From aceska@victoria.tc.ca Thu Jan 6 17:47:43 2005 From: aceska@victoria.tc.ca (Adolf Ceska) Date: Thu, 6 Jan 2005 09:47:43 -0800 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 340 Message-ID: <002501c4f417$dcf5add0$0828b440@HPLAPTOP001> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 340 January 6, 2005 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION AND BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS From: J.D. Bakker [Jonathan.Bakker@nau.edu] Grasslands National Park (in southwestern Saskatchewan near the Saskatchewan-Montana border) is the only national park in Canada within the mixed-grass prairie region. Our study site is a former agricultural field within the park that was abandoned about 10 years before the study began. Between 1994 and 1997, we tested several seeding methods and neighbor control treatments to determine how best to establish native grasses (C4 grass _Bouteloua gracilis_, and C3 grasses _Hesperostipa comata_, _Koeleria macrantha_, _Elymus lanceolatus_, _Pascopyrum smithii_) in this old field. Results indicated that year-to-year climatic variation was more important than neighbor control, and that no one seeding method was best in all years (Wilson et al. 2004). During this time, _Agropyron cristatum_, an introduced C3 grass, spread into the old field from a nearby roadside. In 2002, we resampled the vegetation to investigate the effects of restoration on invasion by _A. cristatum_. The results from this study (Bakker & Wilson 2004; abstract below) suggest that pro- active management (ecological restoration) can reduce the rate of invasion by introduced species. _Agropyron cristatum_ cover declined as cover of planted C3 grasses or a planted C4 grass increased (i.e., it was negatively correlated with both groups). However, _A. cristatum_ cover declined more rapidly with increasing C3 grass cover (i.e., the strength of the correlation was stronger) than with increasing C4 grass cover. Therefore, this study also suggests that invasion by introduced species might be slowed by seeding areas with species with similar phenology and physiology as the introduced species of concern. Abstract 1. Biological invasion can permanently alter ecosystem structure and function. Invasive species are difficult to eradicate, so methods for constraining invasions would be ecologically valuable. We examined the potential of ecological restoration to constrain invasion of an old field by _Agropyron cristatum_, an introduced C3 grass. 2. A field experiment was conducted in the northern Great Plains of North America. One-hundred and forty restored plots were planted in 1994-96 with a mixture of C3 and C4 native grass seed, while 100 unrestored plots were not. Vegetation on the plots was measured periodically between 1994 and 2002. 3. _Agropyron cristatum_ invaded the old field between 1994 and 2002, occurring in 5% of plots in 1994 and 66% of plots in 2002, and increasing in mean cover from 0.2% in 1994 to 17.1% in 2002. However, _A. cristatum_ invaded one-third fewer restored than unrestored plots between 1997 and 2002, suggesting that restoration constrained invasion. Further, _A. cristatum_ cover in restored plots decreased with increasing planted grass cover. Stepwise regression indicated that _A. cristatum_ cover was more strongly correlated with planted grass cover than with distance from the _A. cristatum_ source, species richness, percentage bare ground or percentage litter. 4. The strength of the negative relationship between _Agropyron cristatum_ and planted native grasses varied among functional groups: the correlation was stronger with species with phenology and physiology similar to _A. cristatum_ (i.e. C3 grasses) than with dissimilar species (C4 grass). 5. Richness and cover of naturally establishing native species decreased with increasing _Agropyron cristatum_ cover. In contrast, restoration had little effect on the establishment and colonization of naturally establishing native species. Thus, _A. cristatum_ hindered colonization by native species while planted native grasses did not. 6. Synthesis and applications. To our knowledge, this study provides the first indication that restoration can act as a filter, constraining invasive species while allowing colonization by native species. These results suggest that resistance to invasion depends on the identity of species in the community and that restoration seed mixes might be tailored to constrain selected invaders. Restoring areas before invasive species become established can reduce the magnitude of biological invasion. References Bakker, J.D., & S.D. Wilson. 