeta_ treated collectively. Thus it is worthwhile to check all three books. While _Flora_ is indispensable, and I am in- creasingly partial to it, all three works are really essential. To make room on my reference shelf for _Flora,_ I displaced _Hortus third_ (1976), now mostly superseded by M. Griffiths's _Index of garden plants_ (1994; for review see R. Schmid, _Taxon_ 43: 688). ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska@telus.net Thu Apr 1 01:15:03 2004 Received: from priv-edtnes27.telusplanet.net (outbound04.telus.net [199.185.220.223]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i319F1Hs008176 for ; Thu, 1 Apr 2004 01:15:01 -0800 (PST) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([207.6.70.116]) by priv-edtnes27.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.6.00.05.02 201-2115-109-103-20031105) with ESMTP id <20040401091456.ZEOT19195.priv-edtnes27.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Thu, 1 Apr 2004 02:14:56 -0700 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Thu, 1 Apr 2004 01:14:44 -0800 Message-ID: <004d01c417c9$c63c9160$744606cf@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 X-MIMEOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 Importance: Normal X-Spam_Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.63 (2004-01-11) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0.55 required=5 tests=SUBJ_ALL_CAPS autolearn=no version=2.63 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-MIME-Autoconverted: from quoted-printable to 8bit by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca id i319F1Hs008176 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # CCCXXV Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. CCCXXV April 1, 2004 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- SNOUTERS - RHINOGRADENTIA Christian Morgenstern (1871 - 1914) is a very atypical figure in German literature. As a rule, German culture is not too fond of the nonsensical. However, Morgenstern's poetry, which was inspired by English nonsense rhymes, is immensely popular. 'The Gallows Songs' ('Galgenlieder') and 'Palmström' feature some of his masterpieces. Later, he turned away from the nonsensical and started to con- cern himself with philosophical topics. His philosophical and mythical works were largely influenced by Nietzsche, father of nihilism, and Rudolph Steiner, father of anthroposophy. In his Galgenlieder, Christian Morgenstern described an animal that was walking on its nose (probiscus): Das Nasobehm Auf seinen Nasen schreitet Einher das Nasobehm Von seinem Kind begleitet. Es steht noch nicht im Brehm. Es steht noch nicht im Meyer Und auch im Brockhaus nicht. Es trat aus meiner Leyer zum erstem Mal ans Licht. Auf seinen Nasen schreitet (wie schon gesagt) seitdem, von seinem Kind begleitet, einher das Nasobehm. English translation: Upon his noses walking, Enter the Nasibehm, Accompanied by his offspring, You will not find his name In Field Guides, the Brittanica, Not evenin Audubon; Out of my lyre, he first sprang iInto the light of Dawn. Upon his noses striding, As aforsung, he came With all his young beside him, The stately Nasobehm. [translated by W.D. Snodgrass and Lore Segal] This poem led to the most startling zoolgical event in the 20th century - the discovery of Rhinogradentia, an order of mammals with no fever than 15 families, 26 genera, and 138 species. Snouters, also known as Rhinogrades, were discovered in 1941 by a Swedish naturalist who became shipwrecked on the Hi-yi-yi Islands in the Pacific Ocean. But they received their first and only scientific description in a monograph, Bau und Leben der Rhinogradentia, published in 1957 by the German naturalist Harald Stuempke. Snouters, according to Stuempke, were a class of animals that had evolved to use their noses for virtually every imaginable function. For instance, the Sniffling Snouter caught fish with the long, delicate threads that emerged from its nostrils. The perfumed Honeytail Snouter stood rigidly upright on its thick nose and caught insects with its sticky tail. The Suctorial Snout Leaper used its long, flat nose to spring itself backwards great distances. Unfortunately, soon after Dr. Stuempke described the Snouters, the entire Hi-yi-yi island chain sank into the ocean as a result of an earthquake triggered by the testing of atomic bombs. When the islands sank, they took with them all trace of the Snouters, except for the sketches which Dr. Stuempke had commissioned an artist to make of them. A few of these sketches are shown to the left. Dr. Stuempke, who had returned to the islands to conduct further research, sank with the Snouters. Due to the complete extinction of the Snouters, and the eradica- tion of their only habitat, rumors have arisen to the effect that both Dr. Stuempke and the Snouters never existed. They are alleged to have been the whimsical creation of Gerolf Steiner, a zoology professor at the University of Heidelberg. Whether or not there is any substance to this rumor, interest in the Snouters continues to grow apace. The original German monograph has been translated into both French and English and has received glowing reviews. The English version of the book is titled The Snouters: Form and Life of the Rhinogrades. References: Dr. Harald Stuempke. The Snouters: Form and Life of the Rhinogrades. Translated by Leigh Chadwick. The Natural History Press (1967). http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/photos/snouters.html http://www.querblatt.de/buch/bul.htm http://nsm1.nsm.iup.edu/rgendron/Caminalcules.shtml Otopteryx volitans, Earwing or Flying Snout Leaper, was also reported from Wisconsin: http://wildlife.wisc.edu/courses/301/mammals/wisconsin_mammals.htm Nova Supplementa Entomologica http://www.zalf.de/deie/AUTORENH.HTM Dr Harald Stuempke Bau und Leben der Rhinogradentia mit ein Nachwort von Gerolf Steiner [1957] Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1967 (Hardback) French translation: Dr. Harald Stuempke Anatomie et Biologie des Rhinogrades un nouvelle ordre de mammiferes preface de P.-P.Grasse Traduction de R. Weil Masson & Cie, 1962 (Softback) [Also see: Science 140: 625. 1963] CONTAINING THE WHOLE SCIENCE OF GOVERNMENT LITTLE DORRIT - CHAPTER 10 From: Charles Dickens The Circumlocution Office was (as everybody knows without being told) the most important Department under Government. No public business of any kind could possibly be done at any time without the acquiescence of the Circumlocution Office. Its finger was in the largest public pie, and in the smallest public tart. It was equally impossible to do the plainest right and to undo the plainest wrong without the express authority of the Circumlocu- tion Office. If another Gunpowder Plot had been discovered half an hour before the lighting of the match, nobody would have been justified in saving the parliament until there had been half a score of boards, half a bushel of minutes, several sacks of official memoranda, and a family-vault full of ungrammatical correspondence, on the part of the Circumlocution Office. This glorious establishment had been early in the field, when the one sublime principle involving the difficult art of govern- ing a country, was first distinctly revealed to statesmen. It had been foremost to study that bright revelation and to carry its shining influence through the whole of the official proceed- ings. Whatever was required to be done, the Circumlocution Office was beforehand with all the public departments in the art of perceiving -- how not to do it. Through this delicateperception, through the tact with which it invariably seized it,and through the genius with which it always acted on it, theCircumlocution Office had risen to overtop all the publicdepartments; and the public condition had risen to be -- what it was. It is true that How not to do it was the great study and object of all public departments and professional politicians all round the Circumlocution Office. It is true that every new premier and every new government, coming in because they had upheld a cer- tain thing as necessary to be done, were no sooner come in than they applied their utmost faculties to discovering How not to do it. It is true that from the moment when a general election was over, every returned man who had been raving on hustings because it hadn't been done, and who had been asking the friends of the honourable gentleman in the opposite interest on pain of im- peachment to tell him why it hadn't been done, and who had been asserting that it must be done, and who had been pledging him- self that it should be done, began to devise, How it was not to be done. It is true that the debates of both Houses of Parlia- ment the whole session through, uniformly tended to the protracted deliberation, How not to do it. It is true that the royal speech at the opening of such session virtually said, My lords and gentlemen, you have a considerable stroke of work to do, and you will please to retire to your respective chambers, and discuss, How not to do it. It is true that the royal speech, at the close of such session, virtually said, My lords and gentlemen, you have through several laborious