From aceska@victoria.tc.ca Tue Dec 2 17:47:03 2003 From: aceska@victoria.tc.ca (Adolf Ceska) Date: Tue, 2 Dec 2003 09:47:03 -0800 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 317 Message-ID: <003101c3b8fc$4e618870$d871b440@HPLAPTOP001> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 317 December 2, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR COMPREHENSIVE BOTANICAL INVENTORIES From: P. M. Catling [catlingp@agr.gc.ca] and A. A. Reznicek [reznicek@umich.edu] Over the past few months we have received a number of requests for information on the requirements for comprehensive inven- tories of vascular plants. These requests have come from field botanists, government agencies and other organizations. Our standard response to these requests has been the following list of considerations which may be of general interest, but the main reason for reproducing them here is to solicit additional ideas. An improved list of requirements and acknowledgements will be made available at a later date. Here "inventories" refers to baseline floristic information including composition of plant communities and the species present within a specified area. Such information provides a framework for subsequent monitoring, management and stewardship as well the data necessary for evaluation of composition and representivity for protection. Impact An understanding of why the survey is being done and its poten- tial impact is very important. There are often specific ques- tions but overall and future impact should not be overlooked. It seems remarkable but the fact is that people doing botanical surveys sometimes do not really understand why they are doing them, and this leads to difficulties in both methodology and interpretation. Expertise Substantial knowledge of plant classification, plant morphology and identification procedures and plant collecting and herbarium procedures is required to conduct adequate botanical inven- tories. A good knowledge of the other workers in the field and of the relevant literature is desirable. With prior arrangement, experts in herbaria are often willing to determine specimens in exchange for a labeled collection that can deposited in the expert's home institution. Such collections should have standard labels and be unmounted (to facilitate evaluation of distinctive features, - too often specimens are mounted with only the upper leaf surface visible and the lower surface covered with glue making the evaluation of microscopic characteristics of the undersurface very difficult). Herbarium curators at universities and museums can provide guidance in appropriate methods of collecting and labelling and they often have a knowledge of experts as a result of loaning their specimens. People generally cannot find what they do not know, and even when they collect everything they see, there will be a lot that is missed as a consequence of not knowing what to look for. Thus botanical experience on the landscape is extremely beneficial. However, an equally important ability is to understand the limitations of the expertise available. With regard to issues such as species at risk and the use of floristic quality indices as landscape evaluation tools, accuracy and completeness of botanical surveys has become especially critical. Funding support Inventory is a complex and time-consuming task that requires adequate funding. Too often a client requires an inventory but pays so little that all that is possible is a compilation of fragmentary existing data. Insufficient funding may also limit available expertise. Background It is important to begin an inventory with a thorough basis of the existing information. This often means library and computer searches and contacting a number of people. Adjustment of methods Methods may be adjusted to the question or the area or to other aspects. For example, the "is it present" question can be answered by creation of species lists, but the "what is the trend" question may require both counting or establishment of permanent quadrats that are sometimes advantageously set out during an initial inventory so as to provide data as soon as possible. As another example, recording during random walk may be suitable for a small area whereas permanently marked tran- sects set out to cover conspicuous zonations may be more ap- propriate for larger areas. Coverage by season Since flowers and fruits are often necessary to identify plants, and these are available at different times during the season for different species, visits at several time are often necessary to gather identifiable material. Some plants, such as the spring ephemerals in eastern North American deciduous forests (e.g. _Erythronium americanum_) can be dominant but have completely disappeared above ground after midsummer. Spring, fall and summer visits to each habitat type are usually a minimal re- quirement for a reliable inventory. Coverage over a period of years Some species appear only during wet years. This phenomenon is most prevalent in dry habitats, but it is by no means confined to deserts and scrublands. _Euphorbia commutata_ of eastern North American alvars appears only in wet years. Other species such as those in a submerged seedbank waiting for exposure may only appear in very dry years at irregular intervals when water levels are at an unusually low level. All within a group of plants It is desirable to be as complete as possible. At the very least a major group, such as all vascular plants should be included in a survey. In some cases difficult subgroups such as grasses or sedges, which are extremely useful indicators, are omitted. Expertise should be sufficient to include these groups or addi- tional expertise should be sought. All habitats All kinds of wetlands including fens, bogs, marshes, swamps within a study area should be surveyed. Open water is often neglected or overlooked due to difficulty of access or because the submerged plants are inconspicuous. It is a variable habitat that can be alkaline to acid and differs in floristic composi- tion in relation to amounts of wave action, flow rate, water transparency, etc. Variability in open water leads to relatively high biodiversity and significant species (locally rare, at risk, etc.) may also be present. Cliff faces are also sometimes neglected (due to difficulty of access!) but are also very important. Binoculars may be useful for surveying this special habitat. All vegetation types Consideration should be given to sampling all identified vegeta- tion types within a study area. All factors Microclimate (exposure such as both cool, moist north-facing slopes and warm, dry south-facing slopes), soil or substrate (acid or alkaline rocks), ecological aspects (areas of grazing versus non-grazing), historical aspects (such as villages of indigenous people where cultivated or selected native germplasm persists), areas recently disturbed for example by fire (where a seedbank has been released) are among the considerations in this category. Voucher specimens Collection of specimens to document important records is a very good idea. The extent of collection depends on what is already available and whether an institutional collection will accept the specimens. Rare species should not be collected or only parts collected (which can be supplemented by photographs). Such specimens of legally protected and rare plants may be essential under certain circumstances (litigation for example). Procedures for collection, care and submission of botanical specimens for identification are available: (http://res2.agr.gc.ca/ecorc/dao/dao11_e.htm - see also Saville 1962, Brayshaw XXX, Metsger & Byers 1999, etc.) Local help To the extent possible experts on the local terrain (guides) and experts on the local flora should be contacted and invited to assist either formally with payment or informally depending on circumstances. Local experts may be just as valuable as scien- tific experts. Expectation list It is very useful to prepare a list of at least the significant species that could occur in the area, based on comparison with other more well known areas within the region. This allows for the development of specific search images and specific search behavior, and it increases the likelihood of significant dis- coveries. Contents Among the very important items to be included in an inventory report are the _methods_ (recording, identification as well as a precise definition of the area), _goals or purpose_ of the inventory work, _context_ (an evaluation of the inventory results in a regional context at least), _limitations_ (includ- ing reference to areas not adequately surveyed, times when visits should have been made but were not, unusual conditions affecting floral display such as drought, and any related con- siderations that will help to provide a basis for the next inventory), and _threats_ (potential and actual threats to perpetuation of plants and plant communities including pollu- tion, development, overuse, competition with invasive aliens, etc.). For more information on content see the web; for example http://www.landtrustalliance.bc.ca/public/appendices2.pdf References Brayshaw, T.C. 1996. _Plant collecting for the amateur_. New edition. Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria, BC 44 p. Metsger, D.A. & S.C. Byers 1999. _Managing the modern herbarium - an inter-disciplinary approach_. Society for the preservation of natural history collections, Washington D.C. 384 p. Saville, D.B.O. 1962. _Collection and care of botanical specimens_. Research Branch, Canada Dept. Of Agriculture, Publication 1113, 124 p. ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDIES ON MEDICINAL PLANT: CHITRAK From: Santosh Sharma and Ashwani Kumar, Department of Botany University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302004 - India [msku31@yahoo.com] Introduction Chitrak (Plumbago zeylandica L. - Plumbaginaceae) has traditionally been used by rural and tribal people in traditional system of medicine,and also in Ayurveda. It is a perennial shrub with rambling branches (Chopra, 1933). Leaves ovate with bisexual flowers. The root is light yellow, when dry, internal colour is brown, fracture short,taste acrid and biting. Beacause of its stimulatory property, it is used by different tribes in various ways as stimulant. Case studies The tribe Lodhas which inhabit in larger part of Rajasthan use a piece of root (about 3 cm long) for causing abortion upto 3 to 4 months of pregnancy (placing of root in genital organ for more than three hrs creates abscess). They apply root bark paste with decoction of long peppers 3:2 ratio in venereal diseases. They apply root bark paste after warming for treatment of Leucoderma and give root decoction with cow milk 1:1 ratio for treatment of fever. The tribe Mundas boil root in mustard oil and apply that oil for treatment of rheumatism and massage paste of stem bark in mus- tard oil for treatment of paralysis (Salomi-Topno et al, 1998). Santals tribe give root paste with stem bark paste of Dant-rang (_Eretia laevis_) (3:2) to women as abortifacient (Joshi, 1993). They apply stem bark as cure for piles and prescribe stem bark decoction with paste of black peppers and common salt (5:3:2) as appetizer. Oraons tribe use root to cauterize snake bite wound and give orally root paste to patients and believe that is patient passes stool, he or she is safe (Jain,1991). Folk women of