From aceska at telus.net Tue Mar 6 14:21:51 2007 From: aceska at telus.net (Adolf Ceska) Date: Tue, 6 Mar 2007 06:21:51 -0800 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 374 Message-ID: <002d01c75ffa$c8d51920$1c12d8cf@xphome> This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_002E_01C75FB7.BAB1D920 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 374 March 6, 2007 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- HARRIET NAHANEE (1935-2007), ABORIGINAL ELDER AND ACTIVIST A community is in mourning following the death of a great- grandmother who fought to defend aboriginal rights and the environment. Harriet Nahanee will be remembered as the first person to die as a result of protesting development around the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver/Whistler, British Columbia. Harriet Nahanee, an aboriginal elder and activist, died Sunday, Februay 24, 2007, at the age of 71. She had recently been released from the Surrey Pretrial Centre after serving a two week jail sentence for contempt of court for disobeying a court order made in a civil proceeding in which she was not named as a party. Harriet was one of numerous local people who congregated at a Sea to Sky Highway construction site [the highway connects Vancouver, B.C., with the 2010 Winter Olympic sites in Whistler] to demonstrate their displeasure with the government decision to blast an overland route through the sensitive Eagleridge Bluffs ecosystem, rather than build a much less obtrusive tunnel. No one was charged with any criminal offence as a result of the protest demonstration. Rather, according to the anachronisitic British Columbia method of dealing with such matters, the corporate contractors commenced a civil lawsuit and obtained an injunction restraining anyone from being in the vicinity of the work site. Harriet and others were accused of contempt of court when they ignored the order, and they were sanctioned accordingly, in a process described by another B.C. jurist as "officially induced abuse of process", the use of civil proceedings for a collateral criminal objective. Ironically, 71 year old Harriet Nahanee, a gentle soul, frail and in ill health, spent more time in prison than a serial convicted sex offender, a middle aged teacher who sexually exploited his students and who was recently sentenced to "house arrest" for his crimes. Did Harriet Nahanee's punishment fit the "crime" of attempting to speak out against the desecration of the environment? Did jailing her, a respected aboriginal elder, do anything to enhance respect for the courts or for the rule of law? In a separate trial, 78 year old Betty Krawczyk, an environmental activist previously involved in blockades at Clayoquot Sound, the Elaho and Walbran Valleys, was convicted of criminal contempt of court for her non-violent passive resistance at Eagleridge Bluffs Final sentencing arguments were heard February 19, 2007 with the crown recommending a 9-15 month prison sentence based on Betty's previous contempt of court convictions and her 3 arrests at Eagleridge. Yesterday (March 5, 2007), 78 year old Betty Krawczyk was sentenced to 10 months in prison. The sentencing was announced in the bullet-proof "Air India" courtroom! Gary Lewis wrote in Menziesia, Summer 2001: "The outcrop complex at Eagleridge represents a unique and diverse ecosystem in the Lower Mainland and in British Columbia. The diverse topographic and environmental characteristics of these outcrops maintain rare vegetation associations and rare species. The ecological processes which occur on outcrops are also unique. Successful maintenance of biodiversity within BC will depend on the protection of rock outcrops. The Eagleridge outcrop complex is unique in the Lower Mainland and should be protected from further destruction and degradation from development and other human activities." Blasting of the Eagleridge Bluffs started in spring 2006. Sources: http://www.eagleridgebluffs.ca/ http://www.cameronward.com/ http://www.firstnations.de/media/06-0-eagleridge.pdf http://www.firstnations.de/development.htm http://npsbc.org/Newsletter/article03.htm STATEMENT BY ADRIANE CARR, DEPUTY LEADER OF THE GREEN PARTY OF CANADA REGARDING THE DEATH OF HARRIET NAHANEE March 1, 2007 Statement made to the media conference held at 10:00 am, Native Friendship Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia Harriet Nahanee was a heroine. Despite her own ill health she put herself on the front line to protect the integrity and the health of mother Earth. She rightly opposed the destruction of a rare and beautiful place in First Nation's territory and tried