2004. Using ecological restoration to constrain biological invasion. _Journal of Applied Ecology_ 41:_1058-1064. Wilson, S.D., J.D. Bakker, J.M. Christian, X. Li, L.G. Ambrose, & J. Waddington. 2004. Semiarid old-field restoration: is neighbor control needed? _Ecological Applications_ 14:_476- 484. _CHAMAECYPARIS NOOTKATENSIS_ IS NOW _CALLITROPSIS NOOTKATENSIS_: YELLOW CEDAR BY ANY OTHER NAME WOULD STILL SMELL AS YELLOW CEDAR From: Little et al. (2004), _American Journal of Botany_ 9(11): 1872-1881. Recently, a new species of conifer was found among the remnants of moist karst forest in northern Vietnam (Averyanov et al. 2002; Farjon et al. 2002) and a new genus - _Xanthocyparis_ - was described to accomodate this species that was described as _Xanthocyparis vietnamensis_ Farjon & Hiep. See also BEN # 284 & # 296. Farjon et al. (2002) analyzed 54 morphological characters that placed _Xanthocyparis vietnamensis_ sister to _Chamaecyparis nootkatensis_ within a paraphyletic subfamily Cupressoideae. The result of this analysis prompted nomenclatural transfer of _C. nootkatensis_ to the genus _Xanthocyparis_ as well as the renaming of three intergeneric hybrids. In this study (Little et al. 2004), analysis of ITS (nrDNA), _matK_, and _rbcL_ sequence data in combination with 58 morphological characters confirmed monophyly of _Xanthocyperis_ as it was dsecribed by Farjon et al. 2002). However, based on the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, this new genus name cannot stand. The genus _Callitropsis_ Oersted (non _Callitropsis_ sensu Compton 1922) with _Callitropsis nootkatensis_ (D. Don) Oerst. was described in 1865 and has the priority over the recent name _Xanthocyparis_. Because _Xanthocyparis vietnamensis_ and _Callitropsis nootkatensis_ are sister taxa and appear to be relatively closely allied, Little (in Little et al. 2004, p. 1879) tranferred _X. vietnamensis_ to the genus _Callitropsis_ and made the following new combination: _Callitropsis vietnamensis_ (Farjon & Hiep) D.P. Little. As now circumscribed, _Callitropsis_ contains the following two species with disjunct distribution: _Callitropsis nootkatensis_ (native to western North America), and _Callitropsis vietnamensis_ (native to moist karst forest in northern Vietnam). References: Averyanov, L.V., N.T. Hiep, D.K. Harder, & P.K. Loc. 2002. The history of discovery and natural habitats of _Xanthocyparis vietnamensis_ (Cupressaceae). _Turczaninowia_ 5: 31-39. Farjon, A, N.T. Hiep, D.K. Harder, P.K. Loc, & L. Averyanov. 2002. A new genus and species in the Cupresaceae (Coniferales) from northern Vietnam, _Xanthocyparis vietnamensis_. _Novon_ 12: 179-189. Little, D.P., A.E. Schwarzbach, R.P. Adams, & C.-F. Hsieh. 2004. The circumscription and phylogenetic relationships of _Callitropsis_ and the newly described genus _Xanthocyparis_ (Cupressaceae). _Amer. J. Bot._ 9(11): 1872-1881. NEW BOOK: LICHEN HUNTERS From: Cliff Smith [cliff@hawaii.edu], originally posted at [lichens-l@hawaii.edu] Gilbert, Oliver. 2004. _The lichen hunters_. The Book Guild Ltd, Lewes, UK. 192 p. ISBN 1 85776 930 9 [hard cover] Price: GBP 16.90 Postage (in GBP): UK 2.00, Europe 3.50, rest of the world 6.00 Order from: The Book Guild Ltd., Temple House, 25 High Street, Lewes, BN7 2LU, UK. Credit card orders +44(0)1825 723 398 'The author's pursuit of lichens has taken him and his friends from the Highlands of Scotland to the remotest Hebrides islands, and on to the churchyards, disused airfields and saltwater lagoons in lowland England. Willing to travel huge distances, investigate inaccessible and dangerous terrain, and endure every form of extreme climate these lichen enthusiasts retain an almost childlike delight at the discovery of a rare species. Part travelogue and part a social history of the British Lichen Society _The Lichen Hunters_ is an engrossing read. _The Lichen Hunters_ has been written to put on record what it was like to be a member of that heady, first generation of lichenologists following on from a long period of neglect of the subject. The author relates with affection his adventures in long forgotten forests, the rewards of employing expedition tactics to investigate remote areas, and the delights of surveying lake margins. Changes to field work over the last fifty years are described and anecdotes about leading personalities recounted. From: http://www.bookguild.co.uk/preview.htm : _The Lichen Hunters_ is an enthusiastic account of the recent years of a burgeoning ecological movement - The British Lichen Society. Formed in 1958 the society created a complete listing of all British lichens. Lichens are like a multitude of small watchmen recording the progress of pollution across the countryside. They are indicators of air-quality, traffic pollution, fertilizers and acid rain. _The Lichen Hunters_ will charm readers and be a valuable addition to the ecological canon. Oliver Gilbert gained a degree in Botany from Exeter University. He worked as Deputy Warden at Malham Tarn Field Centre in North West Yorkshire and then at the Botany Department of the University of Newcastle. He has been President of the British Lichen Society and in 2004 was the recipient of the Ursula Duncan award for his outstanding contribution to British lichenology. ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@telus.net BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska@victoria.tc.ca Thu Jan 27 18:34:22 2005 From: aceska@victoria.tc.ca (Adolf Ceska) Date: Thu, 27 Jan 2005 10:34:22 -0800 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 341 Message-ID: <001401c5049e$d2ad8c20$0828b440@HPLAPTOP001> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 341 January 27, 2005 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- KEY TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF THE _POA SECUNDA_ AGGREGATE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST OF NORTH AMERICA From: Adolf Ceska [aceska@telus.net] _Poa secunda_ in the broadest sense is distributed over most of western North America with disjunct populations in the Gaspe Peninsula, Quebec and another in Chile. It is a complex of apomictic forms and as many as 45 "species" have been described in this complex (Kellogg 1990). On the other hand, more conservative botanists would treat all the forms as a single species (Marsh 1952), or only two species (Kellogg 1985, Kartesz 1994). A.S Hitchcock (1950) treats this complex as two separate sections of the genus _Poa_ (i.e., sect. Scabrellae and sect. Nevadenses) with four species in each section for the total of eight species. Kellogg (1985b) pointed out that it is difficult to identify those species: "either the keys need improvement or the 'species' are not really distinct." Kellogg herself recognized that there was more variation within this group than could be encompassed by one or two single species: "It may still be useful for range managers to have a name for some of the groups formerly called species. For instance, the large plants with long glaucous leaves, short ligules and sparse pubescence on the lemmas are distinctive in their extreme form even though all characters integrade fully with the rest of _Poa secunda_" (Kellogg 1985, p. 521). Larson et. al. (2001) performed the DNA analysis of several samples from the _Poa secunda_ complex and found only "little divergence between two "Sandberg bluegrass" populations [i.e., _Poa sandbergii_ (Reichart) A.S. Hitch. = _Poa secunda_ J. Presl], collected from sites nearly 600 km apart." On the other hand, Canbar cultivar of "_Poa canbyi_" (2n = 63) and Shearman cultivar of "_Poa ampla_" (2n = 84) were quite different from the natural "Sandberg bluegrass" populations. However, we can expect such clear cut differences, if we deal with cultivars (as Larson et al. did) instead of plants from natural populations. About eight "species" has been recognized within this complex. These eight "species" that have been consistently mentioned in the "_Poa secunda_" treatment by A.C. Hitchcock & Chase (1950), Hitchcock et al. (1969), Cronquist et al., and even by Kellogg (1985). The key for their identification adapted from Cronquist et al. (1977) is given below. _Poa incurva_ Scribn. & Williams, not included in this key, is a higher elevation "species" (described from the Olympic Mtns.) that is viewed by some as "_Poa secunda_ of higher elevations", or as a "higher elevation form of _Poa canbyi_". Apomictic complexes pose a problem to classification. In the case of the _Poa secunda_ aggregate, to recognize 45 "small species" is unrealistic. At the same time, I think it is equally incorrect to ignore sets of morphological or distributional information and treat the whole complex as only one or two species. Wisskirchen & Hauepler (1998) give an interesting precedent on how to deal with this problem. In their list of Vascular Plants of Germany, they present two versions of the _Oenothera_ classification. One, presented by a "lumper" recognized 7 species (including two nothospecies) in this genus in Germany, the other, a "splitter" that recognized 46 species (including 7 nothospecies) in the same complex. I do not want to pretend that I understand the _Poa secunda_ aggregate, but I am quite happy to call our lowland plants on Vancouver Island _Poa canbyi_ and those from the higher elevations _Poa gracillima_, instead of calling them all "_Poa secunda_". If we ignore those "small species" and the differences between them, every second _Poa_ collected in the Pacific Northwest will turn out to be _Poa secunda_. Characteristics of the "_Poa secunda_" s.lato Spikelets little compressed, narrow, much longer than wide; the lemmas convex on the back; the keels obscure and intermediate nerves usually faint. All bunchgrasses. 