From aceska at telus.net  Fri Jun 29 01:12:19 2007
From: aceska at telus.net (Adolf Ceska)
Date: Thu, 28 Jun 2007 17:12:19 -0700
Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 380
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                                                  =20
BBBBB    EEEEEE   NN   N             ISSN 1188-603X
BB   B   EE       NNN  N            =20
BBBBB    EEEEE    NN N N             BOTANICAL
BB   B   EE       NN  NN             ELECTRONIC
BBBBB    EEEEEE   NN   N             NEWS

No. 380                              June 28, 2007

aceska@telus.net                     Victoria, B.C.
-----------------------------------------------------------
 Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2
-----------------------------------------------------------

HONORARY DOCTORATE FOR WILLAM J. (BILL) CODY=20

The doyen of Canadian botanists, William J. Cody, received the=20
honorary Dr.Sc. degree from his _Alma Mater_, the McMaster=20
University (Hamilton, Ontario) on June 5, 2007.=20

Honorary Degree Citation for William J. Cody, Dr.Sc. h.c.:

William James (Bill) Cody was born in Hamilton, Ontario in 1922. =20
He grew up in Hamilton during the Depression. During summers, he=20
worked on his Uncle Bruce's fruit farm near St. David's in the=20
Niagara Peninsula. He always enjoyed the outdoors, but it was=20
with the help of McMaster University's Professor Lulu Gaiser that=20
his love for plants grew. Bill received his Bachelor's Degree=20
from McMaster University in 1946.
   =20
That same year, Bill joined the Canada Department of Agriculture=20
at the Central Experimental Farm, in Ottawa, as Junior=20
Agricultural Assistant. He was subsequently promoted to Senior=20
Agricultural Assistant, Technical Officer and then Research=20
Assistant. His enthusiasm for the outdoors, led him to travel=20
extensively during the summer months across nine Provinces and=20
two Territories. During these excursions, he collected over 35,
000 plant specimens. He has published over 343 articles including=20
books, scientific papers, and popular articles. He is Canada's=20
leading expert on the flora of the Yukon and is an Honorary=20
Research Associate with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada.

Bill was appointed Curator of the Vascular Plant Herbarium in=20
1959. He held this position for 28 years. Under his supervision=20
it became the largest vascular plant herbarium in Canada with=20
more than one million specimens, including the thousands=20
collected by him personally. The herbarium provides a basis for=20
research and identification of economically important plants in=20
Canada.

Officially retiring in 1987, after 41 years of service, Bill=20
continues to go to the office. His expertise in identifying=20
specimens and his knowledge is sought after by the younger=20
generation of botanists. He remains an internationally recognized=20
authority in Canada and continues to contribute to the=20
development of the collection.

He joined the Ottawa Field-Naturalist Club when he arrived in=20
Ottawa in 1946. The position of Business Manager of a scientific=20
journal, _The Canadian Field-Naturalist_ has been his for over 50=20
years.  His duties include managing finances, monitoring stock,=20
billing for reprints and public relations.=20

Bill was married for 47 years to Lois and together they raised=20
five children: David, Margaret, Leslie, Douglas and Gordon.=20
Having sung in a Barber Shop Quartet and Church Choir, his joy of=20
music is very evident. Bill's baritone voice can be heard=20
resonating throughout the halls of his office and apartment=20
building.  He often has a pun or quip on the tip of his tongue.


In recent years, Bill had the opportunity to return to the Yukon=20
four times. Each time, he took one of his children to help him=20
collect and log specimens in order to determine range extensions=20
and also to let them experience a place that had been a large=20
part of his life.

Bill is very proud of his family heritage. His father, William=20
MacPherson Cody was the first appointed anesthetist to the=20
Hamilton General Hospital. Also, his second cousin, 3 times=20
removed, was William Frederick Cody, known to most as "Buffalo=20
Bill" Cody, a famous hero of the American Wild West.

Among the tributes awarded to Bill are: the Lawson Medal, most=20
prestigious award of the Canadian Botanical Association (1997);=20
the Distinguished Technical Communication Award of the Society=20
for Technical Communications (1997); Induction into the McMaster=20
University Alumni Gallery (2002); The Queen's Golden Jubilee=20
Medal (2002); and the Yukon Biodiversity Awareness Award (2006).