her best to stop the bulldozers from destroying Eagleridge Bluffs. What more important purpose is there in life than to try to stop activities that destroy our precious planet, which is the source and sustenance of all life? The BC Supreme Court dealt with her brave act of peaceful civil disobedience with undue harshness. The judge was informed about Harriet's ill health yet convicted her of contempt of court and sentenced her to two weeks in jail. I believe Harriet's time in the Surrey jail contributed to the rapid deterioration of her health leading to her death. The harsh sentencing of Harriet has not made people more respectful of our court system. Instead, it has prompted people to feel that our courts are inequitable and insensitive. People will continue in Harriet's footsteps to stand firmly and peacefully in defense of our planet. I hope that Harriet's death prompts the courts to change how they deal with such non-violent, consciencious acts of civil disobedience, and recognize that Harriet, Betty Krawczyk and other environmental protesters act not in contempt of court but with contempt for government decisions that allow the destruction of our environment. The Green Party of Canada honours the life and the brave, principled actions of Harriet Nahanee. Adriane Carr Deputy Leader, Green Party of Canada The Green Party of Canada supports the call for a full inquiry into the circumstances leading to the death of Harriet Nahanee. KEY TO THE NATIVE AND INTRODUCED HIERACIUM_ (ASTERACEAE) IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST OF NORTH AMERICA From: Linda M. Wilson, University of Idaho [lwilson@uidaho.edu] INTRODUCTION The name _Hieracium_ comes from the Greek '_hierax_', meaning hawk; allegedly keen-sighted hawks of yore ate the sap of the brightly colored plants to sharpen their eyesight. In North America, invasive hawkweeds are an eyesore - and they are among the most troublesome weeds in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) (Wilson et al. 1997). The first invasive species, _Hieracium aurantiacum_, arrived in the region as recently as fifty years ago, probably from the western expansion of infestations from eastern Canada and the US during or shortly after the Second World War. There are now about 14 species of invasive hawkweeds in the PNW. Rapid spread of hawkweed has been possible because much of the land in British Columbia, coastal and northeastern Washington, northern Idaho, and northwestern Montana is considered susceptible to invasion by these aggressive weeds. Hawkweeds are in the Tribe Lactuceae of the Family Asteraceae, having all strap-shaped (ligulate) flowers and a milky latex in stems and leaves. The genus Hieracium is divided into 3 subgenera (Strother 2006). Subgenus _Chionoracium_ (formerly subgenus _Stenotheca_) represents the + 20 native species in North America. Subgenus _Hieracium_ occurs in both North America and Europe. Two native species occur in the PNW; six species from central and eastern Europe also occur in the region. Subgenus _Pilosella_, entirely European in origin, represents most of the invasive species in the Pacific North West. A new species, _Hieracium glomeratum_, yellowdevil hawkweed, introduced from Europe, was identified from southeastern British Columbia in 2001. This was the first report of this species in North America (Wilson et al. 2006). An expanded key with descriptions of all the Pacific Northwest hawkweeds is available online at http://www.for.gov. bc.ca/hfp/invasive /index.htm KEY TO HAWKWEED (_HIERACIUM_) SPECIES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST 1a. Plants with or without stolons, stems erect, not stiff, stem leaves absent or much reduced (and only on the lower third of the stem); basal leaves lance-shaped to elliptic or egg- shaped and margins mostly entire (or minutely toothed); inflorescence solitary to an open flat- or round topped cluster. Introduced species. ................. 2 1b. Plants without stolons, stems erect, stiff, leafy; basal leaves broadly lance- shaped to egg-shaped and margins entire to strongly toothed; inflorescence an open, round- topped cluster. Native and introduced species. ......... 9 2a. Flowers orange to red- orange; basal leaves with numerous simple hairs on upper surface and simple and stellate hairs on lower surface; stem and phyllaries with numerous stellate, glandular and simple hairs; heads 20-50 in an open, rounded cluster, plants 10- 60 cm tall ............ ..................... _H. aurantiacum_ L. ORANGE HAWKWEED 2b. Flowers yellow, sometimes with red stripes, leaves and inflorescence various. ................................. 