months been considering with great loyalty and patriotism, How not to do it, and you have found out; and with the blessing of Providence upon the harvest (natural, not political), I now dismiss you. All this is true, but the Circumlocution Office went beyond it. Because the Circumlocution Office went on mechanically, every day, keeping this wonderful, all-sufficient wheel of statesman- ship, How not to do it, in motion. Because the Circumlocution Office was down upon any ill-advised public servant who was going to do it, or who appeared to be by any surprising accident in remote danger of doing it, with a minute, and a memorandum, and a letter of instructions that extinguished him. It was this spirit of national efficiency in the Circumlocution Office that had gradually led to its having something to do with everything. Mechanicians, natural philosophers, soldiers, sailors, petitioners, memorialists, people with grievances, people who wanted to prevent grievances, people who wanted to redress grievances, jobbing people, jobbed people, people who couldn't get rewarded for merit, and people who couldn't get punished for demerit, were all indiscriminately tucked up under the foolscap paper of the Circumlocution Office. Numbers of people were lost in the Circumlocution Office. Unfor- tunates with wrongs, or with projects for the general welfare (and they had better have had wrongs at first, than have taken that bitter English recipe for certainly getting them), who in slow lapse of time and agony had passed safely through other public departments; who, according to rule, had been bullied in this, over-reached by that, and evaded by the other; got referred at last to the Circumlocution Office, and never reap- peared in the light of day. Boards sat upon them, secretaries minuted upon them, commissioners gabbled about them, clerks registered, entered, checked, and ticked them off, and they melted away. In short, all the business of the country went through the Circumlocution Office, except the business that never came out of it; and its name was Legion. Sometimes, angry spirits attacked the Circumlocution Office. Sometimes, parliamentary questions were asked about it, and even parliamentary motions made or threatened about it by demagogues so low and ignorant as to hold that the real recipe of govern- ment was, How to do it. Then would the noble lord, or right honourable gentleman, in whose department it was to defend the Circumlocution Office, put an orange in his pocket, and make a regular field-day of the occasion. Then would he come down to that house with a slap upon the table, and meet the honourable gentleman foot to foot. Then would he be there to tell that honourable gentleman that the Circumlocution Office not only was blameless in this matter, but was commendable in this matter, was extollable to the skies in this matter. Then would he be there to tell that honourable gentleman that, although the Circumlocution Office was invariably right and wholly right, it never was so right as in this matter. Then would he be there to tell that honourable gentleman that it would have been more to his honour, more to his credit, more to his good taste, more to his good sense, more to half the dictionary of commonplaces, if he had left the Circumlocution Office alone, and never ap- proached this matter. Then would he keep one eye upon a coach or crammer from the Circumlocution Office sitting below the bar, and smash the honourable gentleman with the Circumlocution Office account of this matter. And ugh one of two things always happened; namely, either that the Circumlocution Office had nothing to say and said it, or that it had something to say of which the noble lord, or right honourable gentleman, blundered one half and forgot the other; the Circumlocution Office was always voted immaculate by an accommodating majority. Such a nursery of statesmen had the Department become in virtue of a long career of this nature, that several solemn lords had attained the reputation of being quite unearthly prodigies of business, solely from having practised, How not to do it, as the head of the Circumlocution Office. As to the minor priests and acolytes of that temple, the result of all this was that they stood divided into two classes, and, down to the junior mes- senger, either believed in the Circumlocution Office as a heaven-born institution that had an absolute right to do whatever it liked; or took refuge in total infidelity, and considered it a flagrant nuisance. IN THE NORTHWEST: A CLEARCUT BY ANY OTHER NAME IS STILL A CLEARCUT From: Joel Connelly [joelconnelly@seattlepi.com] abbreviated by AC from Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Wednesday, March 3, 2004 In days when it was stripping ancient forests from steep hillsides, and shipping the raw logs to Japan, our state Depart- ment of Natural Resources operated by the maxim: My way or the highway. It had a clearcut solution for forests in the Sultan River basin east of Everett, the Clearwater River on the west side of the Olympic Peninsula, and the South Fork-Nooksack River country near Bellingham. Bureaucracies adapt to survive. Our once-infamous "Department of Nothing Remaining" seemed yesterday to be trying out a new motto: You can have your cake and eat it too. It promised more logging, more income and more environmental protection -- all at the same time. The DNR persuaded the Board of Natural Resources to give the go- ahead to a 10-year "preferred alternative" for management of 1.4 million acres of state-owned forests in Western Washington. The bottom line: Logging will increase by at least 30 percent over current levels. Let's start with new terminology. Instead of clearcuts, the department now speaks of "regeneration harvest." Logging along sensitive streams is referred to as creating "biodiversity pathways." Overall, the preferred alternative is called "active stewardship." How much has really changed? Before taking up the statewide plan, the Board of Natural Resources ratified several large cuts. "Regeneration harvest" in the 237-acre Camp Robber timber sale down in Clark County will leave exactly eight trees per acre. Likewise the Vedder Top sale in Whatcom County, and the Taggin Sale in Snohomish County. The North Branch sale down in Wah- kiakum County is a little more generous, leaving nine trees per acre. A clearcut by any other name is still a clearcut. The DNR has also been juggling figures. A couple of weeks back, the estimated average annual timber cut for the next decade was pegged at about 630 million board feet: Yesterday, it was scaled back to 554 million board feet -- with the 630 million board foot goal set for a decade down the line. Why? It will take time to "ramp up," Mackey said. "There are implementation realities we can't get around." The department has also revised downward estimates of cutting in riparian zones, areas near streams. In mid-February it envi- sioned 3,052 acres of "regeneration harvest" each year, yielding 25,800 board feet per acre, from such sensitive places. The latest version of the plan lists 1,500 acres of "variable den- sity thinning" each year producing 16,000 board feet per acre. Bob Dick of the American Forest Resources Council was full of praise for the department, its data, its plan and a process that he described as "open beyond belief." Alluding to the bad old days, Dick added: "That was the 1970s. It's not today. It is a much different world out there and the DNR knows it." True. Our "Department of Nothing Remaining" is saintly compared with, say, the pillagers operating out of the Chilliwack Ranger District of the British Columbia Forest Service. The Canadians have recently stripped a small mountain valley, surrounded by Skagit Valley and Manning provincial parks, just north of the U.S. border. B.C. is planning more cuts in Depot Creek, which flows over the border from our North Cascades National Park. High-elevation clearcuts on land along the U.S.- Canada border remain open scars decades after the loggers have left. Still, the Department of Natural Resources is a willful beast -- and one that is out to sustain itself for 10 years to come. When this column criticized DNR's rapid-fire hearing schedule last December -- and predicted that the wheels were greased for more logging -- Bruce Mackey wrote an angry op-ed piece denying that any decisions were made. Watching him steer the "preferred alternative" through the Board of Natural Resources yesterday, I was reminded of the police commissioner in "Casablanca" who was shocked -- shocked! -- upon learning that gambling was going on at Rick's. The public will get the formality of one more response when the Department of Natural Resources publishes its final environmen- tal impact statement in May. By Memorial Day, the DNR should be able to say, "Gentlemen, start your chain saws." GROUND CONTROL TO MR. BUSH Andy Rooney looks at President Bush's $1.5 billion proposal to promote marriage in the U.S. and the possibility sending someone on a one-way 35-million-mile trip to Mars: http://cbsnewyork.com/rooney/sixtyminutes_story_025200726.html WEAPON OF MASS DISTRUCTION The Complete Idiot's Guide to Robert's Rules of Order by Nancy Sylvester Complete and thorough, but simplified in plain English! Finally, a Robert's Rules of Order in an easy to understand format. 