different parts of Assam use root pieces for permanent sterlizition. It shows antifertility effects. The tongas and shangaans use the root as a leprosy remedy. The powered material is taken internally and applied locally. Other ethnic communities give root decoction with cow milk 1:5 against body ache. Different tribes apply root juice for creating blisters on body for soliciting sympathy. They use root decoction as antiscabies. In Japan and Phillipines root is used for causing abortion. In Tanzania root with other plant parts is used on tumors. In West Africa and Ghana root is used as vesican. The plant is used as vulnery in new Calidonia. In the gold coast, the roots are used as an enema to cure piles. Chitrak has been used by the tribal and non tribal rural folks for the treatment of different kinds of ailments of their domes- tic animals having stomach troubles (Sikawar, 1994). A cold infusion is used in influenza and black water fever and juice is used as a tatoo dyes in Africa. In west Africa, the root is traditinally mixed with okra (_Hibiscus esculentus_ ) to treat leprosy. In Nepal a decoction of the root is used to treat baldness. This plant also has important role in Ayurvedic medicinal system of India. The root and root bark and bitter, hot, dry stomachic, carmina- tive, astringent to the bowels, anthelmintic, alterative to cure intestinal troubles, dysentary, leucoderma, inflamation, piles, bronchitis, vata and kapha, itching, diseases of the liver, consumption, ascites, "tridosha" good in anemia (Ayurveda) (Kirtikar and Basu, 1981). The root has bitter taste bechic laxative, expectorant. stomachic, tonic abortifacient, alexipharmic, good appetizer, useful in laryngitis, rheumatism, diseases of the spleen, leucoderma, ring worm, scabies. The leaves are caustic, vesicant, aphrodisiac, good for scabies(Yunani) (Sharma, 1996). A ticture of the root bark has been employed as an an- tiperiodic . It acts as powerful sudarific. During the present investigations, it was found that different medicinal system, tribal and non tribal are utilizing this plant to cure different ailments in various ways. Like the other various aspects , ethnobotany offer vast scope for medicinal reserach in modern values . The plant species which are common in tribal and indigenous system of medicine with thier local names , distribution provide scientific evaluation and wider applications. References Chopra, R. N. 1933. _Indigenous drugs of India_. Academic pub- lishers . New Delhi. Dwarkan, P. Algesaboopathi, C. 1998. _Ethnoveternary studies on Kolli hills of Tamil Nadu Flora and Fauna_. Jhansi. Jain, S.K. 1991. _Dictionary of Indian medicine and ethnobotany_. Deep publication, New Delhi. Joshi, P. 1993 _Ethnobotany of the tribal communities of Kumaon. India_. Ph.D. thesis. Kumaon University Nainital. Kirtikar, K. and B.D. Basu. B. D. 1981. _Indian medicinal plants_. Taj offset press, New Delhi. Sharma, P.V. 1996. _Classical uses of medicinal plants_. Chauk- hamba Vishwa Bharti, Varanasi. Sikawar, R. L. S. 1994. _Ethnoveterinary plant medicine in Morena district of MP_. Lucknow, India BOOK REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTICES FROM THE NOVEMBER 2003 ISSUE OF _TAXON_ From: Rudi Schmid [schmid@socrates.Berkeley.EDU] Nicholls, Graham. Nov. 2002. _Alpine plants of North America: An encyclopedia of mountain flowers from the Rockies to Alaska._ Ed. by Rick Lupp. Timber Press, Portland (http://www.timberpress.com ). 344 pp., ill. (col.), 271x196 mm, ISBN 0-88192-548-9 (HB), $49.95. [_Contents:_ foreword by B. J. Ward; intro ("preface"); intro--chief alpine habitats w. N. Amer. (by R. Lupp); A-Z descr. pt.; cult.; glossary; appen- dices (distr. taxa by state; addresses); biblio.; index.] Lavishly produced, this attractive work treats 54 genera, _Androsace_ to _Zauschneria,_ and some 650 species that are found in eleven states from the southernmost Rocky Mountains to the Brooks Range of Alaska, but excluding the western Canadian provinces. With this distribution, "western United States" would have been a better delimiter in the title. The genera included are both familiar and unfamiliar ones, with _Aquilegia, Astragalus, Campanula, Castilleja, Dodecatheon, Erigeron, Eritrichium, Gentiana, Hymenoxys, Lewisia, Oxytropis, Penstemon, Phlox, Primula, Saxifraga, Silene,_ and _Townsendia_ receiving the lengthiest discussion in this well-illustrated book--495 color photos and 2 color maps. Missing are a few alpine genera, as _Arenaria,_ one of my favorites, as well as familiar low woody taxa such as various ericads of the alpine heath phase. The species treated receive a good amount of morphological and distributional information. Concluding each account of a genus are helpful sections on propagation and cultivation; sometimes this information is quite extensive, as 5 pages for _Lewisia._ A general chapter on the tricky cultivation of alpine plants follows (rather than precedes, the usual practice) the descrip- tions of taxa. A valuable 10-page overview discusses alpine habitats in the western United States. Fide the transitory dust jacket, editor Rick Lupp wrote this overview, but there is no mention of this anywhere in the book. An appendix arraying species by state covers 16 pages but this information might have been more economically and usefully arranged in tabular form. Contributing to the lavish production are rather wide margins, including a two-column format and ragged-right margins that I think are unjustified. These are minor quirks, however. This is an immensely valuable work treating a subject and taxa mostly underemphasized or neglected in standard horticultural accounts. -- Rudolf Schmid, UC Preston, C. (Chris) D.; Pearman, D. (David) A. & Dines, T. (Trevor) D. (ed.; assist. by H. R. Arnold & Jane M. Croft). Sep. 2002. _New atlas of the British & Irish flora: An atlas of the vascular plants of Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands._ Oxford University Press, Oxford (www.oup.co.uk; www.oup-usa.org). xi, 910 pp., ill. (most col.), 322x263 mm, ISBN 0-19-851067-5 (HB), US$185.00. Idem et al. _New atlas of the British and Irish flora on CD-ROM._ Ibid. CD-ROM, same ISBN (incl. w/ book). [Supersedes _Atlas of the British flora_ (1962). _Computer requirements:_ Pen- tium III 500 MHz or better, Windows 98 or higher, 128MB RAM, 250MB hard-disk space. _Contents book:_ foreword by F. H. Perring & S. M. Walters; intro (by Preston et al.); Preston et al. on 1962 _Atlas_ and later recording projects; Dines et al. on scope of _New atlas_ project; idem on its organiza- tion; H. R. Arnold et al. on its coverage; idem on vasc. pl. biodiversity in Brit. Is.; Preston et al. on Britain's chang- ing flora, 1930-99; accounts spp. (ed. by Dines et al.); list contributors; glossary; index to accounts spp. (by R. G. Ellis). For another review see G. Parolly, _Willdenowia_ 33: 220-221.] Franklyn H. Perring & S. Max Walters's _Atlas of the British flora_ published in 1962 set a high standard in its mapping taxa on a 10-km2 grid. Now four decades later its mammoth book and CD-ROM replacement raises the bar. The book gives 46 pages of introductory essays on the project (see heading) and then 810 pages of distribution maps, with text, for 2412 taxa of vascular plants in the British Isles, including all native species, commoner hybrids, well- established alien species, and in- fraspecific taxa, or 750 more taxa than in the 1962 atlas. There are plots for pre- 1970, 1970-86, and 1987-99 records. The distribution maps derive from a database of over nine million records, including some five million collected since 1987 by over 1600 volunteers. The text for each taxon gives information on habitat, changes in distribution of native taxa, dates of introduction for alien taxa, extra-British-Isles distribution, and key references. The book weighs a "ton" and rather than carrying it some 2 km from the university library to my parked car I xeroxed the title and contents pages to work up the above heading information and happily took home only the CD-ROM. This installs easily and completely and becomes unnecessary unless the program, which takes only 250MB of hard-disk space and works fine on my five- year-old Pentium II 350 system, is uninstalled. The CD-ROM contains the data for the 2412 taxa but "also presents informa- tion [for] 942 taxa that were not included in the book because of constraints on space. These are introduced species that were recorded in less [_sic_--i.e., fewer] than 50 10-km squares" (from "getting started" file). Help information is available in the form of "getting started" Gates-Word (its table of contents is missing) and Acrobat-pdf readable files. Either file should be examined for the more sophisticated potentials of the CD-ROM, as generating a checklist for a region, producing additional maps with environmental overlay information, etc. Simple access to the data maps, however, is straightforward, allowing an initial choice between the 2412 "book" taxa versus the 942 strictly CD-ROM taxa, then Latin versus common names, and finally an option to scroll somewhat tediously through the names to the desired one to obtain the same map and text as in the book (the CD-ROM gives references but lacks a bibliography). This brief review does not do justice to the immense value of this monumental project. A model of data presentation (OUP should make the CD-ROM available separately at nominal cost), this essential work will allow reassessment of the conservation status of various taxa or reevaluation of the threats of alien invaders. Bravo, to one and all, including the over 1600 volunteers. -- Rudolf Schmid, UC NOTICES--STANDALONE WORKS Geils, Brian W.; Cibri n Tovar, Jose & Moody, Benjamin (techn. coordinators). Sep. 2002. _Mistletoes of North American conifers._ USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA (series: _General tech- nical report,_ RMRS-GTR-98). [x], 123 pp., ill., ep. text, 279x217 mm, no ISBN/ISSN (PB), gratis. [_Contents:_ bionotes; 8 chaps. by various authors (mistletoes in N. Amer.; _Psit- tacanthus_ in Mex.; _Phoradendron_ in Mex., U.S.; _Ar- ceuthobium_ in N. Amer.; damage, effects, importance _A;_ surveys _A;_ management strategies for _A_--biol., chem., genet.; idem--silvicult.); appendices (biblio.; Lat., common names; glossary; index). Resp., for aforenoted gen., on 6, 10, 32 spp. (6 subspp.).] Kruckeberg, Arthur R. Oct. 2002. _Geology and plant life: The effects of landforms and rock types on plants._ University of Washington Press, Seattle (www.washington.edu/uwpress). x, 362, [1] pp., ill., ISBN 0- 295-98203-9 (HB), $35.00. [_Contents:_ geol.-pl. interface; hist. roots geobot.; reciprocal relations of geoedaphics (Gs), other environ. infls. (Is); landforms (geomorph.) and pl. life; Is lithol. on pl. life; implications Gs for syst., evol.; Gs, biogeogr.; human Is on geol.-pl. interface; epilog; glossary; biblio.; index. From one who has "straddled the academically artifi- cial boundary between botany and geology" (p. ix), a compell- ing account using worldwide examples to demo the role of landforms, rock types in producing the distinctive distrs. of pls.; w/ 98 photos, 21 line drawings, 47 tables.] Kuijt, Job. Sep. 2003. _Monograph of Phoradendron (Viscaceae)._ American Society of Plant Taxonomists, Ann Arbor (www.sysbot.org) (series: _Systematic botany monographs,_ vol. 66). [v], 643 pp., ill., ISSN 0737-8211, ISBN 0-912861- 66-6 (HB), $70.00 U.S., $80.00 foreign, postpaid. [_Contents:_ intro; tax. hist.; methods; morph., anat.; chromo. nos.; dispersal; germ.; establishment; the haus- torium; hybrid.; veg. repro.; hosts; physiol.; habitats, distr.; gen., infragen. relations; tax. pt.; biblio.; appen- dices; indices. On 234 spp. (78 new) of w., se. U.S., the Carib., Mex., Cen., S. Amer.] Nitare, Johan (ed.). 