3 3a. Heads solitary (rarely 2); stems unbranched, without leaves, hairy at the base; stolons present, 10 - 25 cm long,leafy and mat-forming; basal leaves egg-shaped and narrow at the base, upper surface dark green with numerous long simple hairs; lower surface whitish from a dense mat of short, stellate hairs; phyllaries with numerous stellat glandular and simple hairs; plants 15-30 cm tall ................. ...................... _H. pilosella_ L. MOUSE-HAWKWEED 3b. Heads few to many on long stalks (peduncles) in open clusters; stems branched near the top, with or without 1-3 small leaves, smooth or hairy at the base; stolons present or absent; basal leaves lance- shaped to elliptic, smooth and glabrous or sparsely to abundantly hairy, but not white on lower surface; phyllaries with or without stellate, glandular and simple hairs. .................. 4 4a. Heads 2-6, each branch with a solitary head, leaves mostly basal, entire, stolons present ..........................5 4b. Heads 10-30 (many), leaves not as above, pubescence variable stolons present or absent. .................... 6 5a. Heads 2-6, leaves lance- shaped to spoon- shaped and narrow at the base; upper leaf surface dark green with few to numerous long simple hairs; lower surface with moderately dense stellate and long simple hairs; stolons long and leafy; phyllaries with numerous stellate, glandular and simple hairs; involucres 9-13 mm, plants 6- 20 cm tall ......_H. flagellare_ Willd. WHIPLASH HAWKWEED 5b.Heads 4-8,leaves slightly spoon- shaped, narrow at the base and tapering at the apex; upper leaf surface hairless or with few to numerous short simple hairs; lower surface with sparse stellate and short simple hairs; stolons long and leafy; phyllaries with numerous stellate, glandular and simple hairs; involucres 6-8 mm, plants 15-40 cm tall ................ _H. lactucella_ Wallr. PALE HAWKWEED 6a Leaves bright- to yellow-green; narrowly to broadly lance- shaped to elliptic and tapering to the petiole; both surfaces with + numerous simple hairs, lower surface with numerous stellate hairs. ............................... 7 6b. Leaves dark green, smooth and glabrous or with few simple hairs on the upper surface, on the margins and/or on the lower midrib, with or without stellate hairs on the lower surface. .............................................. 8 7a. Stolons present (though at times short and inconspicuous); upper leaf surface with long simple hairs, and lacking (or few) stellate hairs; lower surface with moderately dense stellate and long simple hairs; lower stems with dense stellate, simple and glandular hairs, heads 20-50 in a compact, flat-topped cluster, phyllaries sparsely covered with numerous stellate, glandular and simple hairs; plants 20-70 cm tall .. _H. caespitosum_ Dumort. MEADOW HAWKWEED 7b. Stolons absent; upper and lower surface of leaves with numerous stellate hairs, simple hairs short and stiff, giving the plant a rough texture; lower stems with sparse to dense stellate and short simple hairs; heads 15-25 in an open, round-topped cluster phyllaries densely covered with stellate and glandular hairs; plants 25- 90 cm tall .............. _H. glomeratum_ Froel. YELLOWDEVIL HAWKWEED 8a. Basal leaves narrowly lance-shaped, upper leaf surface and margin with sparse, long, simple hairs or hairs lacking, lower leaf surface and midrib with short, simple hairs, stellate hairs lacking; heads 15-25 in a loose, open cluster; phyllaries with numerous stellate, glandular and simple hairs; stolons present and leafy; plants 15-50 cm tall ... _H. floribundum_ Wimm. & Grab. KINGDEVIL HAWKWEED 8b. Leaves narrowly elliptical; leaves glabrous or with a few simple and stellate hairs; inflorescence an open cluster; phyllaries with numerous simple and glandular hairs but without stellate hairs; stolons present or absent .... 9 9a. Plants without stolons; upper leaf surface glabrous or with only a few simple hairs along margin, stellate hairs lacking, lower leaf surface smooth and glabrous except for few simple or stellate hairs on the midvein; heads 11-20 in an open, round-topped cluster, plants 40-90 cm tall ............ _H. piloselloides_ Vill. TALL HAWKWEED 9b. Plants with long, leafy stolons; upper leaf surface glabrous, lower surface with few to numerous stellate hairs, and with long, simple hairs only along midvein; heads 15-30 in an compact, round- topped cluster, plants 25-80 cm tall (= _H. bauhini_) ............... _H. praealtum_ Vill. QUEENDEVIL HAWKWEED 10a. Leaf margins entire or wavy toothed; basal leaves elliptic to narrowly lance- shaped, becoming withered and lacking at flowering (deciduous); stem leaves reduced; heads 2-25, small, with sparse to copious hairs ................... 