352 pages of everything you will ever need to know to keep your organization or meetings running smooth! ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska@telus.net Thu Apr 8 01:41:11 2004 Received: from priv-edtnes40.telusplanet.net (outbound05.telus.net [199.185.220.224]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i388f7Hs028030 for ; Thu, 8 Apr 2004 01:41:07 -0700 (PDT) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([207.6.70.116]) by priv-edtnes40.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.6.00.05.02 201-2115-109-103-20031105) with ESMTP id <20040408084101.BVNF6421.priv-edtnes40.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Thu, 8 Apr 2004 02:41:01 -0600 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Thu, 8 Apr 2004 01:40:36 -0700 Message-ID: <000001c41d45$2c7ff9f0$744606cf@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Importance: Normal X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 X-Spam_Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.63 (2004-01-11) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0 required=5 tests= autolearn=no version=2.63 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-MIME-Autoconverted: from quoted-printable to 8bit by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca id i388f7Hs028030 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 326 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 326 April 8, 2004 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- This issue of BEN is dedicated to my friend Dr. Zdenka Neuhauslova a prominent Czech botanist and phytosociologist, who celebrated her 70th birthday on April 4. Zdenka and her husband, the late Dr. Robert Neuhausl, initiated the international "_Vegetation Map of Europe_" project. ON THE STATUS OF PHYTOSOCIOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE From: Joerg Ewald, Freising-Weihenstephan The _Vegetation Map of Europe_, coordinated from 1979-1991 by Robert Neuhausl from Prague and completed under the auspices of Germany's Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), is a milestone of applied vegetation science. Hundreds of phytosociologists from 31 European countries contributed to this project at the turn of the millennium. Europe's potential natural vegetation is presented at the scale of 1:2.5 million (Bohn et al. 2000). The explanatory text and CD-ROM are in the process of publication; a sample map can be viewed interactively through the website Floraweb (http://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/eu/) The map and its legend (ca. 700 units organised in 19 forma- tions) represent a first attempt to provide an ecologically meaningful phytosociological classification across national boundaries. This is but one outstanding example of the maturity of European vegetation science. Considering such an achievement, the news that there will be no successor after Dr. Bohn's retirement, and thus no continuation to his co-ordinating activities came as a shock. There is a definitive sense of crisis in phytosociologi- cal circles: it can't be denied that phytosociology as a naturalist, descriptive and generalist (i. e. genuinely inter- disciplinary) approach does have troubles positioning itself as a science, when the majority of biologists turn to molecular genetics and when the majority of the remaining organismal biologists turn to experiments and population models. Tragically, phytosociology has hardly gained visibility in recent biodiversity research, which has rapidly become the harbour for the various remnants of organismal biology worldwide. As a consequence, it hardly participates in large national and international funding initiatives. Some vegetation scientists may simply be reluctant to engage in the rat race of modern science and rather concentrate on applications of their science in local and regional conservation efforts. A remarkable number of regional botanical periodicals survive under the auspices of botanical societies and museums. However, young phytosociologists have to realize that publishing their results in these journals will hardly give them access to an academic career. Submitting manuscripts to international journals, they often find them disqualified as of local significance only. In turn, traditional journals are torn between the conflicting goals of their traditional readership and international recogni- tion. Of course, these conditions push the remaining academic phytosociologists away from classical work, both in terms of project acquisition and of educating young plant ecologists. This inevitable specialization occurs at the expense of typical strengths like broad knowledge of the flora, vegetation types, geology, pedology, landscape structure and history. In modern society, there appears to be a negative correlation between the amount of attention devoted to biodiversity and the actual skills of its recognition. This may be an inevitable process of maturation and progress. The task of classifying Central Europe's vegetation and record- ing its plant biodiversity is largely completed. There is no shortage of informative books on plants and plant communities. What is the point in challenging these fairly reliable systems time and time again? Isn't vegetation survey simply done and over with and must duly be replaced by more reductionist, predictive research strategies? If we think of biodiversity as something to be discovered, described and placed in a museum, then Central European phytosociology must be seen as a mere historical footnote. Yet such fatalism is based on a double misunderstanding: one is that phytosociology's ultimate goal is classification. The second is that the scientific fascination with biodiversity lies chiefly in discovering more of it. Phytosociology studies the "social life of plant species", that is their co-occurrence in space and time (Ewald 2003) and classification is but one method of analysing these patterns. In the mind of the plant ecologist and biogeographer, biodiversity research should be about understand- ing the historical and actualistic mechanisms behind diversity patterns. It is thus only the natural consequence that phytosociologists are now increasingly considering the mechanisms behind plant communities. A cross-sectional technique naturally offers a multitude of paths into neighbouring fields like ecosystem analysis, plant-animal interactions or population biology, sometimes even considered as parts of phytosociology in the broad sense. Such centrifugal forces may quickly dissolve our discipline beyond recognition . How can phytosociology avoid being over-stretched between oppos- ing forces of local application and global science? Can the centrifugal energy of specialization be deflected back into phytosociology as an integrative discipline? What is its genuine contribution to modern plant ecology and biodiversity research? The answer lies in phytosociology as a method: the releve? plot (a list of all visible plant species found in a location) and its multivariate analysis are at the heart of the matter. Releves have always been measurements of community richness (alpha diversity), vegetation tables are plots of beta- diver- sity (species turnover along gradients) and synoptic tables are summaries of gamma diversity (species pools, meta- communities). Thoroughly sampled plots and their skilful arrangement are the touchstone of good phytosociology. The European tradition of printing unreduced releves reflects the value placed upon original data in the phytosociological community. The reader is enabled to evaluate the quality of the proposed classification, and to reject it, if necessary, on the grounds that it needs re- analysis. Publishing ever more releves has created a vast legacy of data that is shared by the community of phytosociologists. In the process of re-analysis, many older plot data have been used to underpin alternative classifications, as in the several editions of Oberdorfer's conspectus (1957, 1992). However, the accession, handling and administration of these data - in fact, the begin- nings of biodiversity informatics - have been extremely tedious in the pre-digital age, usually reducing the critical re- analysis of larger datasets to a theoretical option. Millions of releves have been digitized in various sorts of electronic databases, and yet political, institutional and scientific obstacles severely limit their widespread use (Ewald 2001). Phytosociological data are more complex than one may think at first sight: at their core they report gathering events (sensu Berendsohn et al. 1999, the recording of a releve) by relating keys for plant taxa to an abundance scale and to plot information (often called header data). TURBOVEG (Hennekens & Schaminee 2001) was the first widely used software providing a structure taylored to phytosociology. However, the challenge of managing alternative taxonomies of plants and of vegetation types remains largely unresolved, imposing tight limits on exchange between existing