From aceska at telus.net Wed Nov 26 10:50:50 2008 From: aceska at telus.net (Adolf & Oluna Ceska) Date: Wed, 26 Nov 2008 02:50:50 -0800 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 401 Message-ID: <003c01c94fb4$d936e1d0$8ba4a570$@net> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS =20 No. 401 November 25, 2008 =20 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- _BULBOSTYLIS CAPILLARIS_ (CYPERACEAE) IN BRITISH COLUMBIA From: Frank Lomer, Honourary Research Associate, UBC Herbarium, = University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC [lomerlomer@hotmail.com] =20 _Bulbostylis capillaris_ (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke (densetuft hairsedge) = is a small tufted annual in the Cyperaceae family that bears a = superficial resemblance to the native _Isolepis cernua_ (Vahl) Roemer & = Schultes. It has fine hair-like, mostly basal leaves and slender stems = with terminal clusters of spikelets some of which may be on extended = peduncles. The fruit is an achene with wavy horizontal ridges, topped = by a tubercle at the base of the persistent style. =20 _Bulbostylis capillaris_ is found in eastern North America from Canada = south to the Caribbean and across the southern states to California and = south to South America. It is also introduced in Hawaii (Wagner et al. = 2005), and reported from Asia (Kral 2003), but it is unclear whether = these reports refer to the native American taxon. In Canada it is = considered a rare native in Ontario and Quebec and introduced at several = additional sites in those provinces as well as further east to the = Atlantic. On the Pacific coast it is primarily a Californian species, = but has also been collected in Josephine County Oregon (Thomas Howell = s.n., July 1, 1887 at OSU). =E2=80=9CThis species has not been = collected in Oregon since 1887, and is considered extinct by the Oregon = Natural Heritage Information Centre=E2=80=9D (Aaron Liston, personal = communication). =20 I collected _Bulbostylis capillaris_ in a dried-out mossy opening on = sandstone bedrock in Douglas-fir - arbutus dry woods south of Nanaimo, = British Columbia on 23 August, 2005. The plants were past maturity and = dried-out, but still with intact spikelets with plenty of ripe fruit. = The small patch was dense and formed an oddly square-shaped light brown = patch in the dried moss and herb mat where vernal seeps channelled into = a small central drainage trough with exposed bare mineral soil and = organic muck. These vernally moist sites are normally dried out by = mid-summer and scorched after the summer droughts. No other plants were = found outside of this single site and no similar habitat was noted in = the area. A thorough search of the area is recommended to determine the = full extent of this population. It seems reasonable to suppose that the = Nanaimo site is introduced for a number of reasons. =20 In the eastern parts of North America, _Bulbostylis capillaris_ is also = an often weedy species that readily colonizes moist sandy, often = disturbed sites outside of its native habitat (Peter Zika, personal = communication). Many Ontario occurrences are adventive along roads and = railways (Ontario Natural Heritage web site: = http://nhic.mnr.gov.on.ca/MNR/nhic/species/lists/rarevascular.pdf ). The Nanaimo site is some 750 km north of the historic site in Grants = Pass, Josephine County, Oregon. There is also a specimen collected by = Elihu Hall 565, 1871, from =E2=80=9COregon=E2=80=9D with no further = details (Peter Zika, Aaron Liston, personal communication). This huge = disjunct separation is almost unheard of in the glaciated regions of = British Columbia. [Editorial comment: ... unless we overlook over a = dozen plants of vernal pools and seeps associated with Garry oak alias = White Oregon oak - see Ceska & Ceska 1997 and Fairbarns 2003.] = Virtually every vascular plant species in British Columbia has migrated = north or south after the end of the ice age some 14,000 to 10,000 years = ago, but this separation of nearly 1000 km from the nearest site in = California is hard to imagine. The fact that this species has = apparently not been previously collected in an easily accessible area = near a major urban centre is rather