11 10b. Leaf margins coarsely to strongly toothed; basal leaves egg- shaped to broadly lance-shaped, well-developed and persistent at flowering; stem leaves well- developed, heads 4-30, large, with few or no hairs. .............. 20 11a. Flowers white, leaves entire to wavy toothed, sparsely to moderately hairy, stem bases long- hairy, phyllaries with dark glandular hairs, stellate hairs absent, plants 30-6 cm tall; native species, widespread in dry, open woodlands .................... _H. albiflorum_ Hook. WHITE HAWKWEED 11b. Flowers yellow; leaves and inflorescence variable ....... 12 12a. Leaf margins entire ..................................... 13 12b. Leaf margins finely to coarsely toothed. ............... 18 13a. Basal leaves ovate to spoon-shaped (spatulate), narrowing to base, smooth and +/- hairless or with a few short hairs, stems unbranched, stem leaves absent, heads 2-10; plants 3-40 cm tall; native, subalpine species ............... 14 13b. Plants with leafy stems, stem leaves 2-6; leaves slender, narrowly elliptical to lanceshaped; plants slightly to copiously hairy; heads 7 to many; plants usually more than 30 cm tall ............................................ 15 14a. Upper part of stem, peduncles and involucral bracts sparsely grey-hirsute, glandular hairs present; achenes red ..................... _H. gracile_ Hook. SLENDER HAWKWEED 14b. Upper part of stem, peduncles and phyllaries black-villous, without glandular hairs; achenes black .................. ....................... _H. triste_ Willd. WOOLLY HAWKWEED 15a. Lower stem leaves reduced and smaller than those above; the largest leaves in the middle of the stem and the lower as well as upper leaves gradually reduced; plants endemic to the Columbia River Gorge ................................ .............. _H. longiberbe_ Howell LONG BEARD HAWKWEED 15b. The lowermost stem leaves large, the upper stem leaves gradually reduced (_H. scouleri_ Hook. SCOULER'S HAWKWEED complex [continue]) .................................. 16 16a. Plants sparsely or moderately setose below, subglabrous and often glaucous above ..................................... ..................... var. _scouleri_ SCOULER'S HAWKWEED 16b. Plants evidently long- setose above as well as below, not at all glaucous. ......................................... 17 17a. Involucre evidently glandular and rather sparingly setose .. .......... var. cynoglossoides Hook. HOUNDSTONGUE HAWKWEED 17b. Involucre very densely and conspicuously setose, scarcely or obscurely glandular....................................... ................. var. _albertinum_ Hook. WESTERN HAWKWEED 18a. Plants without bulbous- based, conical hairs; stems stout, with long spreading hairs, stem leaves abundant, lower stem leaves strongly toothed, ovate to broadly lanced- shaped, sometimes hairless or with stellate and simple hairs; mid-stem leaves mostly lance- shaped, entire to sparingly toothed, heads 6-20 (many)in an open, spreading cluster, phyllaries hairless or nearly so, plants 20-100 cm tall, native species .................................. .................... _H. canadense_ Michx. CANADA HAWKWEED 18b. Plants with bulbous- based, conical hairs on leaves or leaf margins .................................. ............ 19 19a. Stems slender; leaves linear, 4-12 times as long as wide, entire or only weakly toothed, narrowed to a sessile base; leaves somewhat stiff hairy, usually with stellate hairs; leaf margins rolled under (revolute) and rough from short, firm, conical hairs; stems uniformly leafy,leaves sessile; heads few to many (5-16) in an umbellate panicle, plants 30- 80 cm tall, native species (= _H. scabriusculum_) .... ................. _H. umbellatum_ L. NARROWLEAF HAWKWEED 19b. Stems robust; leaves oblong and narrowly tapered to a long petiole, leaf margins flat (not revolute) and smooth; lower leaf surfaces and lower stem with long, firm, subconic hairs; stellate hairs lacking throughout; stem robust; stem leaves 20 - 50; becoming smaller upwards; lower stem densely covered with long simple hairs; phyllaries with few glandular and long simple hairs, or glabrous; heads few to numerous (3-12) in an open, flat topped cluster; plants 40-130 cm tall, introduced species ..................... _H. sabaudum_ L. EUROPEAN HAWKWEED 20a. Leaves purple-mottled or blotched above, plants 20-80 cm tall, introduced species ..................... _H. maculatum_ Sm. SPOTTED HAWKWEED 20b. Leaves uniformly green ................................. 21 21a. Leaf bases rounded or truncate ......................... 