THE ONGOING DESTRUCTION OF TURKEY'S LARGEST UPLAND MIRE
From: Richard Payne, Warren Eastwood & Dan Charman=20
     [originally published in the _International Mire Conservation
     Group Newsletter_ 2007/2, page 5-6. http://www.imcg.net ]

Peatlands in Turkey are rare ecosystems of high conservation=20
value. The first systematic survey of peatland plants identified=20
five species new to Turkey and one species new to science
(Byfield & =D5zhatay 1997, Scholz & Byfield 2000).=20

Despite this importance many mires have been destroyed by peat=20
cutting and drainage; the total remaining peatland area is=20
probably no more than 30 km2 (=C7ayci et al. 1988, =D5z 1996). The=20
majority of peatlands are fens and only one large ombrotrophic=20
bog has been documented. This site, the S=FCrmene Aga=E7ba=BAi Yaylasi=20
peatland lies in the Soganli Dag Mountains of Northeast Turkey=20
just to the south of the coastal Black Sea town of S=FCrmene. High=20
local rainfalltogether with the elevation of the site (2000 m asl
)has allowed blanket peat formation to a depth of over 3 m.=20
Dominant plant species are _Sphagnum palustre_, _S. fuscum_ and=20
_Carex_ spp.=20

The site includes several plant species that are extremely rare=20
in Turkey including _Carex pauciflora_, _Drosera rotundifolia_,=20
_Eriophorum angustifolium_, _Lycopodiella inundata_,=20
_Rhynchospora alba_, _Andromeda polifolia_ and _Carex=20
lasiocarpa_, the latter two are only known from this site.=20

Many plant species characteristic of northern European peatlands=20
may reach their southernmost limit in this mire making it=20
important from a biogeographic point of view (Byfield and =D5zhatay=20
1997). Other groups such as insects and microorganisms have not=20
been surveyed systematically, but given the isolation of the site=20
it is likely that many uncommon species may be present.=20

The site furthermore is valuable as an archive of the past=20
environments of the mire and the region. Previous research has=20
investigated the dendrochronological and pollen record from the=20
site (Aytug et al. 1975).=20

Currently we are investigating the vegetation and climate record=20
as part of the ENVNET project:
http://www.gees.bham.ac.uk/research/ENVNET/=20

S=FCrmene Aga=E7ba=BAi Yaylasi as the name implies, is a "yayla" or=20
seasonally-occupied village where the inhabitants practise=20
transhumance and occupy the upland mountainous region only during=20
the summer months returning to lower elevations during the harsh=20
winter months.=20

Despite this and despite the uniqueness of the=20
mire, the site is severely threatened by human activities,=20
primarily peat cutting for fuel. Peat cutting at the site is a=20
comparatively recent phenomenon.=20

Exactly when the first cutting took place is uncertain; responses=20
from local people depended on who is asked and varied between=20
approximately 20 and 50 years ago (i.e. 1950s to 1980s). There is=20
no indication that peat cutting is a very long established=20
activity as is commonly the case in Western Europe.=20

Peat is removed from throughout the site by people from seven=20
surrounding summer villages and used as domestic fuel. No trade=20
in peat is known. Peat is cut by hand into blocks approximately=20
4-5 cm thick. Cutting takes place in two general ways. In many=20
areas peat has been cut by digging holes down into the peat=20
surface, these holes vary in size up to about 3 m across. In=20
other areas peat cutting has followed an approach more similar to
traditional peat cutting in northern Europe with cutting from a=20
marginal peat face up to 1.5 m high, the majority of the most=20
recent cuttings are of this type. Cut blocks are left to dry on=20
the surface or piled up into heaps.

Although peat cutting is solely for domestic use and is practised=20
using manual techniques, the impacts are severe. Up to 20 people=20
have been observed working the site at any one time (Byfield &=20
=D5zhatay, 1997). During one visit in August 2006 we estimated the=20
size of the cut peat piles on the surface of the mire and in the=20
surrounding area. Over 350 piles were counted with an estimated=20
volume of 120 m3.

Although some of the piles may be from previous years, peat was=20
being removed actively at the time of visit so this figure may be=20
an underestimate of the volume of peat removed in a year.

Peat cutting has drastically affected the site. Cut holes are=20
found throughout the site and there are no large areas of deep=20
peat that are free of signs of past cutting. There has not been a=20
systematic attempt to drain the site but areas near the cut faces=20
are very dry, water tables were a metre or more below the surface=20
in August 2006.=20

The unusual pattern of peat cutting by holes may have resulted in=20
less hydrological impact than if all peat had been removed from=20
cut faces at the site margins. Peat holes left by this cutting=20
revegetate and in a few cases a continuous Sphagnum cover has=20
been established. Where peat has been removed from the site=20
margins revegetation has been limited.

Peat cutting is the most drastic human-impact on the site; other=20
impacts are also significant, however. The areas around the=20
peatland are used for cattle grazing. Cattle graze the margins of=20
the mire and some areas show signs of trampling and cattle=20
faeces.=20

There is a significant amount of litter across the site,=20
particularly plastic bags and bottles. In some areas peat=20
cuttings have been used as tips for larger amounts of rubbish.