odd, though not unheard of. = _Bulbostylis capillaris_ is small, but the finely textured patch I saw = easily stands out from the surrounding vegetation, at least during the = summer. =20 =20 On the other hand... the plants grew in a natural situation, the = microsite was a rare special habitat of moist exposed mineral soil, and = there are several species, e.g., _Allium amplectens_ Torr., Carex feta = Bailey, _Carex tumulicola_ Mackenzie, _Centaurium muehlenbergii_ = (Griseb.) W. Wright ex Piper, _Cyperus squarrosus_ L., _Epilobium = densiflorum_ (Lindl.) Hoch & P.H. Raven, _Heterocodon rariflorum_ Nutt., = _Juncus kelloggii_ Engelm., _Lotus pinnatus_ Hook., and _Sericocarpus = rigidus_ Lindl. that are considered native to the seepage sites and = vernal depressions in the immediate areas of Harewood Plains, within ca. = 3 km from the _Bulbostylis capillaris_ locality. Some of these are also = quite distant from the nearest sites in Washington and Oregon. The = presence of _Juncus kelloggii_ is perhaps the strongest reason why = _Bulbostylis_ could be considered a native plant. It would also be = expected that if _Bulbostylis_ was introduced it would most likely first = colonize the disturbed sandy moist tracks and clearings nearby, then = over time, move into small natural microsite. But my 1 hour search of = the immediate area showed no sign of it in the tracks and roadsides. If = it were native, the reverse would more likely be true and it would take = some time to colonize these new sites. [Editorial note: The same logic = led Hitchcock & Cronquist (1973) to consider _Trifolium depauperatum_ = Desv. introduced in the Washington State and _Coleanthus subtilis_ = (Tratt.) Seidel to be a "European weed" introduced in North America.] =20 It seems plausible that this population arose by natural means, perhaps = by birds, from sites in California and has been here for quite some = time. In any case, it has been decided that _Bulbostylis capillaris_ = shall be deemed a rare native plant in BC and is classified as S1, the = highest ranking: Critically Imperiled. In fact it is perhaps one of = the rarest vascular plants extant in BC. Known only from a single site = 5 x 2 m. =20 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Adolf & Oluna Ceska, Aaron Liston, Jenifer Penny, = S. Galen Smith and Peter Zika for their contributions.=20 =20 Collection details as follows: =20 _Bulbostylis capillaris_ (L.) Kunth ex C.B. Clarke Cyperaceae British Columbia, Vancouver Island, Harewood Plains, south of Nanaimo, = Starks subdivision, 150 m south-southwest of end of Alberta St. =20 49 deg 07' 15.5" N 123 deg 56' 00" W; 103 m el. Open shallow soil meadow on sandstone bedrock dominated by _Anthoxanthum = odoratum_ L. Wettest site (dry in summer) in seepage drainage above single lodgepole = pine. 1 x 1 meter dense patch of 250-300 plants and 0.5 x 0.5 meter patch with 100 plants and 2 x 0.3 meter patch of 150-200 plants. Total population covers 5 x 1-2 meter area with _Aira praecox_ L., = _Saxifraga ferruginea_ Graham. 23 August, 2005. Coll. Frank Lomer 5718. Specimen will be deposited at UBC, duplicate to WTU. =20 References Ceska, A. & O. Ceska. 1997. New species for British Columbia: Clarkia = viminea (Onagraceae). BEN # 171 =E2=80=93 July 30, 1997.=20 http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben171.html=20 Fairbarns, M. 2003. Smooth Goldfields, Lasthenia glaberrima: a new = plant for Canada. BEN # 313 =E2=80=93 September 5, 2003=20 http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben313.html Hitchcosk, C.L. & A. Cronquist. 1973.Flora of the Pacific Northwest: An = illustrated manual. University of Washington Press, Seattle & London. Kral, R. 2003. 11. BULBOSTYLIS Kunth, Enum. Pl. 2: 205. 1837. Pp. = 131-137, in Flora Of North America Editorial Committee (edt): _Flora of = North America #23: Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in Part): Cyperaceae._ = Oxford University Press, Oxford & New York. Wagner, W. L., D. R. Herbst, and D. H. Lorence. 