2000. _Signalarter: Indikatorer pa skyddsv„rd skog: Flora ”ver kryptogamer._ Skogsstyrelsens F”rlag, J”nk”ping (www.svo.se/forlag). 384 pp., ill. (col.), 265x225 mm, ISBN 91-88462-35-6 (HB), price unknown. [_Contents:_ foreword by M. Norrfalk; intro; lists indicator spp.; bryophytes ("mossor"); lichens; fungi; Eng. summary; index. Data sheets for 55 spp. bryophytes ("mosses"), 87 spp. lichens, 130 spp. fungi, 380+ taxa descr., mapped, esp. spectacularly ill. The Eng. summary (pp. 376-377) entitled "Indicator species for assessing the nature conservation value of woodland sites--a flora of selected cryptogams" states that the spp. selected are indicator spp. ("signal- species") that "are possible to identify macroscopically in the field and are either: (1) known to occur mainly in sites holding endangered species, (2) restricted to certain sub- strates or habitats rarely found in woodland landscape, (3) poor colonizers which are restricted to aged habitats and sites with long ecological continuity (e.g., ancient wood- lands) or old-growth forest stands in late successional states with old, dying and dead trees." For a rev. of a New- World, but less spectacular counterpart on 366 site in- dicators, K. Klinka et al.'s _Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia_ (1989), see R. Schmid, _Taxon_ 38: 614.] Nold, Robert. Oct. 2003. _Columbines: Aquilegia, Paraquilegia, Semiaquilegia._ Timber Press, Portland (www.timberpress.com). 158 pp., [32] pp. pls. (col.), text ill. (B&W), ISBN 0-88192- 588-8 (HB), $24.95. [_Contents:_ cult.; pests, diseases; propag.; morph., distr.; meanings of names; tax. tangles; relatives _A;_ tax. pt.; hybrids, curiosities; sources of seed; glossary; biblio.; index. On 65 spp. _Aquilegia_ detailed (w/ key), plus several hybrids, relatives briefly treated; w/ 45 col. photos, 8 watercolors, 4 B&W line draw- ings. Well done, but a checklist of taxa needed.] Phillips, H. Wayne. 2003. _Plants of the Lewis and Clark Expedition._ Mountain Press Publishing Co., Missoula (www.mtnpress.com). vii, 277, [1] pp., ill. (col.), ISBN 0- 87842-477-6 (PB), $20.00. [_Contents:_ pl. explor.; intro to field guide; e. deciduous forest; tallgrass prairie; high plains; Rocky Mts.; Columbia Plains; Pac. forest; glossary; appendix (pl. colls.); biblio.; index. bionote. On the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-06) traversing from St. Louis to Oregon coast; w/ info on the pls. and accounts from L&C journals. For S. A. Ritter's related guidebook, _Lewis and Clark's mountain wilds_ (2002), see _Taxon_ 52: 172.] NOTICES--CONTINUING WORKS Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). [started in] 1993 - _Flora of North America north of Mexico._ Oxford University Press, New York (www.oup.co.uk; www.oup-usa.org): Barkworth, Mary E.; Capels, Kathleen M.; Long, Sandy & Piep, Michael B. (ed.). 13 May 2003 (fide grass website). Vol. 25. _Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Poaceae, part 2._ xxv, 783 pp., ill., ep. maps, 285x220 mm, ISBN 0-19-515748-1 (HB), $120.00. [_Contents:_ lists personnel; intro (format of work); key to tr.; tax. pt.; 13-p. geogr. biblio.; 13-p. general biblio.; names, syns.; nomen. index; lists suprasp. taxa. On 6 subfam., 11 tr., 130 gen., 739 spp.--489 native (135 endemic U.S., 34 endemic U.S., Can.), 237 alien (137 naturalized), 7 unclear, 6 intersp. hybrids. Almost all spp. ill., nicely so by L. A. Vorobik. On the PACCAD grasses, i.e., Panic-, Arundin- s.s., Chlorid-, Centothec-, Aristid-, Danthonioideae, w/ over half the spp. in Gram. and fide mobio a monophyletic group. Vol. 24 will treat Phar-, Bambus- , Ehrhart-, Pooideae. "Volume 25 is being published before volume 24, because volume 24 will contain a key to all the grass tribes in the _Flora_ region and an artificial key to the genera. Because keys must be checked against the final descriptions for the taxa they contain, volume 24 cannot be completed until the tribal and generic treatments in both volumes have been finalized. The current volume contains a key to the tribes treated, but not one to the genera" (p. xv). See http://herbarium.usu.edu/grassmanual for the proposed _Manual of grasses for North America north of Mexico_ and vols. 24-25, incl. online info, errata for text and ill., etc. See http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/fna for general info on FNA and online treatments. For revs. of vols. 1-3 see R. Schmid, _Taxon_ 43: 147-148, 46: 179-194, 47: 208-209; for notices vols. 22, 26 see _Taxon_ 49: 868, 52: 404. See also BEN 314.] Kubitzki, K. (Klaus) (ed.). 1990-. _The families and genera of vascular plants._ Springer, Heidelberger Platz 3, W-1000 Berlin 33, Germany (www.springer.de): Idem & Bayer, C. (Clemens) (ed.). Feb. 2003. Vol. 5. _Flowering plants ? Dicotyledons: Malvales, Capparales and non-betalain Caryophyllales)._ viii, [i], 418 pp., ill., 276x202 mm, ISBN 3-540-42873-9 (HB), E199.00. [_Contents:_ intro to expanded Caryophyllales (by P. Cu‚noud); conspectus their fam. (idem); intro to Capparales (Kubitzki); conspectus their fam. (idem); intro Malvales (idem & M. W. Chase); conspectus their fam. (Kubitzki); general biblio.; tax. pt. (various authors); addendum vol. 2 (Hydrastid., by H. Tobe); index. On 40 fam., Akani.-Tropaeol., incl. Emblingi. at last minute; w/ 97 figs. A beautifully executed, much praised, and expensive series. Vols. 1-4: 1, _Pteridophytes and gymnosperms,_ 1990; 2, _Flowering plants: Dicotyledons: Magnoliid, hamamelid and caryophyllid families,_ 1993; 3, _Idem: Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae),_ 1998; 4, _Idem: Alismatanae and Commelinanae (except Gramineae),_ 1998. For previous pts. of series see _Taxon_ 48: 205, and for revs. vols. 1-2 see, resp., R. Schmid, P. F. Stevens, _Taxon_ 40: 361, 43: 517- 518.] Species Plantarum Steering Committee, International Organization for Plant Information (Anthony E. Orchard, pts. 1-7, Orchard & Annette J. G. Wilson, pt. 8, executive eds.). 1999-. _Flora of the world._ Australian Biological Resources Study, Can- berra (http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs) (ISSN 1441-1393): Kirschner, Jan (comp.). 2002. Pt. 6. _Juncaceae 1: Rostkovia to Luzula._ Pt. 7. _Juncaceae 2: Juncus subg. Juncus._ Pt. 8. _Juncaceae 3. Juncus subg. Agathryon._ vii, 237, viii, 336, viii, 192 pp., ISBNs 0-642-56822-7, 0-642-56823-5, 0- 642- 56824-3, A$50.00, A$70.00, A$50.00. Munro, Sioban L.; Kirschner, Jan & Linder, H. Peter. 26 Mar. 2001. Pt. 5. _Prioniaceae._ v, 7 pp., ISBN 0-642-56811-1, A$8.00. Saun- ders, Richard M. K. 26 Mar. 2001. Pt. 4. _Schisandraceae._ v, 62 pp., ISBN 0-642-56810-3, A$18.70. Steyn, E. M. A. & Smith, G. F. 11 Nov. 1999. Pt. 3. _Welwitschiaceae._ v, 8 pp., ISBN 0-642-56806-5, A$6.60. Idem; Idem & Hill, K. D. 11 Nov. 1999. Pt. 2. _Stangeriaceae._ v, 9 pp., ISBN 0-642-56805-7, A$6.60. _Each:_ ill., PB, all postpaid. [_Contents each pt.:_ lists contributors; intro to flora; tax. pt.; map(s); appendix, pts. 5-8 (list taxa w/ lecto-, neotypes); index. Resp., on 7/441 (3 subgen., 7 sect., 115 spp. _Luzula,_ 2 subgen., 10 sect., 311 spp. _Juncus_), 1/1, 2/39, 1/1, 2/3 gen./spp. The Junc. work is immense: 441 spp. (+ hybrids), 788 pp., 148 full-p. pls. of drawings, 537 maps. For previous pts. of series, begun 1999, and scope of flora see _Taxon_ 48: 652. For rev. pts. 2-8 see R. Hand, _Willdenowia_ 33: 219-220. See also BEN 314.] ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska@victoria.tc.ca Mon Dec 15 17:48:16 2003 From: aceska@victoria.tc.ca (Adolf Ceska) Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2003 09:48:16 -0800 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 318 Message-ID: <006801c3c333$9ebed200$d871b440@HPLAPTOP001> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 318 December 15, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- USE OF _SCLEROTINIA SCLEROTIORUM_ AS A MYCOHERBICIDE TO CONTROL THE SPREAD OF GIANT HOGWEED (_HERACLEUM MANTEGAZZIANUM_) IN THE NETHERLANDS AND DENMARK From: W. Barend de Voogd*, Meindert D. de Jong* and Charlotte Nielsen** * Biological Farming Systems, Wageningen University, Marij- keweg 22, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands. Fax: +31- 317 478313 e-mail: barend.devoogd@wur.nl meindert.dejong@wur.nl, respectively. ** Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Kongevej 11, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. e-mail: chn@kvl.dk Note: Manuscript cross-posted to both BEN (Botanical Electronic Newsletter) and IBGnews (International Bioher- bicide Group news). Introduced to Western Europe during the 19th century, Giant Hogweed, _Heracleum mantegazzianum_ Sommier et Levier, has become a persistent invasive weed along water ways, road verges, and foot paths, both in open land and forest gaps. Most European countries are now banning or severely reducing the use of chemi- cal pesticides in certain habitats such as water ways and nature reserves, which hampers the quick and cheap control of Giant Hogweed. At these sites, the most common practice to handle Giant Hogweed is annual mowing. However, this does not prevent the plant from regrowing and flowering. A biological way to control this plant may open new possibilities. An EU-project aiming to develop an integrated management strategy that com- prises effective, practicable and sustainable means of control- ling Giant Hogweed was started in 2002 (Seier, 2003). In this project, the Danish partners collect insect herbivores and pathogens of Giant Hogweed, and investigate and evaluate presently applied chemical and mechanical control methods. In September 2003, the Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, and the Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, was visited to discuss prospects of a novel mycoherbicide based on _Sclerotinia sclerotiorum_ (Lib.) De By. to control Giant Hogweed. During our stay in Denmark we also visited six sites that were investigated by Charlotte Nielsen for research into damaging insects and fungal pathogens. The plots differed from each other by light intensity, ground-water level and soil type. This gave an impression of the varieties in the Danish landscape, and differences in phenotypes of Giant Hogweed, as well as possible sensitivity of the host to several biotic and abiotic factors. Only seedlings and dead flowering stems of Giant Hogweed were present during time of visit (22 September to 6 October, 2003). One plot had been surveyed two years ago on fungal pathogens of Giant Hogweed (Ernebjerg, 2002). Although at that time a severe infection by _Sclerotinia sclerotiorum_ of Giant Hogweed was encountered, the fungus was not detected in 2003. Nonetheless Charlotte Nielsen found a few sclerotia of _Sclerotinia_ sp. at a nearby site inside a flowering stem in late summer of 2003. Barend de Voogd found during the visit pathogenic fungi inside a stem tissue after splitting a number of stems of Giant Hogweed at the lower part. Only in one flowering stem at the 3rd visited location, he found hitherto unidentified small