1. Lemmas crisp-puberulent on the back toward the base (the pubescence sometimes obscure or only at the very base) ........................................... Sect. Scabrellae 2. Sheaths somewhat scabrous ............... _Poa scabrella_ 2. Sheaths glabrous 3. Panicle rather open, the lower branches naked at the base, ascending or somewhat spreading; culms usually decumbent at base .................... _Poa gracillima_ 3. Panicle contracted, the branches appressed or at anthesis somewhat spreading. 4. Culms slender, on the average less than 30 cm tall; numerous short innovations at base; blades usually folded .............................. _Poa secunda_ 4. Culms stouter, on the average more than 50 cm tall; innovations not numerous ............. _Poa canbyi_ 1. Lemmas glabrous or minutely scabrous, but not crisp- puberulent ................................ Sect. Nevadenses 5. Sheaths scaberulous; ligules long; decurrent ......................................... _Poa nevadensis_ 5. Sheaths glabrous. 6. Ligules prominent; blades broad and short ..................................... _Poa curtifolia_ 6. Ligules short; blades elongate. 7. Blades involute .................. _Poa juncifolia_ 7. Blades flat ........................... _Poa ampla_ References Cronquist, A., A.H. Holmgren, N.H. Holmgren, J.L Reveal, & P.K. Holmgren. 1977. _Intermountain flora: vascular plants of the intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 6. The Monocotyledons_. Columbia University Press, N.Y. Hitchcock, A.S. 1950. _Manual of the grasses of the United States_. 2nd Ed., revised by Agnes Chase. Dover Publications Inc., N.Y. Hitchcock, C.L., A. Cronquist, M. Ownbey, & J.W. Thompson. 1969. _Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 1: Vascular cryptogams, gymnosperms, and monocotyledons_. Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle. Kellogg, E.A. 1985. Variation and names in the Poa secunda complex. _J. Range Management_ 38: 516-521. http://jrm.library.arizona.edu/data/1985/386/8kell.pdf Kellogg, E.A. 1990. Variation andspecies limits in agamospermous grasses. _Syst. Bot._ 15: 112-123. Larson, S.R., B.L. Waldron, S.B. Monsen, L. St.John, A.J. Palazzo, C.L. McCracken, & R.D. Harrison. 2001. AFLP variation in agamospermous and dioecious bluegrasses of western North America. _Crop Science_ 41: 1300-1305. http://crop.scijournals.org/cgi/content/full/41/4/1300 Marsh, V.L. 1952. A taxonomic revision of the genus _Poa_ of United States and southern Canada. _Amer. Midland Naturalist_ 47: 202-256. Wisskirchen, R. & H. Haeupler, Henning. 1998. _Standardliste der Farn- und Bluetenpflanzen Deutschlands mit Chromosomeatlas von F. Albers_. Vol. 1 in Haeupler, Henning (ed.). _Die Farn- und Bluetenpflanzen Deutschlands_. Vol. Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz. 1998. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Germany. PHYLOGENETIC EVIDENCE OF A RAPID RADIATION OF PLEUROCARPOUS MOSSES (BRYOPHYTA) From: Shaw A.J., C.J. Cox, B. Goffinet, W.R. Buck, & S.B. Boles. 2003. Phylogenetic evidence of a rapid radiation of pleurocarpous mosses (Bryophyta). _Evolution_ 57(10): 2226- 41. [Abstract] Corresponding author: A.J. Shaw [shaw@duke.edu] Pleurocarpous mosses, characterized by lateral female gametangia and highly branched, interwoven stems, comprise three orders and some 5000 species, or almost half of all moss diversity. Recent phylogenetic analyses resolve the Ptychomniales as sister to the Hypnales plus Hookeriales. Species richness is highly asymmetric with approximately 100 Ptychomniales, 750 Hookeriales, and 4400 Hypnales. Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequences were obtained to compare partitioning of molecular diversity among the orders with estimates of species richness, and to test the hypothesis that either the Hookeriales or Hypnales underwent a period (or periods) of exceptionally rapid diversification. Levels of biodiversity were quantified using explicitly historical "phylogenetic diversity" and non-historical estimates of standing sequence diversity. Diversification rates were visualized using lineagethrough-time (LTT) plots, and statistical tests of alternative diversification models were performed using the methods of Paradis (1997). The effects of incomplete sampling on the shape of LTT plots and performance of statistical tests were investigated using simulated phylogenies with incomplete sampling. Despite a much larger number of accepted species, the Hypnales contain lower