22 21b. Leaf bases tapered and narrowing. ...................... 23 22a. Leaves strongly dentate (a few coarse teeth along the margin, with the teeth facing outward), with minute glands on the margin; basal leaves narrowly egg- shaped abruptly tapering to petiole, with numerous simple hairs on upper surface and stellate hairs on lower surface; stem leaves 2- 4; heads 2-10, with many dark, glandular and simple hairs and a few stellate hairs; phyllaries 12-16 mm long; branches of the inflorescence +/- upright; plants 20-40 cm tall; introduced species ............... ..................... _H. atratum_ Fries. POLAR HAWKWEED 22b. Leaves nearly entire or slightly toothed, without minute glands on the laef mmargin; basal leaves broadly elliptical, heart-shaped (cordate) or somewhat flattened (truncate) at base, not tapered to petiole, hairless or with simple hairs on the upper surface or sparse stellate hairs on the lower surface; stem leaves absent or 1- 2 near the base; heads 4-15, with dense stellate and dark glandular hairs; phyllaries 9-10 mm long; branches of the inflorescens spreaing; plants 20-80 cm tall, introduced species ........ _H. murorum_ L. WALL HAWKWEED 23a. Heads 4-12, with numerous stellate and simple hairs ( sometimes with few dark, glandular hairs); stems with sparse stellate hairs and numerous glandular hairs; basal leaves grey-green, broadly elliptical to lance-shaped, strongly toothed, narrowly tapering to a petiole; stem leaves 4-7, upper leaves smaller and sessile, plants 20-80 cm tall; phyllaries only slightly imbricate; introduced species ...................................... ................. _H. lachenalii_ Gmel. COMMON HAWKWEED 23b. Heads 10-25, without stellate and simple hairs; stems with numerous stellate and glandular hairs; basal leaves green, broadly elliptical, coarsely to strongly toothed, abruptly tapering to a petiole; stem leaves 7- 10, upper leaves smaller and sessile, plants 40-110 cm tall; phyllaries strongly imbricate; introduced species ................... ................. _H. laevigatum_ Willd. SMOOTH HAWKWEED TABLE 1 LIST OF NATIVE HAWKWEEDS IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (including Alaska, Alberta, California, Colorado, British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming) Scientific name Common name Distribution SUBGENUS _CHIONORACIUM_ _Hieracium albiflorum_ Hook. - white hawkweed AB, BC; AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, OR, UT, WA, WY _Hieracium argutum_ Nutt. - southern hawkweed CA _Hieracium bolanderi_ Gray. - Bolander's hawkweed OR (serpentine soils of SW), CA _Hieracium gracile_ Hook. - slender hawkweed BC; CA, CO, ID, MT, OR,WA, WY _Hieracium greenei_ Porter & Britt. - Green's hawkweed OR, CA _Hieracium horridum_ Fries. - rough hawkweed OR, CA _Hieracium longiberbe_ T.J. Howell - long beard hawkweed OR, WA (occurs only in Columbia River Gorge) _Hieracium parryi_ Zahn - Parry hawkweed OR (serpentine soils of SW), CA _Hieracium scouleri_ var. _albertinum_ (Farr) G.W. Douglas & G.A. Allen - western hawkweed AB, BC; AK, CA, CO, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY _Hieracium scouleri_ var. _cynoglossoides_ Arv.-Tour. - houndstongue hawkweed AB, BC; CA, ID, OR, WA _Hieracium scouleri_ Hook. var. _scouleri_ - Scouler's hawkweed AB, BC; CA, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY _Hieracium triste_ Willd. ex Spreng. - alpine hawkweed AB, BC, AK SUBGENUS _HIERACIUM_ _Hieracium canadense_ Michx. - Canada hawkweed BC; ID, MT, WA _Hieracium umbellatum_ L. - narrowleaf hawkweed BC; ID, MT, OR, WA, WY TABLE 2 LIST OF INVASIVE ALIEN HAWKWEEDS IN WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (including Alaska, Alberta, British Columbia, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming) Scientific name Common name Distribution SUBGENUS _PILOSELLA_ _Hieracium aurantiacum_ L. - orange hawkweed AB, BC; AK, ID, MT, OR, WA, WY _Hieracium caespitosum_ Dumort.(= _H. pratense_ Tausch) - meadow hawkweed AB, BC; ID, MT, OR, WA, WY _Hieracium flagellare_ Willd. - whiplash hawkweed BC; WY _Hieracium floribundum_ Wimmer. & Grab. - kingdevil hawkweed BC; ID, MT, OR, WA _Hieracium glomeratum_ Froel. - yellowdevil hawkweed BC; ID, WA _Hieracium lactucella_ Wallr. - pale hawkweed BC _Hieracium pilosella_ L. - mouse ear hawkweed BC; OR, WA _Hieracium piloselloides_ Vill. - tall hawkweed BC; MT _Hieracium praealtum_ Vill. ( = _H. bauhini_ Schult.) - queendevil hawkweed BC SUBGENUS _HIERACIUM_ _Hieracium atratum_ Fries. - polar hawkweed BC; WA _Hieracium laevigatum_ Willd. - smooth hawkweed BC; WA _Hieracium lachenalii_ K.C. Gmel. (= _H. vulgatum_ auct.) - common hawkweed BC; ID, WA _Hieracium maculatum_ Sm. - spotted hawkweed BC; WA _Hieracium murorum_ L. - wall hawkweed BC; AK _Hieracium sabaudum_ L. - European hawkweed BC; WA Liteature Cited Strother, J. L. 2006. _Hieracium_. _Flora of North America_ 20: 278-288. Available online at: http://www.fna.org /FNA/ Wilson, L.M., J.P. McCaffrey, P.C. Quimby, Jr., and J. L. Birdsall. 