sclerotia. After isolation and subsequently cultivating we can state that it is probably _S. sclerotiorum_, and looks on PDA the same as the sclerotia found earlier by Charlotte Nielsen. During the visit to the 4th sampling site, with half of the stand cut after flowering, we frequently found on the cut half old roots with new leaf sprouts. The non-cut half had decaying roots. Seedlings were present in the whole plot. Beside these extensive field surveys, the Dutch had many fruit- ful communications with their Danish colleagues about a promis- ing new way of biological control of Giant Hogweed. The efficacy of _Sclerotinia sclerotiorum_ to control Giant Hogweed was studied in 2002-2003 by Barend de Voogd in roadside vegetation in the municipality of Zutphen, the Netherlands, where it was established for more than five years. A new mycoherbicide, based on mycelium of _S. sclerotiorum_, was applied as a liquid mycelial suspension early spring 2002, before leaves were un- folded. First results appeared in August 2002, when in the treated plot only dwarf-plants developed with chlorotic yellow- ing leaves, after regular cutting of the flowering plants in June 2002. Untreated plants recovered after the June cutting. The subsequent year, some plants recovered, but when cut in June 2003, the great majority disappeared, and only 4 plants out of 17 inoculated plants showed some weak regrowth. Thus the great majority was killed by the bioherbicide (76%). The open spot was taken over by several herbs, indicating that treatment was not detrimental for other dicotyledonous plants. Plants in the untreated plot recovered with large leaves. Inoculation later in 2002 (May, August, October) did not result in a significant growth reduction. We think that a combination of optimal development of both Giant Hogweed and the pathogen, _S. sclerotiorum_, is crucial. When growth activities of the host cease in winter time and those of the pathogen are far better off, we may expect best control. An alternative explanation of effectiveness of the pathogen to control Giant Hogweed is due to its quasi-perennial character of its root system. Once entered, the pathogen is apparently capable as a sort of systemic bioher- bicide to infect the root system. If the plants life cycle was strictly biannual, the root should die after flower-setting, also in the absence of a pathogen, which clearly was not the case. We observed in our experimental plot that Giant Hogweed can be considered a monocarpic perennial, which was also sug- gested by Tiley et al. (1996). This perennial nature may be stimulated by mowing plants before flowering and we would like to define subsequent state as "pseudo-perennial". During the visit to a sampling site in Denmark, with half of the stand cut just after flowering, we frequently found on the cut half old roots with new leaf sprouts. The noncut half had only decaying roots. Seedlings were present in the whole plot. Although these results are only from one experiment and on a small scale, they look quite promising. More research is indeed needed, but the results indicate that spread of Giant Hogweed can be limited by _Sclerotinia sclerotiorum_. Acknowledgements We thank dr. Aad J. Termorshuizen, Biological Farming Systems, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, for his help with edit- ing, prof. dr. Ariena van Bruggen, Trudie Coenen, Oscar de Vos, dr. Anne van Diepeningen of Biological Farming Systems provided general support. Dr. Jorgen K”hl, PRI, Wageningen, the Nether- lands) supplied diseased sunflowers with sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mr. Rob Visser, Public Green Zutphen, gave permission to carry out research in the municipality of Zutphen. Dr. Hans-Peter Ravn (Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Horsholm, Denmark), and dr. Niels Holst (Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Flakkebjerg, Den- mark) gave scientific advice, dr. Iben M. Thomsen (Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Horsholm, Denmark) gave mycological assistance. We had scientific meetings in Jutland with dr. Marian Erneberg, dr. Rita Merete Butterschon and Susie Nielsen (MSc student). Dr. Adolf Cesta (BEN) and dr. Maurizio Vurro (IBG news) gave additional advice. References Butterschon, R.M. 2003. Experiences from management of Giant Hogweed (_Heracleum mantegazzianum_) in Denmark and resxults from a pilot-study on nonchemical control methods: Abstract. _BEN_ # 316 (Nov. 21, 2003) Erneberg, M. 2002. _The process of plant invasion with focus on the effect of plant disease._ PhD Thesis, Denmark. Seier, M.K. 2003. Classical Biological Control of Giant Hogweed (_Heracleum mantegazzianum_). _IBGnews_ 12, 10. Tiley, G.E.D., Felicite S. Dodd, & P.M. Wade. 1996. Biological flora of the British Isles: _Heracleum mantegazzianum_ Som- mier & Levier. _Journal of Ecology_ 84:_297-303. Relevant links: http://www.flec.kvl.dk/giant-alien/ http://www.geocities.com/meindertdejong/ COMMON REED (_PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS_) IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA From: Malcolm Martin [martinmac@telus.net] Concern has been mounting in recent years over the domination Common Reed, _Phragmites australis_ (Cav.) Trin., has estab- lished over many wetlands, particularly in eastern North America where it had previously been a stable, innocuous member of the native plant community. (See http://www.invasiveplants.net/phragmites/ for a history and other information.) Studies carried out by Cornell University and others suggest that an aggressively invasive Eurasian strain has replaced native members of the complex and have become a virtual monoculture in many previously varied wetlands. As a means of understanding the extent of penetration of the alien strain(s) across the continent, principals of the program offered to determine whether collections submitted to them were native or non-native. Of those sent from the North Okanagan one stand was indeed identified at being non- native and this has already spawned a larger stand on the other side of Highway 97 north of Vernon and approximately 100 m from Swan Lake, showing that the invasive race is already present in the interior of British Columbia. The Invasive Plants website above describes several points of differentiation between native and non-native strains and provides a reliable source for this information, however, the gross appearance of alien specimens north of Vernon does suggest a quick preliminary decision may be possible in some cases in that plants tend to be more robust than native and carry longer, fuller, spikes of a distinct purple colour when in flower com- pared with the skimpier, browner, heads of native race(s). On this basis it is presumed that a vigorous stand of purple-headed plants on Indian Reserve land at the head of Okanagan Lake, seen many years ago, is also alien and may be the source of the Highway 97 plants. Similarly, browner specimens at the north end of Osoyoos Lake in the South Okanagan and at Deadman Lake far- ther north have the appearance of native strains although none has been examined for the more exacting details described in the Invasive Plants website. As the alien _Phragmites_ is able to eliminate other wetland species equally as well as Purple Loosestrife (_Lythrum salicaria_ L.), specimens in or near all sensitive areas should be examined at this relatively early stage of spread, preferably through an official program of the Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. For other articles on _Phragmites australis_ in BEN see the following links: http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben284.html http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben295.html http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben310.html http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben315.html COMMENTS ON CATLING & REZNICEK: INVENTORY REQUIREMENTS [BEN 317] - A CONSULTANT'S PERSPECTIVE From: Mirek Sharp [msharp@nsenvironmental.com] The article regarding requirements for inventory in BEN # 317 is interesting, and I agree with Paul Catling and Tony Reznicek from a technical perspective, but their comments do not address all of the realities we face in consulting. The consulting industry is, unfortunately, geared to the timeframes of the planning process, rather than natural environments, and con- strained by clients to the minimum tasks they need to secure development approvals. This often, precludes meeting the various minimums noted by Paul and Tony. I cannot see this changing unless it is regulated. The Province(s) should take lead role and establish standards for inventory and impact assessment. This is a real issue. Since our company does a lot of peer review work for municipalities, we see a lot of other consultant's work and it is often less than adequate, falling well short of what I consider to be the minimum required. This is often not the fault of the consultant, but a reflection of what planners and client know they can "get away with". Developers have no standards for inventory and impact analysis they have to meet, and thus they do the minimum. Sometimes it seems that if the right title is on the report (e.g." Environmental Impact Study"), the applicant can say he fulfilled his obligations, and it is good enough to submit in support of a development application, notwithstanding the con- tents. It is even argued that the appropriate content of a biophysical analysis for a development application should only include what is needed for approval (since that is the objective of the exercise from the applicant's perspective), thus the fault for inadequate inventory can be placed with the regulators. The development industry, in this case, will argue they are only doing as much as they are being told to do. I should add that I do not want to paint all developers with the same brush. There are many out there who genuinely want to do the right thing and give consultants considerable latitude to develop appropriate work plans. Municipalities and other approval agencies do not have any legislation or even policy to fall back on that would enable them to demand better work be done. Here in Ontario, if municipalities object to shoddy work, the matter is often referred to the Ontario Municipal Board, and they generally place emphasis on the planning merits of an application and "minor" issues like completeness of inventory falls to the wayside. Anyhow - that is my perspective, sorry for the cynicism. It is nice that Paul and Tony have articulated this complete list of requirements, but for the majority of work done by the private sector - I do not see it making a difference. PHOTOS OF NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS ON CD From: Louis-M. Landry [LM.Landry@sympatico.ca] Consultation and Services in Ecology (C.S.E.) is pleased to offer a new series of volumes, "FLORE-IMAGES" on CD. FLORE- IMAGES volumes include thousands of photos of hundreds of species of North American plants, including rare species, in- dexes of English, French and Latin scientific names,and synonyms. FLORE-IMAGES Vol. 1: introduced and indigenous flora 1717 photos of 525 species representing 128 families in jpg format FLORE-IMAGES Vol. 2: indigenous flora 2000 photos of 554 species from 112 families in jpg format FLORE-IMAGES Vol. 3: introduced and cultivated flora ® In production, at present 