levels of (cpDNA) biodiversity than their sister group, the Hookeriales, based on all molecular measures. Simulations confirm previous results that incomplete sampling yields diversification patterns that appear to reflect a decreasing rate through time, even when the true phylogenies were simulated with constant rates. Comparisons between simulated results and empirical data indicate that a constant rate of diversification cannot be rejected for the Hookeriales. The Hypnales, however, appear to have undergone a period of exceptionally rapid diversification for the earliest 20% of their history. Reference Paradis, E. 1997. Assessing temporal variations in diversificationrates from phylogenies: estimation and hypothesis testing. _Proc. R. Soc. London B Biol. Sci._ 264: 1141-1147. BOOK REVIEW: COLLECTION OF ESSAYS ON PTERIDOPHYTES From: Adolf Ceska [aceska@telus.net] Moran, Robbin C. 2004. _A natural history of ferns_. Timber Press, Portland, OR. 301 p. ISBN 0-88192667-1 [hard cover] Price: US$ 29.95 Available from: Timber Press, Portland, OR http://www.timberpress.com/ This is a magnificent collection of essays that covers the yes! - natural history of ferns. Some of the essays were originally published in the _Fiddlehead Forum_ (a newsletter of the American Fern Society) and one in its British equivalent, _Pteridologist_. Two of them (_In search of the fern seeds_ and _Nardoo_) were also posted in BEN. Robbin Moran's captivating style made this collection an excellent read and an easy introduction to various aspects of pteridophytes. However, it is also a scholarly work, and is an excellent source of information on ferns and their natural history. Thirty three essays cover all aspects of ferns and the so-called fern allies. The book is richly illustrated with 145 figures and 25 colour plates, and the illustrations are an integral part of the book. There are not too many nor too few, just right for the treated topics. As a matter of fact, when I posted two of Robbin Moran's essays in BEN, I had a hard time finding some that could stand on their own without their accompanying illustrations. "This book relies heavily on illustrations," writes Robbin Moran in the Acknowledgements and he thanks Haroto M. Fukuda for preparing many of the drawings. With quite a few drawings taken from the published literature, the author (and I assume Haroto M. Fikuda as well) managed to combine different styles very well. The result is a uniform visual feast, not a hodgepodge of pictures randomly thrown together. This is a beautiful book. Get it, read it, and become a pteridophyte addict. I warn you, this is a dangerous obsession. Pteridophytes are like cats: you have to like them, you are always amazed by them, but you will never understand them. Good luck! BIOLFLOR - ELECTRONIC FLORA DONE WITH GERMAN PERFECTION From: Adolf Ceska [aceska@telus.net] Klotz, S., I. Kuehn & W. Durka. 2002. _BiolFlor Eine Datenbank mit biologisch-oekologischen Merkmalen zur Flora von Deutschland_. Schriftenreihe fuer Vegetationskunde Heft 38. Bundesamt fuer Naturschutz, Bonn - Bad Godesberg, Germany. 334 p. ISBN 3-7843-3508-X [soft cover] + CD Price: Euro 25.00 Available from: BfN-Schriftenvertrieb in Landwirtschaftsverlag, 48084 Muenster, Germany URL: This database contains biological and ecological characteristics of the vascular plants of Germany. It gives detailed information on 3659 species of vascular plants. For each species the information contains data on over 60 characteristics, such as the status in the German flora (native, introduced, or just frequent ephemeral escapes from cultivation), chromosome numbers, morphology, flower biology, fruit and seed characteristics, distributional characteristics and ecological and phytosociological characteristics. In addition, the database is loaded with pertinent literature citations that direct you to further reading or further details (over 1800 sources). All the characteristics listed and classified in the database are covered in the book (334 pages) that treat every listed characteristic in detail. This book itself gives you a good idea about what you can "see" when you look at any vascular plant. It will show you what characteristics you can or should look at when you deal with a particular species. Even without a database, this cover volume is a good introduction to all aspects of plant biology, be it phytogeography, chromosome numbers, morphology, phenology, ecology or phytosociology. The references listed in this accompanying volume give you all the essential literature important in the descriptive botany. I received a complimentary copy of this book and CD from one of the authors, who is a long-time BEN subscriber and who also