databases. These problems underpin the need for a sound reference model for vegetation data (see ESA's vegbank datastructure: http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/peet/vegdata/ ) which will re- quire continued research and collaboration with taxonomists and software engineers. Biodiversity informatics has become crucial for the future of phytosociology (see IAVS Working Group for Ecoinformatics: http://vegbank.org/vegbank/general/info.html ). Modernising the tools for managing its resource, the plot legacy, phytosociology will also become more efficient in reach- ing its proximate goal of providing a widely accepted stable syntaxonomy. In the future descriptive and syntaxonomical publi- cations should be accompanied by depositing the underlying releve? material in public electronic archives, thus making vegetation classification and analysis transparent and repeatable in the strict sense of the word. This means no more and no less than taking our traditional appreciation of releve? data to the Internet age. Even more promise lies in exchanging scientific hypotheses and the data to test them among the various branches of plant ecol- ogy. Spatially and temporally explicit releves contribute to floristic databases. Phytosociological and trait databases are a perfect match for studying plant functional types (e. g. Pillar & Sosinski 2003) and their implications for management. Geographical information systems are an invaluable source to retrieve enviromental information for phytosociological analyses (e.g., Ohmann & Spies 1998). Combining composition, distribu- tion, function and environment, vegetation models are probably the most integrating application of plant biodiversity infor- matics. If one appreciates its genuine contribution to biodiversity informatics, phytosociology can - instead of disappearing in the vastness of plant ecological research - carry its tradition and founding principles into modernity. If this is realised (as projected in the European SynBioSys project - http://ice.zadi.de/floraweb/pnv/index.htm ), Bohn et al.'s map will become what it deserves to be: a milestone, not an endpoint. References Berendsohn, W.G., A. Anagnostopoulos, G. Hagedorn, J. Jakupovic, P.L. Nimis, B. Valdes, A. Guentsch, R.J. Pankhurst, & R.J. White. 1999. A comprehensive reference model for biological collections and surveys. _Taxon_ 48: 511-562. Bohn, U., G. Gollub, C. Hettwer, Z. Neuhauslova, H. Schlueter, & H. Weber. 2003. _Karte der natuerlichen Vegetation Europas. Map of the natural vegetation of Europe_. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn. Ewald, J. 2001. Der Beitrag pflanzensoziologischer Datenbanken zur vegetationsoekologischen Forschung. _Berichte der Rein- hold Tuexen-Gesellschaft_ 13: 53-69. Ewald, J. 2003. A critique for phytosociology. _Journal of Vegetation Science_ 14: 291-296. Hennekens, S. & J.H.J. Schaminee. 2001. TURBOVEG, a comprehen- sive data base management system for vegetation data. _Jour- nal of Vegetation Science_ 12: 589-591. Oberdorfer, E. 1957. Sueddeutsche Pflanzengesellschaften. Gustav Fischer, Jena. Oberdorfer, E. 1992. Sueddeutsche Pflanzengesellschaften, Teil IV. Waelder und Gebuesche. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. Ohmann, J.L., & T.A. Spies. 1998. Regional gradient analysis and spatial pattern of woody plant communities of Oregon forests. Ecological Monographs 68: 151-182. Pillar, V.D., & E.E. Sosinski Jr. 2003. An improved method for searching plant functional types by numerical analysis. _Journal of Vegetation Science_ 14: 323-332. BOOK REVIEW: MAP OF NATURAL VEGETATION OF EUROPE From: Hans Roemer [hlroemer@shaw.ca] Bohn U., Neuhausl R., unter Mitarbeit von Gollub G., Hettwer C., Neuhauslova Z., Schlueter H. et Weber H. 2000/2003. Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe. Scale 1 : 2,500,000. A monumental cooperative project has just been completed with the publication of the Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe. The printed work comes in three parts: 1) A map volume with 9 map sheets at 1:2,500,000 and one over- view map at 1:10,000,000. 2) A 153 page Legend volume (German and English). 3) The 654 page Explanatory Text volume. The map volume has an additional color-keyed legend sheet which shows aggregated map units, while the legend in book form has further details (i.e. including the letter/number subunits shown on the maps separated by thin lines, but not distinguished by color). Altogether, the mapping contains 698 mapping units and there are some 170 different colors. The Explanatory volume contains another 13 maps on topics including floral and geographical realms, various excerpt maps for specific vegeta- tion complexes, and one CD ROM (see below). The mapping comprises an area including Iceland in the northwest, Novaja Zemlya in the northeast, the Caspian Sea and Caucasus in the southeast, and the Iberian Peninsula in the southwest. The classification underlying the mapping is hierarchical, with vegetation formations the first principle of organization, followed by plant geographical and eventually ecological criteria. Nineteen main formations are described which are subdivided into the ultimate 698 units. The mapping portrays the potential natural vegetation, rather than current modifications and successional stages caused by human management. The Explanatory volume describes mainly the vegetation forma- tions, but also the history of the international initiative, the general principles and underlying classification for the map- ping, and the geological and vegetation history of the map area. Each of the main formations has a thorough treatment of its typological delimitation, geographical distribution, structure and physiognomy, species combination, syntaxonomy, climate, site conditions, landscape context, state of preservation, land uses, successional and disclimax stages, and formal conservation status/designations. Compressed vegetation tables are presented for many of the more well-researched vegetation units. This volume also has 148 excellent color photographs for a selection of well-preserved vegetation units as well as 23 figures and diagrams. An extensive bibliography of regional and country mapping projects, a list of scientific collaborators, synonymy lists and taxonomic comments complete the volume. Besides the specialized excerpt maps, the back pocket also carries the CD ROM. The main contents of the CD ROM are very detailed data sheets for each of the 698 mapping units. Further there is a comprehensive bibliography keyed to the map units, a complete list of the plant species mentioned anywhere in this work's different components, a glossary, and a list of contributors to the mapping. The data sheets have some information in common with the Explanatory volume, but are more specific for the mapping units and considerably more detailed where the source information allowed this. The CD ROM contents forms a data base which is searchable by vegetation units and by the name of any plant species mentioned in the data sheets. For instance, a search for Iris pumila (there are 17 species of Iris listed) leads you to three dif- ferent vegetation units, L7: West Caucasian meadow steppes, L16: Crimean herb-grass steppes, and M16: West and central Pontic desert steppes. The last of these occurs on and near the Crimean Peninsula. Search results for it reveal a species combination of some 20 grasses, subshrubs, herbs and geophytes dominated by _Stipa_, _Festuca_ and _Artemisia_ species. As an example of floristic detail, we learn that _Cladonia rangiformis_, _C. subrangiformis_, _Parmelia ryssola_, _P. vagans_, _Cornicularia steppae_, and _Tortula ruralis_ form a moss/lichen layer. About two pages of additional ecological, structure, synsystematic, geographical, soil, climate and distributional information are available on the M16 data sheet. Searching for a more widespread species, _Festuca_ heterophylla (there are 98 species of _Fes- tuca_ that are searchable!), results in a list of 17 mapping units. The mapping and legend portions of this work are fully func- tional in both German and English. However the explanatory volume is in German only and so is the CD ROM at present. However, a new interactive version of the CD ROM is promised "for 2003" which will also be issued in English and will be redesigned to solicit feedback on those vegetation units that require further work to bring them up to the central European standard of detail. This publication is the product of intensive scientific col- laboration over a twenty-year period involving experts from 31 European countries and the Caucasus states. International col- laboration started in earnest as a result of a colloquium held in 1979 in Bohemia, but attempts to work towards a Europe- wide vegetation map existed even earlier. From 1979 Dr. Robert Neuhausl of Czechoslovakia became the leading proponent and coordinator for this project. After his death in 1991 his wife, Dr. Zdenka Neuhauslova carried on his work in collaboration with the new coordinator, Dr. Udo Bohn of the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation in Bonn. Much of the map is based on