It is now a decade since the conservation importance of Turkish=20
peatlands and this mire in particular were highlighted by Byfield=20
& =D5zhatay (1997). The destruction of the mire has continued and=20
perhaps even accelerated in the intervening years. If the mire is=20
to be conserved even in a semi-natural state, conservation action=20
will need to be taken in the very near future.=20

Preventing the cutting would not be straightforward, as peat=20
clearly plays an important role as a domestic energy source for=20
the villages concerned. Furthermore, the remoteness of the site=20
would make direct prohibition very difficult to
enforce if the local people were unwilling to cease peat cutting.=20

In the short-term the western areas of the site could be=20
preserved and cutting could continue in the eastern areas of the=20
site which are already highly degraded and unlikely to be=20
restorable to anything like a natural state. In the longer-term,=20
replacements for peat as fuel should be investigated. Villagers=20
report that the area was forested as recently as the early 20th=20
century; sustainable forestry may be practical in more sheltered=20
areas of the surrounding vicinity.

References

Aytug, B., Menev, N. & Edis, G. 1975. _S=FBrmene-Aga=E7ba=BAi=20
     Dolaylari Ladin Ormaninin Tarihi ve Gelecegi_ T=DBBITAK Tarim=20
     ve Ormancilik Ara=BAtirma Grubu, Series 39, Ankara.
Byfield, A. & =D5zhatay, N. 1997. _A future for Turkey's peatlands:  =20
     A conservation strategy for Turkey's peatland heritage._
     Dogal Hayati Koruma Dernegi, Istanbul.
=C7ayci, G., Ataman, Y., =DBnver, I., & Munsuz, N. 1988.
     Distribution and horticultural values of the peats in
     Anatolia, _Acta Horticulturae_ 238: 189-196.
=D5z, D. (1996) Peatlands in Turkey. In: Lappalainen, E.
     editor, _Global Peat Resources_ International Peat Society.
Scholz, H. and Byfield, A. (2000) Three grasses new to
     Turkey. _Turkish Journal of Botany_ 24: 263-267.


NEW BOOK: THE CAUCASUS AND ITS FLOWERS
From: Sergei Yazvenko [yazvenko@islandnet.com]

Holubec, Vojtech & Pavel Krivka. 2006.
     The _Caucasus and its Flowers_.=20
     Published by LOXIA, Prague. 390 p. ISBN 80-9025-413-6 [hard cover]=20
     Price: US$ 110.00
     Available from:
     Summerfield Books (www.summerfieldbooks.com). The Arches,=20
     Main Street, Brough, Cumbria, CA17 4AX, UK;=20
     Ph. +44 (017683) 41577; Fax: +44 (017683) 41687;=20
     e-mail: info@summerfieldbooks.co.uk

This is the first illustrated work in English on the superb=20
mountain flora of a magnificent range of the Caucasus that lies=20
between Europe and Asia, between the Black and Caspian Seas.  And=20
what a beautiful work it is!  This is not a formal "Flora of the=20
Caucasus".  The book is aimed mainly "at lovers of mountain flora=20
and growers of rock garden plants", at the authors state.  So it=20
is written in an informal relaxed style.  This format gives the=20
authors the flexibility to place a photo of a street sweeper with=20
his broom to illustrate the uses of _Limonium meyeri_ or a photo=20
of a sheep slaughtered for dinner to show how hospitable the local=20
people are.  Still, the book contains an ocean of valuable=20
information for any botanist interested in the Caucasian flora or=20
vegetation. A long Introduction covers the history of botanical=20
exploration (look for a long list of German names!), climate,=20
geology and relief, flora and vegetation, and even practical tips=20
on access to the Caucasus. =20

All sections are illustrated by marvelous photos, which are the
main draw.  The systematic section covers plant species; out of
about 6300 plant species recognized in the Caucasus, the book has=20
beautiful illustrations for over 500 species. =20

Most of the photos are excellent, taken in the wild during the=20
extensive travel of the authors, so the reader can often see the=20
landscape in which a plant grows.  The descriptions are brief and=20
informative and include a Latin name, 1-2 synonyms, and a=20
paragraph covering morphology, ecology and distribution. =20
Distribution maps for many taxa are very useful.=20

Such a splendid piece of work cannot be without glitches, the=20
main being that the spelling of Latin names, though generally=20
accurate, still needs another go-through ("_Parotia_" _persica_,
_Rhamnus_ "_immeretina_", _Rhamnus_ "_palasii_", etc.). =20
However, these bugs do not diminish the feeling of elation when=20
reading through the book and meditating on its hundreds of
photos. =20

The book is worth every penny of its price.

________________________________________________________________

Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l
Send submissions to aceska@telus.net
BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/
________________________________________________________________


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