1997. Hawkweeds in the Pacific Northwest. _Rangelands_ 19(4): 18-23. Wilson, L.M., J. Fehrer, S. Brautigam and G. Grosskopf. 2006. A new invasive hawkweed, _Hieracium glomeratum_ (Lactuceae, Asteraceae), in the Pacific Northwest. _Can. J. Bot._ 84: 133- 142. ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@telus.net BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ ------=_NextPart_000_002E_01C75FB7.BAB1D920 Content-Type: application/ms-tnef; name="winmail.dat" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="winmail.dat" eJ8+IjMOAQaQCAAEAAAAAAABAAEAAQeQBgAIAAAA4gQAAAAAAADmAAEIgAcAGAAAAElQTS5NaWNy b3NvZnQgTWFpbC5Ob3RlADEIAQ2ABAACAAAAAgACAAEIAAUABAAAAAAAAAAAAAEJAAQAAgAAAAAA AAABBoADAA4AAADXBwMABgAGABUAAAACAAQBAQOQBgAITAAALgAAAAsAAgABAAAACwAjAAAAAAAD ACYAAAAAAAsAKQAAAAAACwArAAAAAAADAC4AAAAAAAMANgAAAAAAHgBNAAEAAAABAAAAAAAAAB4A cAABAAAACgAAAEJFTiAjIDM3NAAAAAIBcQABAAAAJQAAAAHHXxuj65qCwDxSFE0OmtOUyCPv5eMA AAilIAAP2rYgACfPrbAAAAALABcMAAAAAAIBHQwBAAAAFgAAAFNNVFA6QUNFU0tBQFRFTFVTLk5F 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MzcAAAAAUk4= ------=_NextPart_000_002E_01C75FB7.BAB1D920-- From aceska at telus.net Wed Mar 21 15:32:10 2007 From: aceska at telus.net (Adolf Ceska) Date: Wed, 21 Mar 2007 07:32:10 -0700 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 375 Message-ID: <001601c76bc5$b6491280$1c12d8cf@xphome> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 375 March 21, 2007 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- _ELEOCHARIS_ IN BRITISH COLUMBIA: SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS, KEY, AND _E. NITIDA_ NEWLY REPORTED FOR B.C. From: S. Galen Smith, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Whitewater (Emeritus); Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison (Honorary Fellow). 218 DuRose Terrace, Madison, WI 53705, U.S.A. [sgsmith2@wisc.edu] [This is the Introduction and Key from the full taxonomical treatment of the genus _Eleocharis_ in British Columbia. For the full treatment see the Oklahoma University BEN Archive: http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben375.html ] In the mid-1990's I accepted the invitation to be in charge of the treatment of _Eleocharis_ for the _Flora of North America_ (FNA) project in addition to preparing the treatments of four genera segregated from _Scirpus sensu lato_, even though I had no experience with _Eleocharis_. Although Svenson’s pioneer studies (Svenson 1929, 1932, 1934, 1939, 1947, and 1957) provided a good basis for my work, I soon discovered that I had to do an enormous amount of basic taxonomic work on six very difficult species groups in addition to all of the other chores of producing a unified treatment of the genus. Although I could not study all specimens from all herbaria, I did borrow specimens from the University of British Columbia (UBC) and the Royal British Columbia Museum (V), and here thank the kind assistance of the curators of those herbaria for their help. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a key and descriptions for just the species of Eleocharis known to occur in British Columbia to make it easier to identify specimens from there because my huge key in FNA is so extremely complex that it is very difficult to use. Secondary purposes are to highlight taxonomic problems among these species and provide other useful information not included in FNA. Also, the presence of _Eleocharis nitida_ is here reported for the first time for B.C. Major credit for this report belongs to S. Frank Lomer, who collected _E. nitida_ in B.C. in 1997, and informed me in 2005 that two collections that I had annotated as _E. nitida_ but overlooked while preparing my FNA treatment are in the herbarium of the University of Minnesota herbarium. I have only seen these three specimens of _E. nitida_ from B.C.: B.C., Silvertip Mt., Skagit Range, Cascade Mts., ca. 18 km NNW of Ross Lake, 48deg08’70”N 121deg14’10”W, springy mossy sod from fresh water seep, elev. ca. 3300 feet, 4 Aug 1997 (but grown in pot until pressed on 11 Sep 1997), _F. Lomer_ 97-592_ (WIS); B.C., Glacier Brown rocks (late schist), base of Avalanche Crest, 4800 ft, Sept. 1920, _F.K. Butters_ (MIN 240428); B.C., Glacier, swamps by Government Road, 4000 ft, 30 