1615 photos and 443 species ¯ With FLORE-IMAGES volumes, you will be able to browse photos by species or by families. Images can be used to create artistic items (calendars, cards, posters, bookmarks) or for business applications in letterheads, books, or reports. This flora series will be followed in 2004 by FAUNE-IMAGES Vol. 1, in which thousands of images of wildlife species will be featured. Visit our Internet site at http://flore-images.com , where you can browse 200 sample images. Purchase FLORE-IMAGES volumes for only $20 each, two for $35, or three for $45, taxes included. (For Canada, shipping and han- dling charges of $5, including taxes, are added for each parcel. For express delivery, or shipping outside of Canada, additional charges will be added. We accept money orders and cheques, payable to "Consultation and Services in Ecology (C.S.E.)". We will ship your order as soon as we receive your payment. Louis-M. Landry, Biologist Consultation and Services in Ecology (C.S.E.) 225, 57e Rue Ouest Charlesbourg (Quebec) G1H 4Z5 Telephone: (418) 623-2518 E-mail: LM.Landry@sympatico.ca Web site: http://flore-images.com NEW BOOK: WOMEN AND PLANTS - GENDER RELATIONS IN BIODIVERSITY Howard, Patricia L. 2003. _Women and plants: Gender relations in biodiversity management and conservation_. Zed Books, London, UK. 320 p. ISBN 1 84277 156 6 [hard cover], ISBN 1 84277-157- 4 [soft cover] Price: US$75.00 [hard cover], US$29.95 [soft cover] Available from: Zed Books, 7 Cynthia Street, London N1 9JF, UK Tel.:_+44(0)20 7837 4014; Fax:_+44(0)20 7833 3060; e-mail: sales@zedbooks.demon.co.uk; www.zedbooks.co.uk This unique collection of largely unpublished, in-depth case studies drawn from Latin America, Asia, Africa, Europe and North America aims to increase our understanding of the importance of women and gender relations in plant genetic resource management and conservation. It intends to provide a state-of-the-art overview of the concepts, relationships and contexts that help explain the relatively hidden gender dimensions of people-plant relations. The contributors come from a rich range of disciplines including ethnobotany, geography, agronomy, anthropology, plant breeding, nutrition and development economics. They demonstrate how cru- cial women are to plant biodiversity management and conservation at household, village, and community levels; and how gender relations have a strong influence on the ways in which local people understand, manage, and conserve biodiversity. Continued access to biological resources is crucial to rural women's status and welfare, and their motivations therefore are a prin- cipal driving force countering processes of biological erosion. The volume covers the following broad areas: * Women, domesticity and plants * Gender relations and women's rights to plants * Plants and women's status * Gendered indigenous knowledge systems * Changing gender relations and genetic erosion The contributors highlight the gender biases evident in much contemporary scientific research, policy and development prac- tice relating to biodiversity management. And they seek to contribute to a number of important debates, including the determinants of genetic erosion, the significance of gender in indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge systems, indigenous intel- lectual property rights systems and women's entitlements therein, and ecofeminist and other debates about the nature of gender-environment relations. ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska@victoria.tc.ca Tue Dec 23 23:57:13 2003 From: aceska@victoria.tc.ca (Adolf Ceska) Date: Tue, 23 Dec 2003 15:57:13 -0800 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 319 Message-ID: <002b01c3c9b0$7fbebea0$c776b440@HPLAPTOP001> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_002C_01C3C96D.719B7EA0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable BEN=09 BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS=09 ISSN 1188-603X=09 No. 319 December 23, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C.=09 Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 LEON E. PAVLICK (1939-2003) My former colleague in the Royal BC Museum, botanist Leon Pavlick, died = at the beginning of December 2003 of lymphoma. He made a significant contribution to our knowledge of the genera Festuca and Bromus in the Pacific Northwest and North America. For his biography and the = bibliography of his works see the following web sites: http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/cgi-bin/view?bio=3Dlpavlick and http://www.eman-rese.ca/eman/ecotools/botanists/PavlickLE.html PROLOGUE TO THIS BEN: In my attempts to edit BEN, I tried to avoid two issues - politics and the technical aspects of human reproduction (to = stay away from the word that can trigger your anti-minced-meat programs). In = this issue I could not resist to venture into the politics and this issue is actually PEN (Political Electronic News) rather than the traditional = BEN. You do not have to unsubscribe BEN, the next issue of BEN will be back = to BEN. Or will it be? Stay tuned, you might be surprised again. - AC, BEN Editor. DAVID ANDERSON: CANADIAN OLD/NEW MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT From: http://www.davidandersonmp.com/bio.htm David Alexander Anderson was born on August 16, 1937 in Victoria, = British Columbia, the son of James William Anderson and Sheila Gillespie.. While growing up in Victoria David developed an early passion for the environment as a frequent visitor to the Provincial Museum. He learned = to speak Mandarin while living in China, and at the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, and was very involved in athletics. David attended Victoria High School and then Victoria College, the predecessor to the University of Victoria. He eventually transferred to = the University of British Columbia where he obtained his Law degree, and = then went on to post graduate studies at the Institute for Oriental Studies = at the University of Hong Kong. During his time at UBC David was a member = of Canada's National Rowing team and, along with his crew members, brought = home Silver medals for Canada in both the Rome Olympics in 1960, and at the = 1959 Pan America Games. His first work in government was with the Department of External Affairs where he was stationed in Vietnam, Hong Kong and eventually Ottawa as = the External Affairs officer responsible for China. He eventually returned to British Columbia and in 1968 was elected as = the Liberal Member of Parliament for Esquimalt-Saanich. As a backbench MP, = he founded and chaired the Special Committee on Environmental Pollution, = and worked hard on the creation of Vancouver Island's Pacific Rim National = Park. In 1975, and until 1993, David worked as a law professor at the = University of Victoria and as an environmental consultant. During this time he = served on several government commissions and boards, including the Immigration Appeal Board, as the sole commissioner of the Inquiry into Fraser Valley Petroleum Exploration, and as an advisor to the Premier of British = Columbia on tanker traffic and oil spills. =20 In 1993, David was elected as the Liberal Member of Parliament for = Victoria and appointed Minister of National Revenue and Minister responsible for British Columbia. As Minister of Natural Revenue he streamlined border operations through the introduction of CANPASS, increased enforcement on international smuggling and brought forward new measures to combat the underground economy.=20 In 1996, he was appointed Minister of Transport where he developed links between transportation and tourism, and implemented the transfer of = airport management across Canada to regional authorities.=20 David was re-elected as the Member of Parliament for Victoria in June = 1997 and appointed Minister of Fisheries and Oceans. He has been recognized internationally for his efforts during this tenure for his exceptional = work on salmon conservation. He also secured the Pacific Salmon Treaty with = the United States, established Canada's first Marine Protected Areas, and initiated efforts to improve boating safety through mandatory training = and certification.=20 In 1999, Mr. Anderson was appointed Canada's Minister of the = Environment. In this role he has distinguished himself locally and internationally as = a passionate advocate for Clean Air, Clean Water and Endangered Species. These key priorities are all focused on ensuring that future generations = of Canadians, and young Canadians, are left with a strong environmental = legacy that keeps them healthy, and able to enjoy all that Canada has too = offer. =20 David is married to Sandra Anderson, and they have two children: James = and Zoe. GOOD NEWS ON THE FIGHT TO SAVE BURNS BOG From: Gwen Barlee [gwen@wildernesscommittee.org] December 15, 2003=20 http://media.wildernesscommittee.org/news/2003/12/627.php Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada - Western Canada Wilderness = Committee heaped praise on government leaders, BC Premier Gordon Campbell and = Delta Mayor Lois Jackson, for their roles in offering to buy Burns Bog to turn = it into a nature park. Premier Campbell's Liberal government, often = criticized by environmental organizations, such as the Wilderness Committee, for rolling-back environmental legislation, announced December 11 that an = offer had been made for the purchase of Burns Bog. The offer - more than $77 million - is to ensure that the bog, totaling 5,436 acres, is protected = as a nature park.=20 Under the proposal the BC government is kicking in the biggest share at $28.6 million, followed by the Federal government at $28 million, then = the Greater Vancouver Regional District at $14.2 million with the city of = Delta providing $7.9 million. Western Delta Lands (WDL), the private land = owner, has been ordered by the courts to sell the Bog by the end of January = 2004 in order to pay back mortgage holders $50 million, including the provincial government, which is the primary mortgage holder.=20 "All the government leaders and bureaucrats who worked so hard to get = this offer on the table deserve a great deal of praise. People will rejoice = and remember their efforts for generations to come," enthused Joe Foy, = campaign director of the Western Canada Wilderness Committee.=20 "Will the people of Greater Vancouver find a protected Burns Bog under = their Christmas tree come Christmas morning?" mused Foy "Probably not. But = with the continued high level of support (85% of citizens of Vancouver want = the Bog protected according to the Burns Bog Conservation Society) and the support of leaders like Premier Campbell and Mayor Jackson it looks = likely that the Bog will be protected early in 2004 - at least that's my New = Year's prediction. We'll see if it comes true! " said Foy.