2005-. Flora of the = Hawaiian Islands website. http://botany.si.edu/pacificislandbiodiversity/hawaiianflora/ = [Accessed: November 25, 2008] IN THE PRESENCE OF _CORTINARIUS PONDEROSUS_ A. H. SMITH =20 Submitted on behalf Michelle Seidl, Judy Rogers, the late Ben Woo and = others=20 by Joe Ammirati, Department of Biology, 351330, University of = Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195=20 When Alexander Smith published _Cortinarius ponderosus_ in Contributions = to the Michigan Academy of Sciences, June 1939, he must have been = delighted to include a photo of =E2=80=9CThe stipe X 1=E2=80=9D with a = thickness of 65 mm. This species, often the size of very large = _Boletus_ or _Catathelasma_, is most impressive when seen forming large = arcs in mixed pine-oak forests of California and Oregon. In recent = years, the range of _C. ponderosus_ has been extended northward into = southwestern Washington where it was first collected by the late Ben Woo = in October 2004 at Lake Sylvia State Park, outside of Montesano, in = mixed woods, including conifers. Just recently, Judy Rogers found this = large fungus in Indian Henry Campground, Oregon, under Douglas fir and = western red cedar.. In 1996 it was collected along Mary=E2=80=99s Peak = Trail, under Douglas fir and western hemlock. What we know about it = distribution and tree hosts has been gathered from a number of = collections over several years (see for example, _Mycotaxon_ 74: 31-35, = 2000). It has a tendency to fruit locally, often in rather large = numbers, at least at the limits of its northern range. There is some = variation in the coloration of the stipe, cap and gills, and it is = possible that the species is represented by more than the typical forma = (also see comments in _Mushrooms Demystified_, 2nd. Ed. D. Arora. = 1986.). Collectors who find this _Cortinarius_ should record = information on its coloration and habitat, and preserve a voucher = specimen by drying for DNA sequencing, so that we can better understand = its taxonomic limits, relationships and ecology. _Cortinarius = ponderosus_ appears to be a regional endemic, extending from California = into Oregon and Washington at low to mid elevations. The photos of this species (Figures 1 and 2, by Judy Rogers) show its = general color, size and characteristics. In general, the typical form = of the species reminds one of an enormous _Tricholoma focale_. It = features a large, broadly convex cap with an enrolled edge, often viscid = with brown, appressed scales, margin ochre pallid to greenish yellow and = center often brownish. The gills are rather narrow, close and lilac = tinted at first. The stipe apex is whitish, below colored much like the = cap, and with yellowish to brownish patches and zones of veil, surface = sometimes slimy from gluten that drips from the cap edge. The interior = is rather pale, has a distinct fungoid to pungent odor, and the taste is = mild then slightly bitter with prolonged chewing. The viscid covering = (primarily from the cap surface) often can be found as yellowish slime = on the surface of the stipe. This could lead one to associate this = species with subgenus _Myxacium_ sensu lato. However, other features = (elliptical to almond-shaped spores, 7-9 x 4-5.5 =CE=BCm in size, and = structure of the cap cuticle) are more characteristic of subgenus = _Phlegmacium_. Molecular phylogenetic studies are needed to determine = its relationship to other _Cortinarius_ species. The only sequence data = to date is in Bruns et al., _Molecular Ecology_ 7: 257=E2=80=93272, = 1998. NOTEWORTHY VASCULAR PLANTS FROM THE CASCADE LEE, BRITISH COLUMBIA From: Curtis R. Bj=C3=B6rk, Box 131, Clearwater, BC V0E 1N0 = [crbjork@gmail.com] Abstract Populations of nine noteworthy plant species are reported from the = Cascade Lee south of Princeton. The population of _Antennaria = flagellaris_, listed Endangered under the federal Species at Risk Act, = occupies a habitat and elevation different from that of the other three = known populations in Canada. _Leptosiphon harknessii_ is known in only = one other site in Canada. _Lewisia_ cf. _nevadensis_, though not typical = material, is a newly reported species for Canada, and _Micranthes = idahoensis_ is also reported new for the country. _Lupinus latifolius_ = var. _latifolius_ is first definitively reported for Canada, though a = previous unverified report exists. New populations of the provincially = Red- and Blue-listed species _Epilobium