pre-existing vegetation maps of the individual countries and regions involved (a bibliography of these maps is provided in the Explanatory volume). By necessity, these maps were of various degrees of detail and based on a variety of class- ification systems. Coordination, correlation and boundary match- ing of these maps must have been a horrendous task to perform. However, the elegance of the final product certainly belies these obvious difficulties! Congratulations for this achievement are due to the coordinator, the authors, and the scientific collaborators, especially those who worked on this project during the time of political adver- sity before the fall of the iron courtain. Explanatory Text (German) with CD ROM. ISBN 3-7843-3837-2 Eur 38.00 Maps and Legend volumes (German and English)ISBN 3-7843- 3809-7 Eur 16.00 Order from: BfN-Schriftenvertrieb im Landwirtschaftsverlag 48084 Muenster, Germany http://www.1v-h.de/bfn FOOTNOTE TO "MAP OF THE NATURAL VEGETATION OF EUROPE": INTERACTIVE ENGLISH CD VERSION IN THE WORKS The monumental mapping project for the European continent will soon be available in an interactive, bilingual English/German CD-ROM package. A preview of this CD was given at a recent vegetation database workshop near Munich, and it is very impressive. Not only will there be linked, query-able datasheets for the 698 different mapping units, these are in turn linked to an interactive spa- tial display very reminiscent of ArcView. One can zoom into and out of the various regions, click coverages on and off, clip and paste, click on units to be connected with datasheets, photos of vegetation types or chapters of the explanatory text, and sort data within the datasheets according to the user's criteria - and all in this in English, if that is your language of choice. This will be a major research and teaching tool and a sig- nificant contribution towards understanding vegetation patterns and setting conservation priorities at the European level. English-speaking users would be well served to wait for this version, which is promised within the next 2-4 months from the German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) (http://www.bfn.de). BIOGEOCLIMATIC MAPS FOR BRITISH COLUMBIA From: Del Meidinger [Del.Meidinger@gems2.gov.bc.ca] The Ministry of Forests Research Branch recently posted files of Biogeoclimatic Subzone/Variant maps at a scale of (1:250,000 or 1:300,000) for the entire province. These maps are available in Adobe Acrobat (pdf) format and can be accessed from the follow- ing website: http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hre/becweb/mapping.htm#getting (go to "Subzone Variant Mapping at a District Scale"). There are 2 series of maps, one with a full base designed for use in the field and one with a shaded relief background designed as a wall map. These maps cover the entire 950,000 kmė of British Columbia. There are 14 biogeoclimatic zones and about 192 mapped subzones or variants (units are mapped to the lowest recognized biogeoclimatic unit). Digital files of biogeoclimatic units for use in GIS modelling are also available at this web site. Field guides that present the classification of ecosystems within a biogeoclimatic unit are available for most subzones/variants. See the links to various guides beginning with "A field guide for site identification and interpretation" at http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/pubs/Lmh.htm BOOK REVIEW: CIRCUMBOREAL CONIFEROUS FORESTS From: Marcel Rejmanek [mrejmanek@ucdavis.edu] This review will be published in Madrono; permission to post it in BEN was granted by both the author and the journal. Vegetation of circumboreal coniferous forests. Edited by Milan Chytry and Toby Spribille. 2002. OPULUS Press, Uppsala, Sweden. 184 pp. EUR 30.00 ISBN 91-88716-27-9. Order from: http://www.opuluspress.se/ The coniferous forests of Eurasia and North America represent one of the largest vegetation formations in the world, occupying approximately 19 million km2. The centers of biodiversity of these forests are in eastern Asia and western North America. However, despite their vast size and environmental significance, boreal forests have received comparatively little attention from phytosociologists. Their continuous distribution across the northern hemisphere points to the need for international cooperation in comparative studies and prioritization of par- ticular areas for conservation. In order to facilitate such cooperation, a workshop entitled "_Vegetation Classification and Phytogeography of Circumboreal Coniferous Forests_" was held in association with the 44th Symposium of the International As- sociation for Vegetation Science in Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany, in 2001. The volume under review took shape at this workshop. It proves that finding a common platform for an under- standing of the circumboreal coniferous biome is a realistic goal. Representation of relevant geographical areas is reasonably balanced: two chapters on European coniferous forests, two on forests in Asia, and two on forests in British Columbia, the American Northwest, and the Rocky Mountains. Toby Spribille and Alina Stachurska-Swakon wrote chapters on classification of North American coniferous forests. As it has already been ap- parent from his earlier writings (1999, 2000, 2001), Spribille emerges as a leader in American phytosociology. His elaborated descriptions of forest communities (bryophytes and lichens are included) and their classification into floristically defined associations, alliances, and orders match international stand- ards and follow rules of the International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (Weber et al. 2000). In the two mentioned chapters, over 700 releves were used for identifica- tion of 35 associations of which 13 were described for the first time. Also, one new alliance and one new order were validly published here. We should appreciate validation of several old names in these chapters. This is a commendable habit that helps to maintain links to earlier studies and prevents accumulation of unnecessary synonyms. The only critical comment that I can make is probably not com- pletely fair at this stage of development of phytosociology in North America (and, for the same reason in Asia), but it still should be spelled out: more attention should be paid to soil and climate characterization of individual syntaxa. So far, qualita- tive statements about soil moisture, longitudinal and al- titudinal range, slope, and cover in individual strata is usually all what is provided. In Europe, phytosociology has been walking hand in hand with soil science since the very beginning when Josias Braun-Blanquet started working with Hans Jenny in the Alps in the early 1920's. Currently, an unresolved issue is whether boreal coniferous forests in North American belong to the class (the highest vegetation classification unit) _Vaccinio-Piceetea_, originally described by Braun-Blanquet and his colleagues from the Alps. Many circumboreal elements of these forests (_Galium boreale_, _Linnaea borealis_, _Listera cordata_, _Lycopodium_ spp., _Moneses uniflora_, _Orthilia secunda_, _Pleurozium schreberi_, _Rhytidiadelphus loreus_, _Vaccinium uliginosum_, etc.) provide the justification for one circumboreal class. However, the paucity of traditional _Vaccinio-Piceetea_ species in the forests of the alliance _Tsugion mertensianae_, known from subalpine habitats in Oregon, Idaho and British Columbia, makes this question more complicated. Chapter by Milan Chytry (Czech Republic) and his colleagues from Austria and Slovakia deals with the Central European _Picea abies_ forests. This chapter deserves a special attention. It addresses a nagging question of inconsistent approaches to the designation of diagnostic species. Using 20,164 releves from the Central European forests, they concluded that lists of diagnos- tic species published in phytosociological literature are heavily context-dependent. Some of these lists are useful for identification of vegetation units at a local scale, while others for distinguishing units within a narrowly delimited community type over a large area. Therefore, the application of published lists of diagnostic species outside of the context (the underlying data sets and range of comparisons) should be done only with an explicit understanding of this context. Two recent attempts to classify vegetation in the western USA have been, for many different reasons, unsatisfactory; for critical evaluations see Keil (1997), Rejmanek (1997), Spribille and Ceska (2002), and Zedler (1997). As a contrast, North American studies in this volume, as well as studies by Manuel Peinado and his colleagues (1997, 1998), represent a definitive starting points of, and models for, professional vegetation classification in this part of the world. Because now, after a long period of neglect, the need for vegetation classification is clearly recognized in the U.S. (http://www.esa.org/vegweb/NVC_guidelines_v3.pdf), this volume should be available, at least, in all professional libraries. References Keil, D. J. 1997. A Manual of California Vegetation [review]. _Systematic Botany_ 22: 410-411. Peinado, M., J.L. Aguirre, & J. Delgadillo. 