=20 Declaring the Burns Bog Conservation Society "Eco Heroes" for working tirelessly for almost two decades to preserve Burns Bog, Foy urged = members of the public who donate to environmental groups to be extra generous to = the Conservation Society this year. "They've done a great job on a = shoestring budget and deserve every penny of support they can get to keep doing = their good works," said an appreciative Foy. IN THE NORTHWEST: TGIF -- IT MUST BE TIME FOR BUSH POLICY CHANGES: HOW = THE WHITE HOUSE USES STEALTH TACTICS (ON FRIDAYS) IN U.S. From: Joel Connelly [joelconnelly@seattlepi.com], originally published = in Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Friday, December 12, 2003 The Bush I administration perfected Stealth military technology and = deployed it to devastating effect as U.S. planes, invisible to Saddam Hussein's radar, began Gulf War I by destroying Iraqi infrastructure. Bush II has taken a giant leap further. It has extended the reach of = Stealth tactics into American domestic policy, delivering lethal blows to environmental and health regulations while presenting only the tiniest = of targets. The administration's new, political Stealth can be recognized by the familiar set of initials TGIF: Thank God It's Friday. The end of the workweek has come to be the time to announce far-reaching regulatory changes. "They do it on Friday afternoon because they know that is when it will = get buried in the news cycle, when it will get the least attention," Sen. = Jim Jeffords, I-Vt., explained earlier this year. The latest Friday fix came just a week ago. Interior Secretary Gale = Norton relaxed Clinton-era rules designed to halt overgrazing by ranchers who = pay a pittance to run their livestock on federal land.=20 In baseball lingo, Bush II has hit for the cycle on Fridays this fall, weakening protections on four different fronts. On Friday, Oct. 31, the Environmental Protection Agency and Department = of Agriculture let out a precedent-setting decision. The feds will trust testing for water pollution from atrazine -- one of America's most = applied weed killers -- to the chemical's manufacturer. Two weeks earlier, on Friday, Oct. 17, the EPA announced that it would = not be regulating dioxins in sewage sludge used in farm fertilizer, on = grounds there are no health or environmental risks. The home run of Friday decisions was on Friday, Oct. 10, start of the Columbus Day weekend. The Interior Department overturned a policy that had strictly limited = the amount of public land that can be used for dumping mining waste, which = is the largest volume of toxic material unleashed annually in the United States. The limitation had blocked a large open-pit mine in Okanogan = County. An environmental group, the Natural Resources Defense Council, has = tracked more than 100 environmental rollbacks implemented under Bush II: 58 have been disclosed on Fridays, just before holidays or during holiday = weekends. "It's not just the Friday timing," said Rob Perks of NRDC. "Decisions = are announced by low-level officials. They are released in the late = afternoon. On the grazing decision, we called up the agency and it would give us no information. Details were made available on Monday, when everyone had = moved on." With such tactics, TGIF-Stealth technology puts a "spin" on stories, = keeps flak to a minimum and discourages pursuit of stories.=20 For instance, the lineup for weekend capital talk shows is usually set = by early afternoon on Friday. The usual array of talking heads has been apportioned among the networks. And network TV isn't that interested in public health and the environment to begin with. Washington, D.C., talks about and to itself. The Feast of the Nativity and coming of the New Year were, in 2002, occasions for additional demonstration of political Stealth technology = by Bush II.=20 On Christmas Eve, the administration changed rules to make it easier for state, county and local governments to gain control of long-abandoned = mining roads on federal land -- a change that could bring dirt bikes into backcountry of Grand Canyon, Denali, Death Valley and North Cascades national parks. New Year's Eve was occasion for Bush II to announce that a fishing = practice (favored by Mexican fishermen) that entails encircling dolphins with = nets would have no significant adverse impact on dolphin populations in the Pacific Ocean. Only a single national journalist -- Washington Post columnist Mary = McGrory -- caught the administration's fishy decision. TGIF-Stealth technology is useful even when it comes to suppressing good news -- in cases where upbeat findings are at odds with the = administration's agenda. Friday, Sept. 26, saw the (very) quiet release of a new Office of = Management and Budget study. It found that environmental rules are well worth the = costs they impose on industry and consumers, resulting in major public health benefits and other improvements. Major strikes against pollution and health regulations can require more = than one Friday and/or holiday. On Friday, Aug. 22, the Bush administration made final its decision to = let America's most polluting coal-fired power plants and refineries upgrade facilities without installing state-of-the-art air quality controls. Original announcement of the plan came from an underling just before Thanksgiving of last year. New rules formally easing requirements on polluters were issued on New Year's Eve. Bush II picked Friday, Jan. 10, to propose guidelines "redefining" what constitutes a wetland entitled to preservation under the Clean Water = Act. The guidelines could result in loss of federal protection for as many as = 20 million acres of swamps and bogs across America. A final announcement is expected this Christmas season. The list goes on: The Interior Department picked Friday, April 11, to announce "settlement" of a lawsuit with the state of Utah. Under the accord, Bush II removed millions of acres of Bureau of Land Management property -- most in the Inland West and Alaska -- from being evaluated for protection as wilderness. The settlement opened the door = to expanded oil and gas leasing in canyonlands of the Southwest. It's all very skillful -- and cynical. In the 1980s, loudmouth Interior Secretary James Watt -- "I don't like = to paddle and I don't like to walk" -- taught the drillers, diggers and polluters that the public can get mad. "Americans want clean air and clean water," said Perks. "You can't have = a full frontal assault on environmental protection. Soccer moms like to go = to parks. NASCAR dads like to hunt and fish and hike. If you want to weaken protection, you've got to go below the radar screen." AUSTRALIAN FORESTRY OFFICIALS HAVE ADMITTED TO KILLING THE NATION'S LARGEST TREE, BY MISTAKE=20 From: BBC News - http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/asia-pacific/3306655.stm posted here courtesy of BBC NewsOnline http://news.bbc.co.uk The tree, a eucalyptus known as El Grande [Swamp gum - Eucalyptus = regnans F. Muell. - Myrtaceae], was damaged earlier this year when a burning = operation designed to regenerate surrounding woodland got out of control.=20 Conservationists pronounced the tree dead in May but Forestry Tasmania = was waiting to see whether the eucalyptus would recover in the spring. = Forestry Tasmania general manager of operations, Kim Creak, admitted on Wednesday that their hopes were misplaced. "A group of forest scientists has = conducted an assessment of the condition of the tree. Unfortunately, it is = deceased," he said. Although there are taller trees on Tasmania, El Grande - which stood at 79 metres (260 feet) - is thought to be the largest tree in Australia in terms of volume.=20 Environmentalists in Tasmania, where the Greens' party attracts 20% of = the vote, have accused the authorities of being unfit to protect one of the world's most diverse rainforests. "It is significant that Forestry has confessed to killing the largest known living thing in Australia," said Geoff Law, a spokesman for the environment group Wilderness Society.=20 http://www.wilderness.org.au/campaigns/forests/tasmania/elgrand_03/ "They have confessed to killing it through their own incompetence," he = said. Mr Creak said the tree's death was a "learning experience" and that the department had written new guidelines for woodland clearance exercises. = The fate of El Grande has intensified scrutiny of the burning of Tasmania's forests to provide wood chip for export. Fires are started to clear the undergrowth.=20 FERN: WHO WE ARE AND HOW WE WORK =20 From: http://www.fern.org/ FERN is a non-governmental organisation (NGO) created in 1995 by the = World Rainforest Movement. NGO representatives from different European = countries make up our board and we work closely with many national and = international NGOs.=20 FERN promotes the conservation and sustainable use of forests and = respect for the rights of forest peoples in the policies and practices of the European Union. We co-ordinate several NGO networks and works = co-operatively to achieve change.=20 Currently, our main campaign areas are climate change, forest = certification, export credit agencies, WTO & trade agreements, intergovernmental = agendas, aid & development co-operation and rights of forest peoples. 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aceska@victoria.tc.ca Tue Dec 30 15:54:27 2003 From: aceska@victoria.tc.ca (Adolf Ceska) Date: Tue, 30 Dec 2003 07:54:27 -0800 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 320 Message-ID: <003601c3ceed$34612aa0$c776b440@HPLAPTOP001> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0037_01C3CEAA.263DEAA0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable BEN=09 BOTANICAL ELECTRONIC NEWS=09 ISSN 1188-603X=09 No. 320 December 30, 2003 aceska@victoria.tc.ca Victoria, B.C.=09 Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 KEY TO SLUGS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA From: Robert G. Forsyth [robert_forsyth@telus.net ]=20 Introduction This is the key to the species slug-like terrestrial molluscs of British Columbia, and it includes all confirmed species. Beyond the borders of = the province, it will be of use in southeast Alaska, Alberta and adjacent = parts of the Pacific Northwest. Care should be taken, however, when using this = key in the latter region because additional native (and possibly exotic) = species occur there. Slugs are not a natural group within the molluscan class Gastropoda, but rather a grouping by convenience of animals with similar body form. = Slugs are snails with the shell reduced and the viscera more or less = incorporated into the tail (less so in Hemphillia for example). They usually have no external shell, but when there is one, the animal is incapable of = retracting into it, as can snails. The following key is derived from my book, Land Snails of British = Columbia (Forsyth, in press). It differs from the keys in the book by combining = the separate keys to genera and species into a single key and by eliminating internal anatomical features. Genital anatomy and to a lesser extent, anatomy of the gut, while important for recognition of genera, species, etc., have been omitted. Until Land Snails of British Columbia (Forsyth in press) is published in spring 2004, there is no readily available guide to native slugs in = British Columbia that is useful for non-specialists. Until then, there are = currently two excellent English-language guides to European slugs (Cameron et al. 1983; Kerney & Cameron 1979). The monograph by Quick (1960), although nomenclaturally dated, has good summaries of the natural histories of European species. The paper by Rollo & Wellington (1975) on slugs of Vancouver and the Fraser Valley is also a little dated in its taxonomy = of European slugs. The taxonomy of European slugs species (particularly = within the genus Arion) have significantly been revised in recent years. In = British Columbia, recent activity have brought forth unrecorded species of both native and exotic slugs, and the known ranges of many previously = recorded species have been expanded. Following the key is a glossary, an annotated list of species, and instructions for preserving slugs for scientific study. Key to slugs Note: Introduced European species are marked with an asterisk (*). 