contributed to BEN in the past. If you get the book, or if you buy it, the CD that you get with the book has your registration number and you can access the main database at http://www.ufz.de/biolflor . I have to confess that I lost my CD somewhere in the basement (I call my basement "Schwarzes Loch" and it has all the astrophysical properties of a black hole), but I had managed to register before I lost sight of my registration number. I access the BiolFlor database online quite frequently and I always find the information I am looking for. However, given my ecological bias, I would like to have seen the Ellenberg indicator values listed in the database. The database, when you access it, is bilingual and you can import the species data into either German or English frames. My English legend is slipping off and is being replaced with the German one, but that's not a great inconvenience. When something like that happens, I always blame Bill Gates for it. I hope that this database will remain dynamic. That means that the new data, new references, and - if necessary - new taxa will be added, and all the nomenclatural changes of names will be tracked. This keeping the database up to date is a tremendous job on its own, but it is worthwhile to keep all the information in the database fresh and current. I hope that the database owners (Bundesamt f. Naturschutz) have put aside some funds for database maintenance. It had to be a tremendous job to put all this information together and both the authors, all the contributors, as well as the Bundesamt fuer Natrurschutz, should be congratulated to the work well done. W3TROPICOS From: http://mobot.mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html This site provides access to the Missouri Botanical Garden's VAST (VAScular Tropicos) nomenclatural database and associated authority files. It contains current information on the name, its place of publication, type, and other information about the majority of North American vascular plants. W3TROPICOS provides new and improved access to the Missouri Botanical Garden's VAST nomenclatural database and associated authority files. In this release (rev. 1.5), the following information is provided when present (* indicates a hypertext link to additional information about a name or reference): Names data Plant name and authors Group and family placement Place and date of publication Type information *Basionym, with place and date of publication *Next Higher Taxon, with place and date of publication *Other uses of this name *Synonyms of this name, and *References for the alternate usage *Homonyms and *Infraspecific names for species Reference Author(s) of the publication Date of publication Title of the article Journal or book title Volume and page numbers Keywords Example: You can trace up the "nomenclatural history" of any North American plant. Are you interested in the Cordilleran populations of Douglas- fir? It was originally described as a variety: Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca (Mayr) Franco Group - Gymnosperm - Family - PINACEAE - Pine Family Published in: Boletim da Sociedade Broteriana II 24: 77. 1950. {Bol. Soc. Brot. ; BPH 211.01} Basionym: Pseudotsuga douglasii var. glauca (Beissn., in Jager & Beissn.) Mayr Wald. Nordamer. 307, t. 6. 1890. Later it was elevated into the subspecies: Pseudotsuga menziesii subsp. glauca (Beissn., in Jager & Beissn.) E. Murray Group - Gymnosperm - Family - PINACEAE - Pine Family Published in: Kalmia 12: 24. 1982. {Kalmia } Basionym: Tsuga douglasii var. glauca Beissn., in Jager & Beissn. Ziergeh. Gart. Park ed. 2 446. 1884. Finally, it was recognized as a species different from the coastal _Pseudotsuga menziesii_ s.str.: Pseudotsuga glauca (Beissn., in Jager & Beissn.) Mayr. Group - Gymnosperm - Family - PINACEAE - Pine Family Published in: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Dendrologischen Gesellschaft 1901: 57. 1901. {Mitt. Deutsch. Dendrol. Ges. ; BPH 603.04} Basionym: Tsuga douglasii var. glauca Beissn., in Jager & Beissn. Ziergeh. Gart. Park ed. 2 446. 1884. ANNOUNCEMENT: COURSE ON MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF ECOLOGICAL DATA A course on Multivariate analysis of ecological data will be held in Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic 19 - 30 July 2005. Lecturers, Jan Leps and Petr Smilauer, are authors of the book _Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO_, published by Cambridge University Press - see: http://www.cplpress.com/contents/C1172.htm For more information on the course see http://regent.bf.jcu.cz/ ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@telus.net BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________