1997. Phytosociological, bioclimatic and biogeographical class- ification of woody climax communities of western North America. _Journal of Vegetation Science_ 8: 505-528. Peinado, M., J.L. Aguirre, & M. de la Cruz. 1998. A phytosociological survey of the boreal forests (_Vaccinio- Piceetea) in North America_. Plant Ecology 137: 151-202. Rejmanek, M. 1997. Vegetation classification: shortcuts lead nowhere. _Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters_ 6: 164- 165. Spribille, T. 1999. Forest vegetation in the northern Salish Mountains of northwestern Montana (U.S.A.). _Phytoc- coenologia_ 29: 503-577. Spribille, T. 2000. Clarification regarding the paper "Forest vegetation in the northern Salish Mountains of northwestern Montana (U.S.A.)". _Phytocoenologia_ 30: 143-144. Spribille, T. and A. Ceska. 2002. North American Boreal and Western Temperate Forest Vegetation [review]. _Journal of Vegetation Science_ 13: 749-750. See also: http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben276.html Spribille, T., H.G. Stroh, & F.J. Triepke. 2001. Are habitat types compatible with floristically defined associations? _Journal of Vegetation Science_ 12: 791-796. Weber, H.E., J. Moravec, & J.-P. Theurillat, 2000. International code of phytosociological nomenclature. 3rd ed. _Journal of Vegetation Science_ 11: 739-768. Zedler, P. H. 1997. A Manual of California Vegetation [review]. _Madrono_ 44: 214-219 MOUNTAIN FORESTS OF NORTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA From: Spribille, Toby. 2002. The mountain forests of British Columbia and the American Northwest: Floristic patterns and syntaxonomy. _Folia Geobotanica_ 37: 475-508. Introduction, and syntaxonomical units. [Permission to post this in BEN granted by both the author and the _Folia Geobotanica_.] The forests of northwestern North America have been extensively inventoried and classified. The systems of classification used in this region, however, are not always well understood in other parts of the world. Primarily two approaches to forest class- ification have been employed. In the United States, habitat typology, a forest site classification system based on concepts of succession and climax (Pfister & Arno 1980), has enjoyed widespread acceptance. In western Canada, a three-tiered ap- proach to site and vegetation inventory known as biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification (Krajina 1969, Pojar et al. 1987) is used. These systems were set up largely to facilitate regional ecosystem mapping and silvicultural management of forested lands. In both cases, the systems have proven well-suited to their stated goals. However, they are for various reasons not directly compatible with syntaxonomic systems used elsewhere (Spribille et al. 2001). This has carried with it the disad- vantage of making most research tied to these ecosystems less accessible to vegetation science as a whole. Notwithstanding this drawback, vegetation inventory efforts in northwestern North America have provided an abundance of data on the floristic composition of the forests. High quality phytosociological releves have been gathered in the thousands for the preparation of forest habitat type classifications in the western United States (Wellner 1989). In British Columbia, similar numbers of releves have been sampled for the construc- tion of forest site identification manuals by the provincial Ministry of Forests (Meidinger & Pojar 1991). Graduate and doctoral theses and dissertations completed on various vegeta- tion types over the past 50 years provide yet another sig- nificant source of phytosociological data. Many of these are, however, unpublished and little known. Several syntaxonomic and physiognomic overviews of the forest vegetation of parts or all of northwestern North America have been presented (e.g., Ilvessalo 1929, Kujala 1945, Knapp 1957, Hamet-Ahti 1965, Krajina 1969, Franklin & Dyrness 1973, Pfister et al. 1977, Meidinger & Pojar 1991, Klinka et al. 1996, Peinado et al. 1997, 1998, Rivas-Mart­nez et al. 1999a,b). These works have provided valuable synopses of the composition, climate, ecology and geographic extent of the forest communities of the region. However, they have only rarely built on each other. This is especially true of syntaxonomic proposals. If one includes the lowland _Pseudotsuga menziesii_ forests not treated here, this practice has resulted in the description of no fewer than 5 classes, 20 orders, 56 alliances and over 110 associations from forests in the region. It is important to note that this tally does not include the numerous site associations described within the framework of biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia, nor the many habitat types and associations described by forest workers in the American Pacific Northwest. Clearly, the region has experienced a veritable explosion. in the number of described syntaxa, not unlike that seen in Europe four decades ago (Pignatti 1968). In northwestern North America, however, the syntaxa are described in three different syn- taxonomic languages. Notwithstanding the differing names applied to these com- munities, existing overviews of the forest vegetation of northwestern North America almost invariably recognize the existence of the same major forest formations. In general terms, eight of these can be recognized. In order from oceanic to continental, these include 1. coastal temperate rainforests dominated by _Picea sitchen- sis_ and _Tsuga heterophylla_, 2. coastal temperate forests dominated by _Pseudotsuga menziesii_, _Thuja plicata_, _Tsuga heterophylla_ or _Alnus rubra_, 3. coastal montane to subalpine forests dominated by _Tsuga mertensiana_, _Abies amabilis_ and _Chamaecyparis nootkatensis_, 4. inland moist temperate forests dominated by _Thuja plicata_ and _Tsuga heterophylla_, 5. inland montane to subalpine forests dominated by _Abies lasiocarpa_ and _Picea engelmannii_, 6. southern boreal forests of _Pinus contorta_, _Abies lasiocarpa_ and _Picea glauca_ in the transition zone to the boreal biome, 7. dry inland forests, dominated by _Pseudotsuga menziesii_ var. _glauca_ or _Larix occidentalis_, and finally 8. _Pinus ponderosa_ steppe forests. The major differences between the existing classification schemes lie in how the individual formations are delimited, in how they are considered to relate to each other and to other forest formations elsewhere in the world, and lastly, in how they are named. Creating a platform for scientific exchange across international boundaries is one of the overarching objec- tives of phytosociological syntaxonomy. This paper is the first installment of a syntaxonomic revision of the coniferous forests of northwestern North America. Here, the main objective will be to examine communities most closely related to the circumboreal coniferous forests. These include the coastal and inland montane and subalpine forests summarized in (3) to (6) above. These forests have in common not only similarities in floristic com- position, but also occurrence at middle to upper elevations, cool, short summers and moderate to high annual precipitation. _Tsugion mertensianae_ _Rubo-Tsugetum mertensianae_ _Vaccinio-Tsugetum mertensianae_ _Cladothamno-Tsugetum mertensianae_ _Abieti amabilis-Tsugetum mertensianae_ _Rhododendro-Abietetum lasiocarpae_ _Abieti lasiocarpae-Tsugetum mertensianae_ _Angelico-Abietetum bifoliae_ _Luzulo-Abietetum bifoliae_ _Menziesio-Abietetum bifoliae_ _Xerophyllo-Pinetum albicaulis_ _Abieti-Tsugion heterophyllae_ _Arnico-Abietetum bifoliae_ _Ledo-Piceetum engelmannii_ _Xerophyllo-Abietetum bifoliae_ _Thuja plicata-Tsuga heterophylla_ forest _Pino latifoliae-Piceetum marianae_ _Vaccinio-Piceetum albertianae_ _Pleurozio-Tsugetum heterophyllae_ _Gymnocarpio-Abietion_ _Piceo-Tsugetum heterophyllae_ _Gymnocarpio disjuncti-Thujetum plicatae_ _Streptopo streptopoidis-Tsugetum heterophyllae_ _Gymnocarpio-Abietetum lasiocarpae_ _Rubo-Piceetum sitchensis_ _ Tsugo mertensianae-Piceetum sitchensis_ _Oplopanaco-Thujetum plicatae_ _Lysichito-Chamaecyparidion nootkatensis_ _Lysichito-Chamaecyparidetum nootkatensis_ References Franklin, J.F.. & C.T. Dyrness. 1973. _Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Revised edition_. Oregon State Univer- sity Press, Corvallis. Hamet-Ahti, L. 1965. Notes on the vegetation zones of western Canada, with special reference to the forests of Wells-Gray Park, British Columbia. _Ann. Bot. Fenn._ 2: 274- 299 Ilvessalo, Y. 1929. Notes on some forest (site) types in North America. _Acta Forest. Fenn._ 34: 1-93. Klinka, K., H. Qian, J. Pojar, & D.V. Meidinger. 1996. Class- ification of natural forest communities of coastal British Columbia, Canada. _Vegetatio_ 125: 149-168. Knapp, R. 1957. Ueber die Gliederung der Vegetation von Nor- damerika. Hoehere Vegetationseinheiten. _Geobot. Mitt._ 4: 1- 63. Krajina, V. 1969. Ecology of forest trees in British Columbia. _Ecol. W. N. Amer._ 2/1: 1.146. Kujala, V. 1945. Waldvegetationsuntersuchungen in Kanada, mit besonderer Beruecksichtigung der Anbaumoeglichkeiten kanadis- cher Holzarten auf natuerlichen Waldboeden in Finnland. _Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. Ser. AIV Biol._ 7: 1-434. Meidinger, D.V. & J. Pojar (eds). 