July1913, _F.K. Butters_ (MIN 240726). The diminutive and easily overlooked E. nitida, which is closely related to the also remarkable _E. elliptica_, seems to be a very good species. It is restricted to boreal North America, with a wide but markedly disjunct distribution across the continent. To my knowledge, the known localities nearest to those in B.C. are in northeastern Saskatchewan and on Kodiak Island. In the descriptions herein the items in brackets refer to information from outside of B.C.; measurements of plant structures are mostly taken from my treatment (and Francis J. Menapace’s for _E. atropurpurea_) in the _Flora of North America_ (Smith 2002, Menapace 2002). The format I have used for the descriptions is that being used by the editors of the upcoming _The Jepson Manual of the Higher Plants of California ed. 2_, for which I am preparing the treatment of _Eleocharis_. ELEOCHARIS COMMON NAME: SPIKE-RUSHES PLANTS annual or perennial, tufted or generally forming mats, glabrous, with evident internal air cavities; caudex sometimes present; rhizomes present or absent, long (or short), scaly, tip rarely with a bulb or tuber. STEM (CULM) unbranched, generally erect, smooth, [sometimes hollow with complete cross-partitions], tip rarely rooting. LEAVES 2, basal, blade absent or rarely rudimentary. INFLORESCENCE: Bract absent; spikelet 1, terminal on culm, generally ovoid, [rarely compressed], 3- to 100+ flowered, [rarely forming plantlets]; basal scale completely encircling stem or not, generally less than ½ as long as spikelet, flower absent (or present); scales spiraled [rarely 2-ranked], generally ovate, generally brown, generally membranous, smooth, tip generally acute to obtuse, entire (rarely notched or bifid), midrib not prolonged. FLOWER bisexual, 1 per scale; perianth bristle-like, 0–8, persistent, rudimentary to ca. equaling tubercle, retrorsely [to antrorsely] barbed or sometimes smooth; stamens 3 (or fewer); style 1, thread-like, base generally enlarged and persistent on mature achene as the tubercle. TUBERCLE generally clearly distinct from achene, or sometimes merging with and hard to distinguish from achene summit, much smaller than- to about as large as achene. FRUIT: An achene, generally obovoid, generally brown, surface smooth or sometimes finely rugulose or with several prominent and many fine horizontal bars [or rows of pits]. SPECIES IN GENUS and RANGE: ca. 200, boreal to tropical worldwide. ETYMOLOGY: Greek heleios, dwelling in a marsh, and charis, grace ECOLOGY: Mesotrophic and eutrophic (or brackish) wetlands. Key to the species 1. Plants mat-forming; rhizomes present; stigmas 2 or 3; fruit lenticular or trigonous; perennials ............................... 2 1. Plants tufted; rhizomes absent; stigmas 2; fruit lenticular; annuals (rarely perennial?) ..........................15 2. Distal leaf sheath firmly membranous to papery, persistent; stem 0.2–2.5 mm thick; plants large to sometimes small ..............3 2. Distal leaf sheath delicately membranous, often disintegrating; stem 0.2–0.5 thick; plants generally very small ...................................14 3. Stigmas 2; fruit lenticular; spikelet basal scale without a flower; tubercle clearly distinct from fruit summit; spikelet basal scale without a flower; rhizome evident, horizontal (_E. palustris_ group) ............................................. 4 3. Stigmas 3 or some 2 in same spikelet; fruit trigonous or some lenticular in same spikelet; spikelet basal scale sometimes with a flower; tubercle sometimes merging with fruit summit; rhizome evident and horizontal or rarely hidden among stem bases and ascending ........ 9 4. All spikelets with basal scale completely clasping stem and 2nd scale with a flower ..............................5 4. Some or all spikelets with basal scale not completely clasping stem and/or with 2nd scale without a flower ...........................7 5. Tubercle 2/3 or more as high as and 2/3 as wide as fruit, 0.7 mm or more high, 0.8 mm or more wide; spikelet scales 1–2 per mm of rachilla; coastal ..........................6. _E. kamtschatica_ 5. Tubercle less than 2/3 as high and as wide as fruit, 0.8 mm or less high, 0.8 mm or less wide; spikelet scales 2–5 per mm of rachilla; often inland ........................................ 6 6. Spikelet scales 2–3 (–4) per mm of rachilla, 1.8--2+ mm wide (best measured by viewing the scale, while still in the spikelet, from the side, and measuring the width from one margin to the middle then doubling the measurement) ................... 5. _E. uniglumis_ 6. Spikelet scales 4–5 per mm of rachilla, ca. 1.7 mm or less wide .... 