mirabile_, _Mimulus breviflorus_ = and _Polygonum kelloggii_ are also reported. Conservation of the = Canadian Cascade lee and its rich flora is discussed. ***************** The crest of the Cascade Mountains runs the length of Washington State, = dividing the wetter Pacific slope on the west from the drier leeward = slope on the east. The eastern slope (the Cascade Lee) is recognized in = Washington as having high conservation value owing to its amazing = diversity of species and wide array of habitats, as well as for the = visual quality of its landscapes. Located here are some of the most = important centres of plant biodiversity and endemism in Washington, = including Klickitat County, the Wenatchee Mountains, and the western = portions of Okanogan County. While land management in the U.S. portion = of the Cascades Lee emphasizes biodiversity and ecosystem health, the = same can hardly be said for the smaller portion of this zone that = extends northward into Canada. Here, the Cascade Lee is far less = pristine. A quick =E2=80=9Coverflight=E2=80=9D courtesy of Google Earth = reveals a tight network of roads and a patchwork of clearcuts and mines = across large swathes of these foothills; strikingly more resource = extraction and its accompanying habitat loss than is evident from = satellite images of the U.S. portion of the Cascade Lee. Though the Cascade Lee extends north less than 100 km into Canada, this = region nevertheless makes up in biological significance what it lacks in = size. Numerous regionally endemic plants are found in the Canadian = portion of the Cascade Lee. Some of these are globally rare, so rare and = under such threat in Canada that their continued existence in the = country is precarious. With this report of new finds of rare plants, I = hope to emphasize that we still have some way to go to fully appreciate = the contribution the Cascade Lee makes to the biota of Canada. It is a = region that warrants more attention from botanists, naturalists and the = conservation community, and ultimately, from those responsible for land = management. In June 2008, I made a stop along the Crow=E2=80=99s Nest Highway in its = intersect of the Cascade Lee on a ridge about 15 km south of Princeton. = Though I merely stopped to stretch my legs, one curiosity led to another = until I had found a number of unusual habitats that are home to a rich = flora, including some very rare species. I found a total of 168 native = plant taxa. Nine of these proved to be of special note: _Antennaria = flagellaris_ (Endangered under the Species at Risk Act), _Epilobium = mirabile_ (Red-listed in B.C.), _Leptosiphon harknessii_ (Second = locality for Canada), _Lewisia columbiana_ var. _columbiana_ = (Blue-listed in B.C.), _Lewisia_ cf. _nevadensis_ (intermediate to _L. = pygmaea_; _L. nevadensis_ would be new to Canada), _Lupinus latifolius_ = var. _latifolius_ (not currently recognized for Canada, but previously = reported), _Micranthes idahoensis_ (new to Canada, bicentral regional = endemic of north central Idaho/adjacent Montana and the Cascade Lee in = Washington and Oregon), _Mimulus breviflorus_ (Red-listed in B.C.), and = _Polygonum kelloggii_ (Blue-listed in B.C.). I found _Lupinus latifolius_ var. _latifolius_ growing in stands of = _Calamagrostis rubescens_ in open conifer forest on slopes. This species = is widely distributed through the Copper Mountain site, but a voucher = specimen and GPS waypoint were taken at 49.2995=C2=BA N 120.5887=C2=BA = W. Recent Canadian floras do not attribute this taxon to the country, = but it was cited for B.C. in the _Flora of the Pacific Northwest_ = (Hitchcock & Cronquist 1973). In the Illustrated Flora of British = Columbia _Lupinus_ treatment, _Lupinus latifolius_ var. _latifolius_ = will key to either _L. rivularis_, from which it differs in having = hollow stems and the upper keel limb margin glabrous in the apical 1/3, = and in its upland habitat, or to L. arcticus subsp. subalpinus, from = which it differs in having petioles less than 1.5 x the length of the = leaflets, calyx lobes of roughly equal length, the upper keel limb = margin glabrous in the apical 1/3 rather than ciliate throughout or to = within 1/4 of the apex, and in its lowland habitat. _Lupinus