1991. _Ecosystems of British Columbia_. British Columbia Ministry of Forests Research Branch, Victoria. Peinado, M., J.L. Aguirre, & J. Delgadillo. 1997. Phytosociological, bioclimatic and biogeographical class- ification of woody climax communities of western North America. _J. Veg. Sci._ 8: 505-528. Peinado, M., J.L. Aguirre, & M. de la Cruz. 1998. A phytosociological survey of the boreal forest (_Vaccinio- Piceetea_) in North America. _Pl. Ecol._ 137: 151-202. Pfister, R.D. & S.F. Arno. 1980. Classifying forest habitat types based on potential climax vegetation. _Forest Sci._ 26: 52-70. Pfister, R.D.. B.L. Kovalchik, S.F. Arno, & R.C. Presby. 1977. _Forest habitat types of Montana_. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest Range Experiment Station Gen. Techn. Rep. INT-34, Ogden. Pignatti, S. 1968. Die Inflation der hoeheren pflanzensoziologischen Einheiten. Pp. 85-88 in: Tuexen, R. (ed.), _Pflanzensoziologische Systematik, Bericht ueber das internationale Symposium in Stolzenau/Weser 1964_, Junk, Den Haag. Pojar, J., K. Klinka,.& D.V. Meidinger. 1987. Biogeoclimatic ecosystem classification in British Columbia. _Forest Ecol. Managem._ 22: 119-154. Rivas-Martinez, S., D. Sanchez-Mata, & M. Costa. 1999a. North American boreal and western temperate forest vegetation. (Syntaxonomical synopsis of the potential natural plant communities of North America, II). _Itinera Geobot_. 12: 5- 316. Rivas-Martinez S., D. Sanchez-Mata, & M. Costa. 1999b. North American new phytosociological classes. _Itinera Geobot_. 13: 349-352. Spribille, T., H.G. Stroh, & F.J. Triepke. 2001. Are habitat types compatible with floristically defined associations? _J. Veg. Sci._ 12: 791-796. Wellner, C.A. 1989. Classification of habitat types in the western United States. Pp. 7-21 in: Ferguson, D.E., P. Mor- gan, & F.D. Johnson (eds.), _Proceedings: Land class- ifications based on vegetation: applications for resource management, Moscow, ID, Nov. 17-19, 1987_, USDA Forest Serv- ice, Intermountain Research Station Gen. Techn. Report INT- 257, Ogden. ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska@telus.net Thu Apr 8 01:17:35 2004 Received: from priv-edtnes11-hme0.telusplanet.net (outbound03.telus.net [199.185.220.222]) by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca (8.12.10/8.12.10) with ESMTP id i388HVHs025621 for ; Thu, 8 Apr 2004 01:17:31 -0700 (PDT) Received: from HPLAPTOP001 ([207.6.70.116]) by priv-edtnes11-hme0.telusplanet.net (InterMail vM.6.00.05.02 201-2115-109-103-20031105) with ESMTP id <20040408081725.YML7730.priv-edtnes11-hme0.telusplanet.net@HPLAPTOP001> for ; Thu, 8 Apr 2004 02:17:25 -0600 Reply-To: From: "Adolf Ceska" To: Date: Thu, 8 Apr 2004 01:16:07 -0700 Message-ID: <000001c41d41$c25b0040$744606cf@HPLAPTOP001> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Importance: Normal X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 X-Spam_Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.63 (2004-01-11) on vtn1.victoria.tc.ca X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0 required=5 tests= autolearn=no version=2.63 X-Scanned-By: MIMEDefang 2.39 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-MIME-Autoconverted: from quoted-printable to 8bit by vtn1.victoria.tc.ca id i388HVHs025621 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 326 Sender: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca Errors-To: ben-l-admin@victoria.tc.ca X-BeenThere: ben-l@victoria.tc.ca X-Mailman-Version: 2.0.3 Precedence: bulk List-Help: List-Post: List-Subscribe: , List-Id: BEN (Botanical Electronic News) List-Unsubscribe: , List-Archive: BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 326 April 8, 2004 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- This issue of BEN is dedicated to my friend Dr. Zdenka Neuhauslova a prominent Czech botanist and phytosociologist, who celebrated her 70th birthday on April 4. Zdenka and her husband, the late Dr. Robert Neuhausl, initiated the international "_Vegetation Map of Europe_" project. ON THE STATUS OF PHYTOSOCIOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE From: Joerg Ewald, Freising-Weihenstephan The _Vegetation Map of Europe_, coordinated from 1979-1991 by Robert Neuhausl from Prague and completed under the auspices of Germany's Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN), is a milestone of applied vegetation science. Hundreds of phytosociologists from 31 European countries contributed to this project at the turn of the millennium. Europe's potential natural vegetation is presented at the scale of 1:2.5 million (Bohn et al. 2000). The explanatory text and CD-ROM are in the process of publication; a sample map can be viewed interactively through the website Floraweb (http://www.synbiosys.alterra.nl/eu/) The map and its legend (ca. 700 units organised in 19 forma- tions) represent a first attempt to provide an ecologically meaningful phytosociological classification across national boundaries. This is but one outstanding example of the maturity of European vegetation science. Considering such an achievement, the news that there will be no successor after Dr. Bohn's retirement, and thus no continuation to his co-ordinating activities came as a shock. There is a definitive sense of crisis in phytosociologi- cal circles: it can't be denied that phytosociology as a naturalist, descriptive and generalist (i. e. genuinely inter- disciplinary) approach does have troubles positioning itself as a science, when the majority of biologists turn to molecular genetics and when the majority of the remaining organismal biologists turn to experiments and population models. Tragically, phytosociology has hardly gained visibility in recent biodiversity research, which has rapidly become the harbour for the various remnants of organismal biology worldwide. As a consequence, it hardly participates in large national and international funding initiatives. Some vegetation scientists may simply be reluctant to engage in the rat race of modern science and rather concentrate on applications of their science in local and regional conservation efforts. A remarkable number of regional botanical periodicals survive under the auspices of botanical societies and museums. However, young phytosociologists have to realize that publishing their results in these journals will hardly give them access to an academic career. Submitting manuscripts to international journals, they often find them disqualified as of local significance only. In turn, traditional journals are torn between the conflicting goals of their traditional readership and international recogni- tion. Of course, these conditions push the remaining academic phytosociologists away from classical work, both in terms of project acquisition and of educating young plant ecologists. This inevitable specialization occurs at the expense of typical strengths like broad knowledge of the flora, vegetation types, geology, pedology, landscape structure and history. In modern society, there appears to be a negative correlation between the amount of attention devoted to biodiversity and the actual skills of its recognition. This may be an inevitable process of maturation and progress. The task of classifying Central Europe's vegetation and record- ing its plant biodiversity is largely completed. There is no shortage of informative books on plants and plant communities. What is the point in challenging these fairly reliable systems time and time again? Isn't vegetation survey simply done and over with and must duly be replaced by more reductionist, predictive research strategies? If we think of biodiversity as something to be discovered, described and placed in a museum, then Central European phytosociology must be seen as a mere historical footnote. Yet such fatalism is based on a double misunderstanding: one is that phytosociology's ultimate goal is classification. The second is that the scientific fascination with biodiversity lies chiefly in discovering more of it. Phytosociology studies the "social life of plant species", that is their co-occurrence in space and time (Ewald 2003) and classification is but one method of analysing these patterns. In the mind of the plant ecologist and biogeographer, biodiversity research should be about understand- ing the historical and actualistic mechanisms behind diversity patterns. It is thus only the natural consequence that phytosociologists are now increasingly considering the mechanisms behind plant communities. A cross-sectional technique naturally offers a multitude of paths into neighbouring fields like ecosystem analysis, plant-animal interactions or population biology, sometimes even considered as parts of phytosociology in the broad sense. Such centrifugal forces may quickly dissolve our discipline beyond recognition . How can phytosociology avoid being over-stretched between oppos- ing forces of local application and global science? Can the centrifugal energy of specialization be deflected back into phytosociology as an integrative discipline? What is