4. _E. erythropoda_ 7. All spikelets with basal scale clasping 2/3 (to 3/4) of stem and 2nd scale without a flower; perianth bristles 0–4(5–8) .................. 8 7. Some or all spikelets with basal scale clasping 3/4 to all of stem; some spikelets with 2nd scale with a flower; perianth bristles 4(–5) …....3._E. macrostachya_ 8. Perianth bristles 0--4(–5), much shorter than to rarely exceeding tubercle (rarely to 2X longer than fruit); tubercle often not sessile on achene ........................ 1. _E. palustris_ 8. Perianth bristles (4–)5–6(–8), mostly much exceeding tubercle, to 2X longer than achene; tubercle sessile on achene ........ 2. _E. mamillata_ 9. Some stems greatly elongating and tips rooting to form new plants; rhizomes short, ascending, hidden by culm bases and roots; stems compressed, generally hard, 0.4–2 mm wide; fruit 1.5–2.5 mm; tubercle generally not clearly differentiated from fruit (series _Rostellatae_) ............................................... 10. _E. rostellata _ 9. All stems about the same length, tips not rooting; rhizomes long, horizontal, evident; stems cylindric (to compressed), 0.1–1 mm wide; fruit 0.5–1.2 mm; tubercle clearly differentiated from fruit or not .........10 10. Rhizomes tough; spikelet basal scale without a flower, much less than ½ as long as spikelet, scales (5–)10–80 per spikelet, scale tip often notched or bifid; tubercle clearly differentiated from fruit; bulbs absent (subg. _Eleocharis_ sect. _Eleocharis_ ser. _ Eleocharis_, in part) ..................................................... ...... 11 10. Rhizomes weak, easily broken (thus often not collected); spikelet basal scale with- or without a flower, generally ½ or more as long as spikelet, scales 4–12 per spikelet, scale tip entire; tubercle not clearly differentiated from fruit; bulbs often present at rhizome tips and culm-tuft bases (subg. _Zinserlingia_) .............. 13 11. Spikelet scales 1–1.3 mm, tip entire; stems 0.1--0.3 mm thick; fruit 0.5–0.6 mm; plants to 15 cm high ……………………………..….... 9. _E. nitida_ 11. Spikelet scales 2–3.5 mm, tip entire or notched or bifid; stems (0.2–)0.3–1 mm thick; fruit 0.7–1.1 mm; plants to 90 cm high .........12 12. Spikelet scale tips narrowly acute to acuminate; fruit falling with scales or some persistent .......... 10. __E. compressa_ var. _acutisquamata_ 12. Spikelet scale tips rounded to acute; fruit persistent in spikelets after scales fall (often throughout the winter) …….………... 11. _E. elliptica_ var. _elliptica_ 13. Stem-tuft bases mostly markedly swollen; bulbs often present (one among stem bases, one on each rhizome tip, and several on tips of very short rhizomes at surface of stem-tuft base); stem-tuft base without hard caudex [or sometimes present in high Sierra of California and in Europe]; perianth bristles 0–6, rudimentary to exceeding fruit ... 12. _E. quinqueflora_ 13. Stem-tuft bases not markedly swollen, bulbs absent; stem-tuft base with hard caudex; perianth bristles 6, all equaling or exceeding fruit ........ ................ 11. _E. suksdorfiana_ 14. Spikelet with basal scale with a flower; fruit with 6–12 longitudinal ridges and many fine horizontal bars between ridges; tubers absent (subg. _Scirpidium_) ....................... 13. _E. acicularis_ 14. Spikelet with basal scale without a flower; fruit with 3 longitudinal angles, horizontal bars absent; tuber often present on rhizome tip (subg, _Eleocharis_ sect._Parvulae_) ................ 4. _E. parvula_ 15. Fruit 0.3–0.5 mm, black when ripe; tubercle base not completely adherent to fruit, not dorsoventrally compressed (sect. _Eleogenus_ series _Maculosae_) ...................... 15. _E. atropurpurea_ 15. Fruit 0.7–1.2 mm, brown when ripe; tubercle base completely adherent to fruit, greatly dorsoventrally compressed (sect. _Eleogenus_ series _Ovatae_) ........................ 16 16. Tubercle 0.1–0.3 mm high, 1/4 or less as high as fruit; perianth bristles ca. equaling tubercle or rudimentary ..... 16._E. engelmanii_ 16. Tubercle 0.3–0.5 mm high, 1/3 or more as high as fruit; perianth bristles exceeding tubercle …………………………………….…….………..17 17. Tubercle (0.4–) 0.5–0.8 mm wide, 1/3 to 2/3 as high as wide, 2/3–9/10 as wide as fruit ……………………………………………….... 17. _E. obtuse_ 17. Tubercle 0.2–0.5 mm wide, 3/5 to fully as high as wide, ½–3/4 as wide as fruit ................................... 18. _E. ovata_ [The full text of this treatment is available at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben375.html ] _______________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@telus.net BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________