1 Animal with an exposed or partially exposed shell, either plate-like and mostly embedded within the mantle near the middle or front of the animal, or ear-shaped and at the tip of the tail - 2 Animal without a shell evident (either wholly internal, embedded under = the mantle, or absent) - 5 2 Shell ear-shaped, at the tip of the tail - *Testacella haliotidea Shell plate-like, mostly embedded in a well defined visceral hump = located near the longitudinal middle of the animal - Hemphillia - 3 3 Animal small (length to ca 30 mm). Visceral pouch and mantle extending over =BD or more the length of the entire animal and with many = small papillae - Hemphillia glandulosa Animal larger (length to ca 60 mm). Visceral pouch and mantle extending less than =BD length of the entire animal and with a few = scattered papillae only - 4 4 Caudal horn prominent - Hemphillia dromedarius Caudal horn lacking - Hemphillia camelus 5 Animal very narrow and wormlike (length about 15=D7 width when fully extended), pale greyish - *Boettgerilla pallens Animal not as above - 6 6 Pneumostome at or in front of the midline of the mantle on the right side - 7 Pneumostome behind the midline of the mantle on the right side - 17 7 Tail often having an oblique constriction that marks the site of self-amputation; caudal mucus pore absent - Prophysaon - 8 Tail never without an oblique constriction; caudal mucus pore present - Arion - 11 8 Animal blue-grey, without lateral bands - Prophysaon coeruleum Animal variously pigmented but not blue-grey and usually with bands - 9 9 Animal variable in colour, but generally with reddish pigment: red on the back, grey-buff at the sides, generally with two conspicuous = lateral bands running back along the tail from the mantle, defining a = wedge-shaped, lighter dorsal area which may enclose a dark dorsal stripe at midline - Prophysaon vanattae Animal generally without reddish pigment. Lateral bands not prominent on tail. Back usually with a light dorsal stripe at midline - = 10 10 Section of tail capable of being self-amputated relatively shorter (ca 1/3 the length of the body, from posterior edge of the mantle to the = tip of the tail; foot fringe usually without dark vertical bars (but = sometimes faint); body length of adults up to ca 60 mm - Prophysaon andersoni Section of tail capable of being self-amputated relatively longer; foot fringe with usually dark vertical bars (but sometimes very faint); = body length of adults up to ca 120 mm (but can be as small as ca 30 mm) - Prophysaon foliolatum 11 Length to about 15 mm, tubercles on the back having soft points, giving the contracted animals a "prickly" appearance; body yellowish = grey with head darker and lateral bands usually faint - *Arion intermedius Adults longer than 20 mm, without a "prickly" appearance when contracted; variously pigmented - 12 12 Contracted body not bell-shaped in cross-section; ground colour dark grey or bluish grey, sometimes with a brownish tinge - *Arion distinctus Contracted body bell-shaped in cross-section; if less than bell-shaped, ground colour usually orange-yellow to brown - 13 13 Animal very large, greater than 70 mm in length (up to nearly 200 mm), tubercles very coarse; adults usually not banded; animals often = exhibit a twisting, rocking motion when disturbed - *Arion rufus Animal smaller, less than 70 mm in length; tubercles finer; usually banded; animals without rocking behaviour - 14 14 Body with ground colour of reddish brown, rusty orange or occasionally yellow; body mucus yellow or orange; slugs cannot contract = into a hemispherical shape (viewed from the side) - *Arion subfuscus Body with ground colour of light greyish or brownish grey or with yellowish on the body; body mucus colourless; slugs can contract into a hemispherical shape - 15 15 Body light grey with a yellowish or cream tinge and usually with a yellowish band below the lateral bands (mantle not dotted) - *Arion fasciatus Body light grey, without the yellowish tinge or "zone" below the lateral bands - 16 16 Lateral bands more or less blurred below; mantle with dark dots. Distal third of the epiphallus heavily pigmented with dark dots - *Arion circumscriptus Body pale grey, fading to white on the sides, lateral bands well contrasted on lower edge; mantle without dark dots. Epiphallus = unpigmented or only very slightly pigmented - *Arion silvaticus 17 Mantle smooth or granular, without concentric folds or ridges - 18 Mantle with a pattern of concentric folds or fingerprint-like ridges - 19 18 Mantle very large, covering most of the dorsal surface of the animal; dorsal keel absent - Magnipelta mycophaga Mantle not exceptionally large; dorsal keel well developed - Ariolimax columbianus 19 Tail gradually tapering to a point; mantle ridges centred on the midline; dorsal keel long (about =BC of the length of the body) - 20 Tail obliquely truncated; mantle ridges centred on right side above the pneumostome; dorsal keel short - Deroceras - 22 20 Mantle usually with distinct dark lateral bands (but sometimes faint) - *Lehmannia valentiana Mantle solid coloured, spotted or marbled, but without bands - 21 21 Body yellowish with grey mottling; tentacles bluish; body mucus yellowish - *Limacus flavus Body greyish with darker mottling; tentacles reddish brown; body mucus colourless - *Limax maximus 22 Body mucus milky white when the animal is irritated; body colour cream or pale grey, usually with darker grey reticulation; animal 35-50 = mm long - *Deroceras reticulatum Body mucus always clear; body colour varies; animal * 35 mm - 23 23 Animal * 35 mm; body colour brown, often with darker spots and fine speckles - *Deroceras panormitanum Animal smaller, * 25 mm; body colour varies and may be spotted - Deroceras hesperium and Deroceras laeve Glossary Caudal horn In Hemphillia, a fleshy protuberance at the end of the tail. Foot fringe The edge of the foot set off from the rest of the foot by a conspicuous constriction. Keel A ridge along the midline of the tail, which when present, is complete (extending the entire length) or incomplete (only at the hind = end). Mantle A fold of the body wall lining and secreting the shell in shell-bearing molluscs; it is exposed in slugs (the "shield") as a = clearly demarked, raised area on the body of the slug, behind the head. Visceral hump The major conglomeration of organs forming much of the = body. Papillae A minute protuberance on the skin. Pneumostome The hole on the right side of the mantle through which the animal breathes (breathing pore). Reticulation A netlike pattern. Checklist of British Columbia slugs Twenty-four species of slugs are known from British Columbia. Of these, = 13 are introduced European species, marked here with an asterisk (*). For a complete list of introduced terrestrial molluscs (includes snails) and photos, see http://www3.telus.net/rforsyth/exotics.html. FAMILY TESTACELLIDAE *Testacella haliotidea Draparnaud, 1801; Earshell slug =09 FAMILY BOETTGERILLIDAE *Boettgerilla pallens Simroth, 1912; Wormslug FAMILY LIMACIDAE *Lehmannia valentiana (F=E9russac, 1822); Three-band Gardenslug *Limacus flavus (Linnaeus, 1758); Yellow Gardenslug *Limax maximus Linnaeus, 1758; Giant Gardenslug FAMILY AGRIOLIMACIDAE Deroceras hesperium Pilsbry, 1944; Evening Fieldslug Deroceras laeve (M=FCller, 1774); Meadow slug This species and D. hesperium are possibly synonyms (Wiktor 2000). It is unsure if they can be separated by = external characters. *Deroceras panormitanum (Lessona & Pollonera, 1882); Longneck Fieldslug Synonym: D. caruanae. *Deroceras reticulatum (M=FCller, 1774); Grey Fieldslug FAMILY ARIONIDAE Ariolimax columbianus (Gould, 1851); Pacific Bananaslug *Arion circumscriptus Johnston, 1828; Brown-banded=20 A. circumscriptus and A. silvaticus, together with A. fasciatus belong to the Carinarion group. A. fasciatus has been recorded from British Columbia but remains unconfirmed. Identification of these three species largely relies on anatomical characters, but the dark speckles on the mantle of A. circumscriptus appear to be a good character for species' recognition. *Arion silvaticus Lohmander, 1937; Forest Arion *Arion distinctus Mabille, 1868; Darkface Arion This species is very similar to A. hortensis, separable for sure only from that species by genital anatomy(Davies 1977, 1979). The records of A. hortensis by Rollo & Wellington (1975) are prior to the recognition of three species in the hortensis-group. Synonym: In Davies (1977) and Kerney & Cameron (1979), "Arion hortensis form A." *Arion intermedius Normand, 1852; Hedgehog Arion *Arion rufus (Linnaeus, 1758); Chocolate Arion Generally A. rufus is treated as a separate species from A. ater. While the later species has been recorded from = British Columbia, I know no anatomically confirmed records. Arion rufus can be = black to reddish; colour is not important, contrary to the information implied = by Rollo & Wellington (1975). *Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud, 1805); Dusky Arion Hemphillia camelus Pilsbry & Vanatta, 1897; Pale Jumping-slug Hemphillia dromedarius Branson, 1972; Dromedary Jumping-slug Hemphillia glandulosa Bland & Binney, 1872; Warty Jumping-slug Magnipelta mycophaga Pilsbry, 1953; Magnum Mantleslug Prophysaon vanattae Pilsbry, 1948; Scarletback Taildropper Prophysaon andersoni (Cooper, 1872); Reticulate Taildropper Prophysaon coeruleum Cockerell, 1890; Blue-Grey Taildropper Prophysaon foliolatum (Gould, 1851); Yellow-bordered Taildropper A request for data Gardeners, botanists and horticulturalist often have intimate knowledge slugs in gardens. I am always interested in receiving records of exotic = and native slugs in British Columbia. In particular, among the exotic = species, all records of Testacella haliotidea, Boettgerilla pallens, Limacus = flavus and Arion silvaticus, or species not included here, are of interest. = Records of most species of exotic slugs from areas outside of southern Vancouver Island and Greater Vancouver are especially useful as well, since there = are relatively few records from elsewhere. For further information, please contact me: robert_forsyth@telus.net. Preserving slugs Preserving slugs for dissection and museum collections is relatively = easy. Slugs dropped directly into alcohol will twist and contract and produce large quantities of mucus, so this should be avoided. Most sluggers = advocate drowning in water, usually overnight, to relax the animal, but the = longer the slug stays in water, the greater the chance of decomposition starting-and it is not so kind for the slug. I use carbonated water, = namely Perrier, which drowns slugs much quicker. Once relaxed (dead), slugs can = be transferred to 70% ethanol (EtOH). Isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol in drug stores) is cheap and easily found, and can be used in a pinch, but = it overly hardens tissues. Rubbing compound (mostly ethanol, plus extra = stuff to make it unpalatable) can usually also be found in drugstores, and = once diluted to 70% works as good as the real thing. As water is drawn out of = the tissue, the fluid should be changed. References Cameron, R.A.D., B. Eversham, & N. Jackson. 