latifolius_ = var. _latifolius_ is known from coastal California, northward to the = Washington Cascades. Its full geographical extent in B.C. is unknown. Further up the slopes, around 49.3040=C2=BA N 120.5844=C2=BA W, a = seepage area on ridge line slopes is home to five of the nine noteworthy = plants. These species all grow on shallow soils over dark, fine-grained = igneous rock. The seepage flows until the onset of the summer drought, = favouring species that prefer to be wet early in the growing season and = dry for the remainder of the year. Among these plants are two species = listed Red by the B.C. Conservation Data Centre (BC Ministry of = Environment, 2008), _Epilobium mirabile_ and _Mimulus breviflorus_. The = former is a bicentral regional endemic of the Cascade and Olympic = Mountains in northwest Washington and adjacent B.C., and with an eastern = centre of populations in the Rocky Mountains in southern Alberta and = northern Montana (Wagner & Hoch, 2005). The latter species is widespread = in the northwestern U.S. and is peripheral in B.C. (Hickman 1993). = Another CDC-listed (Blue) species present in this habitat is _Polygonum = kelloggii_, which occurs over a wide range in the western U.S., north to = adjacent B.C.=20 _Lewisia_ cf. _nevadensis_ also occurs within this seepage habitat. = These plants are consistently intermediate between _Lewisia nevadensis_ = and _L. pygmaea_, having the acute, spreading sepals, the turnip-shaped = root stock, the larger petals and the long leaves and overall larger = size of the former, but with the glandular sepal margins and pink petals = more often found in the latter (Hickman 1993, Flora of North America = Committee 1997). Additionally, _L. nevadensis_ is found at lower = elevations (1300-3200 m), as with the elevation of the Copper Mountain = site (1340 m), while L. pygmaea is found higher up, at subalpine to = alpine elevations (2300-4200 m) (Flora of North America Committee 1997). = Given that the majority of morphological characteristics agree with _L. = nevadensis_, I feel that it is more conservative to apply that name to = the Copper Mountain population, and this would be the first record for = _L. nevadensis_ in Canada. In the remainder of its range, _L. = nevadensis_ is widespread in mountains of the western U.S., and is known = in Washington shortly south of the international Border. I found fewer = than 30 plants of _L. nevadensis_ at the Copper Mountain site, and some = of its habitat is altered by a jeep track that runs adjacent to the = population. Lastly, the seepage habitat supports a population of _Micranthes = idahoensis_, a member of the _Micranthes occidentalis_ complex. From = other members of this complex in British Columbia, M. idahoensis differs = in having the combination of club-shaped anther filaments, a diffuse = paniculate inflorescence, reflexed sepals, and superior ovary with = nearly free carpels (Hitchcock & Cronquist 1973). Its previously known = range is in two parts: reaching through the canyons of northcentral = Idaho and adjacent Montana and Oregon, and a disjunct centre of = populations in the Wenatchee Mountains in Washington=E2=80=99s Cascade = Lee.=20 Shortly north and slightly upslope of the seepage habitat is an open, = treeless, rocky bald of thin, well-drained soil over rubbly bedrock. One = of the dominant species in this habitat is the CDC Blue-listed _Lewisia = columbiana_ var. _columbiana_, present there in the thousands of = individuals. I can=E2=80=99t help but to indulge in noting that its mass = flower displays in June are a spectacular sight. This population occurs = at 1350 m elevation, at 49.3046=C2=BA N 120.5843=C2=BA W. Eastward and downslope from the seepage habitat is an open flat of = approximately 1/2 hectare having soil formed of mixed gravel and clay. = One of the dominant species in this habitat is _Antennaria flagellaris_, = in its fourth known population in Canada. At the Copper Mountain site, = _A. flagellaris_ occurs about 450 m higher than the previously known = sites in the Princeton Basin (Douglas et al. 2003). At the Copper = Mountain site, _Artemisia tridentate_ subsp. _vaseyana_ is a codominant, = along with _Erigeron compositus_, _Erigeron linearis_, _Lomatium = ambiguum_, _Poa scabrella_, _Pseudoroegneria spicata_ and _Sedum = stenopetalum_, plus the moss _Niphotrichum canescens_ (Hedwig) = Bednarek-Ochyra & Ochyra. Thus this population differs also in its = associated plant species. This population of an estimated 5000-10000 = individuals occurs at 1300 m, around 49.3041=C2=BA N 120.5811=C2=BA W. Growing with _Antennaria flagellaris_ in this gravel-flat habitat is = _Leptosiphon harknessii_, in what is apparently only the second = population known in Canada (Douglas et al. 2002). It is similar to = _Leptosiphon septentrionalis_, which is more widespread in B.C., but = differs in having a smaller, white corolla and glabrous anther = filaments. I estimate that roughly 1000 individuals constitute this = population. Within the context of the Cascade Lee, the Copper Mountain site stands = out as having a unique combination of plant species, combining elements = of the subboreal continent-wide flora (as with _Rhinanthus minor_, = _Shepherdia canadensis_ and _Symphyotrichum ciliolatum_), with numerous = more southern temperate elements, as well as regionally endemic and = globally rare taxa (as with _Epilobium mirabile_ and _Micranthes = idahoensis_). This points to the Canadian portion of the Cascade Lee as = being not merely derivative of the U.S. portion; it is an important, = uniquely Canadian, contribution to the biome as a whole. British = Columbia=E2=80=99s share of the Cascade Lee is small but very = significant in its contribution to the flora of Canada. It is nationally = unique, it has numerous rare and uncommon habitats, and its remaining = wild landscapes are of great scenic value. This is a region that should = receive better regard from land managers. The roads, clearcuts and mine = wastes evident in the view from Google Earth reveal the level of regard = the Canadian portion of the Cascade Lee has been given thus far. Manning and Cathedral Provincial Parks are important sanctuaries within = the Cascade Lee biome, but the great geographical majority of this biome = in Canada lies outside these parks, and some significant elements of the = Cascade Lee flora is not encompassed within the park boundaries. = Clearly, the protection of Canada=E2=80=99s biodiversity is contingent = not only on preserving the smaller portions of biomes that fall within = park boundaries, it relies also on considerate land management in the = areas that fall outside of parks. It=E2=80=99s a raw and unfortunate = deal exchanging the biodiversity, ecosystem health and visual quality of = wild lands for the temporary value of commodities and money in the bank. = We=E2=80=99ve seen in these recent economic times what can happen to the = value of commodities and money in the bank. The value of wild land never = falters. ***************** Plants of the Copper Mountain Site, observed 15 June, 2008. An asterisk = precedes non-native species. Collection numbers of any vouchers are = reported in parantheses after the name, as are any relevant synonyms. = Vouchers are currently held in Herb. Bj=C3=B6rk, and will be deposited = at UBC. _Acer glabrum_ var. _douglasii_ (Hook.) Dippel _Achillea millefolium_ var. _lanulosa_ (Nutt.) Piper _Achnatherum nelsonii_ subsp. _dorei_ (Barkworth & J. Maze) Barkworth _Agrostis scabra_ Willd. _Allium cernuum_ Roth _Alnus incana_ subsp. _tenuifolia_ (Du Roi) R.T. Clausen _Amelanchier alnifolia_ (Nutt.) Nutt. _sensu lato_ _Anaphalis margaritacea_ (L.) Bentham & Hook. _Angelica arguta_ Nutt. _Antennaria anaphaloides_ Rydb. (syn.: _Antennaria pulcherrima_ subsp. = _anaphaloides_ [Rydb.] W.A. Weber) _Antennaria flagellaris_ A. Gray (Bj=C3=B6rk 17742) _Antennaria howellii_ E. Greene _Antennaria racemosa_ Hook. _Antennaria rosea_ E. Greene _Antennaria umbrinella_ Rydb. _Apocynum androsaemifolium_ L. var. _androsaemifolium_ _Arnica cordifolia_ Hook. _Arnica fulgens_ Pursh var. _fulgens_ _Artemisia michauxiana_ Besser (form with leaves silvery tomentose on = both surfaces) _Artemisia tridentata_ subsp. _vaseyana_ (Rydb.) Bentham _Astragalus miser_ var. _serotinus_ (A. Gray) Barneby _Berberis aquifolium_ Pursh X _Berberis repens_ Lindley _Betula papyrifera_ Marshall _Boechera lemmonii_ (S. Watson) W.A. Weber (syn.: _Arabis lemmonii_ S. = Watson) _Boechera retrofracta (Graham) =C3=81. L=C3=B6ve & D. L=C3=B6ve (syn.: = _Arabis holboellii_ var. _retrofracta_ Graham) _Bromus marginatus_ Nees ex Steud. _Calamagrostis rubescens_ Buckley _Campanula rotundifolia_ L. _Carex athrostachya_ Olney _Carex concinnoides_ Mackenzie _Carex hoodii_ Boott=20 _Castilleja hispida_ Bentham var. _hispida_ _Ceanothus sanguineus_ Pursh _Ceanothus velutinus_ Douglas var. _velutinus_ *_Centaurea biebersteinii_ DC. *_Cerastium fontanum_ Baumgarten _Chamaenerion angustifolium_ (L.) Scopoli (syn.: _Epilobium = angustifolium_) _Chimaphila umbellata_ var. _occidentalis_ (Rydb.) S.F. Black _Circaea alpine_ L. _Cirsium hookerianum_ Nutt. _Claytonia lanceolata_ Pursh var. _lanceolata_ _Collinsia parviflora_ Lindley _Collomia linearis_ Nutt. _Corallorhiza maculata_ (Raf.) Raf. _Corallorhiza trifida_ Chatelain _Cornus canadensis_ L. _Crepis atribarba_ subsp. _originalis_ Babcock & Stebbins _Cryptogramma acrostichoides_ R. Br.=20 _Cystopteris fragilis_ (L.) Bernhardi sensu lato _Danthonia spicata_ (L.) P. Beauv. ex Roemer & Schultes _Delphinium nuttallianum_ Pritzel _Dodecatheon pulchellum_ (Raf.) Merrill subsp. _pulchellum_ _Drymocallis arguta_ (Pursh) Rydb. (syn.: _Potentilla arguta_ Pursh) _Drymocallis glandulosa_ (Lindley) Rydb. var. _glandulosa_ (syn.: = _Potentilla glandulosa_ Lindley var. _glandulosa_) _Elymus glaucus_ Buckley subsp. _glaucus_ _Epilobium brachycarpum_ Presl _Epilobium foliosum_ (Torr. & A. Gray) Suksdorf (Bj=C3=B6rk 17727) _Epilobium mirabile_ Trelease ex Piper (Bj=C3=B6rk 17733) _Eremogyne capillaris_ var. _americanus_ (Maguire) R.L. Hartman (syn.: = _Arenaria capillaris_ subsp. _americana_ Maguire) _Erigeron acris_ var. _debilis_ A. Gray (syn.: _Trimorpha acris_ var. = _debilis_ [A. Gray] Nesom) _Erigeron compositus_ Pursh _Erigeron linearis_ (Hook.) Piper _Erigeron subtrinervis_ Rydb. _Eriogonum heracleoides_ Nutt. var. _heracleoides_ (incl. _E. = heracleoides_ var. _angustifolium_ [Nutt.]Torr. & A. Gray) _Erythronium grandiflorum_ Pursh var. _grandiflorum_ _Eurybia conspicua_ (Lindley) Nesom (syn.: _Aster conspicuous_ Lindley) _Festuca idahoensis_ Elmer _Festuca occidentalis_ Hook. _Fragarina virginiana_ Duchesne _Fritillaria affinis_ (Schultes) Sealy _Fritillaria pudica_ (Pursh) Sprengel _Galium boreale_ subsp. _septentrionalis_ (Roemer & Schultes) Iltis _Galium triflorum_ Michaux _Gayophytum diffusum_ Torr. & A. Gray subsp. _parviflorum_ H. Lewis & = Szweykowski (Bj=C3=B6rk 17743) _Gentianella amarelle_ (L.) Boerner _Geranium viscosissimum_ Fischer & C. Meyer var. _viscosissimum_ _Geum macrophyllum_ Willd. _Geum triflorum_ Pursh var. _ciliatum_ (Pursh) Fassett _Goodyera oblongifolia_ Raf. _Helianthella uniflora_ (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray _Heterotheca villosa_ (Pursh) Shinners _Heuchera cylindrica_ Douglas ex Hook. var. _cylindrica_ _Hieracium albiflorum_ Hook. _Hieracium scouleri var. griseum (Rydb.) A. Nelson _Hieracium scouleri_ Hook. var. _scouleri_ _Ipomopsis aggregate_ (Pursh) V. Grant subsp. _aggregata_ _Juncus dudleyi_ Wiegand _Juniperus communis_ var. depressa Pursh _Juniperus scopulorum_ Sargent _Koeleria macrantha_ (Ledebour) J.A. Schultes _Lathyrus nevadensis_ var. _pilosellus_ (M.E. Peck) C.L. Hitchcock _Leptosiphon harknessii_ (Curran) J.M. Porter & L.A. Johnson (Bj=C3=B6rk = 17741) (syn.: _Linanthus harknessii_ Curran) _Lewisia columbiana_ (Howell ex A. Gray) B.L. Robinson var. _columbiana_ _Lewisia cf. nevadensis_ (A. Gray) B.L. Robinson (Bj=C3=B6rk 17734) _Lilium columbianum_ Baker _Linnaea borealis_ L. _Lithophragma glabrum_ Nutt. _Lithophragma parviflorum_ (Hook.) Torr. & A. Gray var. _parviflorum_ _Lithospermum ruderale_ Douglas ex Lehmann _Lomatium ambiguum_ (Nutt.) Coulter & Rose _Lomatium dissectum_ (Nutt.) Mathias & Constance _Lomatium geyeri_ (S. Watson) Coulter & Rose _Lomatium macrocarpum_ (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Coulter & Rose _Lupinus latifolius_ var. _latifolius_ (Bj=C3=B6rk 17726) _Luzula multiflora_ (Ehrhart) Lejeune subsp. _multiflora_ _Maianthemum racemosum_ subsp. _amplexicaule_ (Nutt.) LaFrankie _Maianthemum stellatum_ (L.) Link _Micranthes idahoensis_ (Piper) Brouillet & Gornall (Bj=C3=B6rk 17737) = (syn.: _Saxifraga occidentalis_ var. idahoensis Piper) _Microseris nutans_ (Hook.) Schultz-Bip. _Mimulus breviflorus_ Piper (Bj=C3=B6rk 17735) _Mitella trifida_ R.C. Graham _Montia linearis_ (Douglas ex Hook.) E. Greene _Montia parvifolia_ (DC.) E. Greene _Orobanche uniflora_ L. _Osmorhiza berteroi_ DC. _Packera cana_ (Hook.) W.A. Weber & L=C3=B6ve (Bj=C3=B6rk 17731) (syn.: = _Senecio canus_ Hook.) _Paxistima myrsinites_ (Pursh) Raf. _Pedicularis bracteosa_ Bentham var. _bracteosa_ _Penstemon fruticosus_ (Pursh) E. Greene var. _fruticosus_ _Phacelia hastate_ Lehmann _Phacelia linearis_ (Pursh) Holzinger _Phlox gracilis_ (Hook.) E. Greene (syn.: _Microsteris gracilis_ Hook.) _Physocarpus malvaceus_ (E. Greene) Kuntze _Pinus contorta_ var. _latifolia_ Engelmann=20 _Pinus ponderosa_ var. _scopulorum_ Engelmann _Piperia_ sp. _Piptatherum exiguum_ (Thurber) Dorn (Bj=C3=B6rk 17728) *_Plantago major_ L. _Poa fendleriana_ subsp. _longiligula_ (Scribner & T. Williams) Soreng _Poa scabrella_ (Thurber) Bentham _Poa wheeleri_ Vasey _Polygonum minimum_ S. Watson _Polygonum douglasii_ E. Greene _Polygonum kelloggii_ E. Greene _Populus tremuloides_ Michaux _Prunella vulgaris_ subsp. _lanceolata_ (Barton) Hult=C3=A9n _Prunus virginiana_ L. _Pseudognaphalium microcephalum_ (Nutt.) Anderberg (syn.: _Gnaphalium = microcephalum_ Nutt.) _Pseudoroegneria spicata_ (Pursh) =C3=81. L=C3=B6ve _Pseudotsuga menziesii_ var. _glauca_ (Mayr) Franco _Ranunculus glaberrimus_ var. _ellipticus_ (E. Greene) E. Greene _Rhinanthus minor_ L. _Rosa woodsii_ subsp. _ultramontana_ (S. Watson) Taylor & Macbride _Rubus idaeus_ L. _Salix scouleriana_ J. Barratt ex Hook. _Sanicula graveolens_ DC. _Sedum stenopetalum_ Pursh _Selaginella wallacei_ Hieronymus _Senecio integerrimus_ var. _exaltatus_ (Nutt.) Cronquist _Shepherdia canadensis_ (L.) Nutt. _Silene menziesii_ Hook. _Silene parryi_ (S. Watson) C.L. Hitchcock & Maguire _Spiraea betulifolia_ var. _lucida_ (Douglas) C.L. Hitchcock _Suksdorfia ranunculifolia_ (Hook.) Engler (Bj=C3=B6rk 17736) _Symphoricarpos albus_ var. _laevigatus_ (Fernald) S.F. Blake _Symphyotrichum ciliolatum_ (Lindley) =C3=81. L=C3=B6ve & D. L=C3=B6ve = (syn.: _Aster ciliolatus_ Lindley) *_Taraxacum officinale_ L. _Thalictrum occidentale_ A. Gray _Tiarella trifoliate_ var. _unifoliata_ (Hook.) Kurtz _Toxiscordion venenosum_ (S. Watson) Rydb. var. _venenosum_ (syn.: = _Zigadenus venenosus_ S. Watson) _Trisetum cernuum_ Trinart _Vaccinium caespitosum_ Michaux _Vaccinium membranaceum_ Douglas ex Hook. _Vaccinium scoparium_ Leiberg _Veronica peregrine_ subsp. _xalapensis_ (Kunth) Pennell _Vicia americana_ Muhlenberg ex Willd. _Viola adunca_ Small var. _adunca_ _Woodsia oregana_ D.C. Eaton subsp. _oregana_ _Woodsia scopulina_ D.C. Eaton subsp. _scopulina_ References British Columbia Ministry of Environment. 2008.=20 BC Species and Ecosystems Explorer. http://a100.gov.bc.ca/pub/eswp/ = [Accessed 21 November, 2008]. Douglas, G.W., D. Meidinger & J. Pojar, eds. 1999.=20 Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Vol. 3. Ministry of Environment, = Lands and Parks, Ministry of Forests. Victoria, BC. 423 p. Douglas, G.W., D. Meidinger & J. Pojar, eds. 2002.=20 Illustrated Flora of British Columbia. Vol. 8. Ministry of Sustainable = Resource Management, Ministry of Forests. Victoria, BC. 457 p.=20 Douglas, G.W., J.L. Penny & K. Barton. 2003.=20 Status of stoloniferous pussytoes (_Antennaria flagellaris_) in British = Columbia (Wildlife Bulletin ; no. B-107).=20 Ministry of Sustainable Resource Management, Conservation Data Centre. = Victoria, BC. Flora of North America Editorial Committee. 1997.=20 Flora of North America. Vol. 3. Toronto. Oxford University Press. 616 = p. Hickman, J.C. ed. 1993.=20 The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of = California Press, Berkeley. 1400 p. Hitchcock, C.L. & A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest: an Illustrated Manual. University of = Washington Press. Seattle. 730 p. Wagner, W. L. and P. C. Hoch. 2005-.=20 Onagraceae, The Evening Primrose Family website.=20 http://botany.si.edu/onagraceae/index.cfm [Accessed 21 November, 2008]. ________________________________________________________________ =20 Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@telus.net BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________