its genuine contribution to modern plant ecology and biodiversity research? The answer lies in phytosociology as a method: the releve? plot (a list of all visible plant species found in a location) and its multivariate analysis are at the heart of the matter. Releves have always been measurements of community richness (alpha diversity), vegetation tables are plots of beta- diver- sity (species turnover along gradients) and synoptic tables are summaries of gamma diversity (species pools, meta- communities). Thoroughly sampled plots and their skilful arrangement are the touchstone of good phytosociology. The European tradition of printing unreduced releves reflects the value placed upon original data in the phytosociological community. The reader is enabled to evaluate the quality of the proposed classification, and to reject it, if necessary, on the grounds that it needs re- analysis. Publishing ever more releves has created a vast legacy of data that is shared by the community of phytosociologists. In the process of re-analysis, many older plot data have been used to underpin alternative classifications, as in the several editions of Oberdorfer's conspectus (1957, 1992). However, the accession, handling and administration of these data - in fact, the begin- nings of biodiversity informatics - have been extremely tedious in the pre-digital age, usually reducing the critical re- analysis of larger datasets to a theoretical option. Millions of releves have been digitized in various sorts of electronic databases, and yet political, institutional and scientific obstacles severely limit their widespread use (Ewald 2001). Phytosociological data are more complex than one may think at first sight: at their core they report gathering events (sensu Berendsohn et al. 1999, the recording of a releve) by relating keys for plant taxa to an abundance scale and to plot information (often called header data). TURBOVEG (Hennekens & Schaminee 2001) was the first widely used software providing a structure taylored to phytosociology. However, the challenge of managing alternative taxonomies of plants and of vegetation types remains largely unresolved, imposing tight limits on exchange between existing databases. These problems underpin the need for a sound reference model for vegetation data (see ESA's vegbank datastructure: http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/peet/vegdata/ ) which will re- quire continued research and collaboration with taxonomists and software engineers. Biodiversity informatics has become crucial for the future of phytosociology (see IAVS Working Group for Ecoinformatics: http://vegbank.org/vegbank/general/info.html ). Modernising the tools for managing its resource, the plot legacy, phytosociology will also become more efficient in reach- ing its proximate goal of providing a widely accepted stable syntaxonomy. In the future descriptive and syntaxonomical publi- cations should be accompanied by depositing the underlying releve? material in public electronic archives, thus making vegetation classification and analysis transparent and repeatable in the strict sense of the word. This means no more and no less than taking our traditional appreciation of releve? data to the Internet age. Even more promise lies in exchanging scientific hypotheses and the data to test them among the various branches of plant ecol- ogy. Spatially and temporally explicit releves contribute to floristic databases. Phytosociological and trait databases are a perfect match for studying plant functional types (e. g. Pillar & Sosinski 2003) and their implications for management. Geographical information systems are an invaluable source to retrieve enviromental information for phytosociological analyses (e.g., Ohmann & Spies 1998). Combining composition, distribu- tion, function and environment, vegetation models are probably the most integrating application of plant biodiversity infor- matics. If one appreciates its genuine contribution to biodiversity informatics, phytosociology can - instead of disappearing in the vastness of plant ecological research - carry its tradition and founding principles into modernity. If this is realised (as projected in the European SynBioSys project - http://ice.zadi.de/floraweb/pnv/index.htm ), Bohn et al.'s map will become what it deserves to be: a milestone, not an endpoint. References Berendsohn, W.G., A. Anagnostopoulos, G. Hagedorn, J. Jakupovic, P.L. Nimis, B. Valdes, A. Guentsch, R.J. Pankhurst, & R.J. White. 1999. A comprehensive reference model for biological collections and surveys. _Taxon_ 48: 511-562. Bohn, U., G. Gollub, C. Hettwer, Z. Neuhauslova, H. Schlueter, & H. Weber. 2003. _Karte der natuerlichen Vegetation Europas. Map of the natural vegetation of Europe_. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn. Ewald, J. 2001. Der Beitrag pflanzensoziologischer Datenbanken zur vegetationsoekologischen Forschung. _Berichte der Rein- hold Tuexen-Gesellschaft_ 13: 53-69. Ewald, J. 2003. A critique for phytosociology. _Journal of Vegetation Science_ 14: 291-296. Hennekens, S. & J.H.J. Schaminee. 2001. TURBOVEG, a comprehen- sive data base management system for vegetation data. _Jour- nal of Vegetation Science_ 12: 589-591. Oberdorfer, E. 1957. Sueddeutsche Pflanzengesellschaften. Gustav Fischer, Jena. Oberdorfer, E. 1992. Sueddeutsche Pflanzengesellschaften, Teil IV. Waelder und Gebuesche. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart. Ohmann, J.L., & T.A. Spies. 1998. Regional gradient analysis and spatial pattern of woody plant communities of Oregon forests. Ecological Monographs 68: 151-182. Pillar, V.D., & E.E. Sosinski Jr. 2003. An improved method for searching plant functional types by numerical analysis. _Journal of Vegetation Science_ 14: 323-332. BOOK REVIEW: MAP OF NATURAL VEGETATION OF EUROPE From: Hans Roemer [hlroemer@shaw.ca] Bohn U., Neuhausl R., unter Mitarbeit von Gollub G., Hettwer C., Neuhauslova Z., Schlueter H. et Weber H. 2000/2003. Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe. Scale 1 : 2,500,000. A monumental cooperative project has just been completed with the publication of the Map of the Natural Vegetation of Europe. The printed work comes in three parts: 1) A map volume with 9 map sheets at 1:2,500,000 and one over- view map at 1:10,000,000. 2) A 153 page Legend volume (German and English). 3) The 654 page Explanatory Text volume. The map volume has an additional color-keyed legend sheet which shows aggregated map units, while the legend in book form has further details (i.e. including the letter/number subunits shown on the maps separated by thin lines, but not distinguished by color). Altogether, the mapping contains 698 mapping units and there are some 170 different colors. The Explanatory volume contains another 13 maps on topics including floral and geographical realms, various excerpt maps for specific vegeta- tion complexes, and one CD ROM (see below). The mapping comprises an area including Iceland in the northwest, Novaja Zemlya in the northeast, the Caspian Sea and Caucasus in the southeast, and the Iberian Peninsula in the southwest. The classification underlying the mapping is hierarchical, with vegetation formations the first principle of organization, followed by plant geographical and eventually ecological criteria. Nineteen main formations are described which are subdivided into the ultimate 698 units. The mapping portrays the potential natural vegetation, rather than current modifications and successional stages caused by human management. The Explanatory volume describes mainly the vegetation forma- tions, but also the history of the international initiative, the general principles and underlying classification for the map- ping, and the geological and vegetation history of the map area. Each of the main formations has a thorough treatment of its typological delimitation, geographical distribution, structure and physiognomy, species combination, syntaxonomy, climate, site conditions, landscape context, state of preservation, land uses, successional and disclimax stages, and formal conservation status/designations. Compressed vegetation tables are presented for many of the more well-researched vegetation units. This volume also has 148 excellent color photographs for a selection of well-preserved vegetation units as well as 23 figures and diagrams. An extensive bibliography of regional and country mapping projects, a list of scientific collaborators, synonymy lists and taxonomic comments complete the volume. Besides the specialized excerpt maps, the back pocket also carries the CD ROM. The main contents of the CD ROM are very detailed data sheets for each of the 698 mapping units. Further there is a comprehensive bibliography keyed to the map units, a complete list of the plant species mentioned anywhere in this work's different components, a glossary, and a list of contributors to the mapping. The data sheets have some information in common with the Explanatory volume, but are more specific for the mapping units and considerably more detailed where the source information allowed this. The CD ROM contents forms a data base which is searchable by vegetation un