1983. A field key to the = slugs of the British Isles. Field Studies 5:807-824. Davies, S.M. 1977. The Arion hortensis complex, with notes on A. = intermedius Normand (Pulmonata: Arionidae). Journal of Conchology 29:173-187. Davies, S.M. 1979. Segregates of the Arion hortensis complex (Pulmonata: Arionidae), with the description of a new species, Arion owenii. Journal = of Conchology 30:123-127. Forsyth, R.G. In press. Land Snails of British Columbia. Royal British Columbia Museum/UBC Press. Kerney, M.P., & R.A.D. Cameron. 1979. A field guide to the land snails = of Britain and north-west Europe. London: Collins. Quick, H.E. 1960. British slugs (Pulmonata; Testacellidae, Arionidae, Limacidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 6 (3):103-226. Rollo, C.D., & W.G. Wellington. 1975. Terrestrial slugs in the vicinity = of Vancouver, British Columbia. The Nautilus 89:107-115. Wiktor, A. 2000. Agriolimacidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) - a systematic monograph. Annales Zoologici (Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences) 49:347-590. Robert G. Forsyth [robert_forsyth@telus.net] Research Associate Royal British Columbia Museum 675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC =20 Canada V8W 9W2 Mailing address: PO Box 3804, Smithers, BC, Canada V0J 2N0 MANAGING DEER USING SpayVac(tm) IMMUNOCONTRACEPTIVE VACCINE From: Mark Fraker [maf@terramarreserach.com] Deer overabundance has reached extreme proportions in many areas of = North America. Consequences include hazards to traffic, habitat degradation, = and disease transmission. Where hunting is not practical or permissible, = people have sought non-lethal means. The most promising approach is immunocontraception (IC). IC exploits the fact that the glycoproteins in the outer layer of the mammalian egg, the zona pellucida, are involved in sperm-binding. For = more than a decade, scientists have experimented with using porcine zona pellucida (PZP) proteins as the antigens in vaccines. The PZP elicits antibodies that bind to the surface of the eggs of the treated female mammal. For certain groups, such as deer and horses, the vaccines can be very effective. Practical application of IC to control populations of overabundant deer requires that a large proportion (80%) of the population be treated and reducing populations by IC alone can take several years. To achieve = control more quickly and economically, a combination of IC and lethal removal = can be applied. PZP vaccines have no potential for adverse food-chain effects. The = vaccines are entirely biodegradable, as are the antibodies that are produced by = the treated deer. A number of studies have shown that PZP vaccines are safe = for the treated animals, as well. Most PZP vaccines require a booster inoculation in the first year and = annual boosters thereafter. Because accessing the deer for treatment is very costly, vaccines that require boosting are not practical or economic. = The exception to this is SpayVac(tm), which has proven to be 100% effective = for 3 years in both Fallow Deer and White-tailed Deer. At the end of 3 = years, the antibody titers remained high, so that contraception will likely continue indefinitely. (The Fallow Deer research results are reported = in: Fraker, M.A. et al. 2003. Long-lasting, single-dose immunocontraception = of feral fallow deer in British Columbia. Journal of Wildlife Mangement 66(4):1141-1147.) For more information about SpayVac(tm) and immunocontraception, you can visit the SpayVac(tm) website at www.spayvac.org, or contact Mark Fraker = at maf@terramarreserach.com . CONTROL OF PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (LYTHRUM SALICARIA) From: Douglas A. Landis, Donald C. Sebolt, Michael J. Haas, & Michael Klepinger. 2003. Establishment and impact of Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Lythrum salicaria L. and associated plant communities in Michigan. Biological Control 28: 78-91. Abstract. Corresponding author: [landisd@msu.edu] Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) is an invasive = wetland perennial plant of Eurasian origin that is widely established in North America and is considered a threat to native wetland flora and fauna. = Two European beetles, Galerucella calmariensis L. and Galerucella pusilla = Duft. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) have been introduced and widely distributed = in North America for biological control of Lythrum salicaria. Experimental releases of Galerucella spp. beetles were made in three locations in Michigan in 1994. In 1997 we initiated a project to rear, redistribute, = and evaluate the impacts of Galerucella calmariensis in 19 additional sites throughout Michigan. G. calmariensis became established at 100% of the = 24 release locations monitored in these studies and have persisted for up = to seven years while G. pusilla apparently failed to establish. Large populations of G. calmariensis developed from each of the 1994 releases = and caused 100% defoliation of L. salicaria. From 1995 to 2000, L. salicaria stem height was reduced 73-85%, percent plant cover was reduced 61-95%, = and richness of nontarget plant species increased significantly at four out = of five sites. By 2001, L. salicaria stem height and percent cover were = reduced 38-81% and 32-74%, respectively, and nontarget plant species richness increased significantly at all five sites in contrast to the situation = in 1995. Beetles have spread 3-10 km from these original release sites. Of = the 19 additional sites monitored for 3-5 years post-release, 50% (4/8) of = the 1997 releases have developed into large G. calmariensis populations and produced severe damage to L. salicaria. Thirty-three percent (2/6) of = the 1998 releases have generated moderate impacts while all 1999 releases = (5/5) remain without clear impacts. The successful establishment, spread, and impacts of G. calmariensis indicate the critical need for additional research on its role in the restoration of desirable plant communities = in areas formerly dominated by L. salicaria.=20 NEW BOOK: MAMMAL COMMUNITY DYNAMICS - CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS From: Cambridge University Press [web@cup.org] Zabel, Cynthia J. & Robert G. Anthony (eds.) 2003. Mammal Community = Dynamics Management and Conservation in the Coniferous Forests of Western North America. Cambridge University Press, New York. 732 p. ISBN 0-521-00865-4 [soft cover] Price: US$60.00 Order from: Cambridge University Press, 100 Brook Hill Drive, West Nyack, NY 10994-2133, USA Phone: 845-353-7500, fax: = 845-353-4141 This book provides a synthesis of the literature on the role of forest mammals in community structure and function in the coniferous forests of western North America, with emphasis on management and conservation. In addition to coverage of some of the charismatic megafauna such as = grizzly bears, gray wolves, mountain lions, elk and moose, the book also = includes thorough treatment of small terrestrial mammals, arboreal rodents, bats, medium-sized carnivores, and ungulates. The unique blend of theoretical = and practical concepts makes this book equally suitable for managers, = educators, and research biologists. Contents Foreword Jack Ward Thomas Part I. Management and Conservation Issues for Various Taxa:=20 1. Introduction and historical perspective C. Zabel and R. Anthony 2. Forests and woodlands of western North America M. Hemstrom 3. Faunal composition and distribution of mammals in western coniferous forests T. Lawlor 4. Habitat ecology and conservation of bats in western coniferous = forests J. Hayes 5. Ecological relationships of terrestrial small mammals in western coniferous forests J. Hallet, M. O' Connell and C. Maguire 6. Ecology and conservation of arboreal rodents of western coniferous forests W. Smith, J. Waters, R. Anthony, N. Dodd and C. Zabel 7. Small and mid-sized carnivores S. Buskirk and W. Zielinski 8. Ecology, conservation and restoration of large carnivores in western = N. America K. Kunkel 9. Ungulates in western coniferous forests: habitat relationships, population dynamics and ecosystem processes J. Kie, R. Terry Bowyer and = K. Stewart Part II. Community and Ecosystem Relations:=20 10. Relationships among fungi and small mammals in forested ecosystems = D. Luoma, J. Trappe, A. Claridge, K. Jacobs and E. Cazares 11. Ecology of coarse woody debris and its role as habitat for mammals = W. McComb 12. The ecological role of tree-dwelling mammals in western coniferous forests K. Aubry, J. Hayes, B. Biswell and B. Marcot 13. The role of ungulates and large predators on plants, community = structure and ecosystem processes in national parks F. Singer, G. Wang, and N. = Hobbs 14. The role of the lynx-hare cycle in boreal forest community dynamics = S. Boutin, C. Krebs, R. Boonstra and A. Sinclaire 15. Association of mammals with riparian ecosystems in Pacific Northwest forests R. Anthony, A. O'Connell, M. Pollock and J. Hallet Part III. Conservation Issues and Strategies:=20 16. Small mammals in a landscape mosaic: implications for conservation = K. Martin and W. McComb 17. Measuring and interpreting changes in connectivity for mammals in coniferous forests L. Scott Mills, M. Schwartz, D. Tallmon, K. Lair 18. An evolutionary and behavioural perspective on dispersal and colonization of mammals in fragmented landscapes J. Wolff 19. The functional diversity of mammals in coniferous forests of western North America B. Marcot and K. Aubry 20. Synthesis and future perspective R. Anthony and C. Zabel Index. EPILOGUE TO THIS BEN: I have been running the so-called Botany Nights = for the Victoria Natural History Society, and one of the most successful = Botany Night was Robert Forsyth's workshop on identification of slugs! I hope = that you will appreciate his key to slugs the same way the Botany Night's participants appreciated his workshop. Birth control of deer may be a solution of managing deer populations in urban areas, chrysomelid = beetles are used to control purple loosestrife in North America, and a book announcement on West Coast mammals wraps up this issue of ZEN, excuse = me, BEN, quite well. Nevertheless, I promise that the next issue of BEN will = be BEN again. All the best in the year 2004! Subscriptions:=20 http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l.=20 Send submissions to aceska@victoria.tc.ca=20 BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/=20 ------=_NextPart_000_0037_01C3CEAA.263DEAA0 Content-Type: application/ms-tnef; name="winmail.dat" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="winmail.dat" eJ8+IhsPAQaQCAAEAAAAAAABAAEAAQeQBgAIAAAA5AQAAAAAAADoAAEIgAcAGAAAAElQTS5NaWNy b3NvZnQgTWFpbC5Ob3RlADEIAQ2ABAACAAAAAgACAAEGgAMADgAAANMHDAAeAAcANgAAAAIAQwEB A5AGACRlAAArAAAACwACAAEAAAALACMAAAAAAAMAJgAAAAAACwApAAAAAAADAC4AAAAAAAMANgAA AAAAHgBwAAEAAAAKAAAAQkVOICMgMzIwAAAAAgFxAAEAAAAbAAAAAcPOt7OqQUjGRiS8S3e4nCjr XvOSUwANTCggAAIBHQwBAAAAFgAAAFNNVFA6QUNFU0tBQFRFTFVTLk5FVAAAAAsAAQ4AAAAAQAAG DgBc0SPtzsMBAgEKDgEAAAAYAAAAAAAAAMBnCPVAA1VNiagxtmqJU+nCgAAAAwAUDgAAAAALAB8O AQAAAAIBCRABAAAA2GAAANRgAAC4BgEATFpGdRcsZ5ADAAoAcmNwZzEyNRoyDGBjAFABBHN0c+Jo BXBiY2gO9QkAD4dmaA3gD5ZiaQFDC2BukQ4QMDMzEaZmZRIiPwH3AqQDYwIAD4AKwHNlQnQC0XBy 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