From aceska at telus.net Tue Mar 10 22:15:53 2009 From: aceska at telus.net (Adolf & Oluna Ceska) Date: Tue, 10 Mar 2009 14:15:53 -0700 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 405 Message-ID: <000d01c9a1c5$65c68cb0$3153a610$@net> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS =20 No. 405 March 10, 2009 =20 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- LICHENOLOGIST JOHN WALTER THOMSON (1913-2009) From: Jim Bennett [jpbennet@WISC.EDU]; originally posted on LICHEN-L = list John Walter Thomson, age 95, died peacefully Friday, Feb. 20, 2009, at=20 his rural Mount Horeb, Wisconsin, home. Born July 9, 1913, in Cockenzie Scotland,=20 he was the son of Elizabeth (Gillis) and John W. Thomson. John, as he=20 was known familiarly by his family and many friends and colleagues,=20 was a loving and devoted husband, father and grandfather, a=20 world-renowned botanist and lichenologist, and an inspiring and=20 dedicated teacher and conservationist. What started as a youthful=20 fascination with Cladonia lichens led to John's lifelong pursuit of=20 improving knowledge of Arctic and other lichens. Educated at Columbia=20 University and the University of Wisconsin-Madison, as a student and=20 young scientist, he was strongly influenced by Raymond Torrey, Norman=20 Fassett and Aldo Leopold. After teaching first at Superior State=20 Teachers College in 1944, he returned to UW-Madison to join the=20 Department of Botany faculty. Until retiring four decades later, his=20 popular course in plant taxonomy greatly influenced at least two=20 generations of students in biology and conservation including many=20 professionals presently working in organizations like Wisconsin's=20 Department of Natural Resources, as well as uncounted hundreds of=20 volunteers who continue to contribute their time to organizations=20 involved in natural area preservation. Referred to as the "Dean of=20 North American Lichens," his Arctic explorations, research, papers and=20 five books led the science for more than 60 years. His last two volume=20 set on lichens of the Arctic was completed after retiring in 1984 from=20 the UW. John and Olive's passionate interests in and dedication to=20 education, ecology and conservation led to more than seven decades of=20 leadership in organizations like the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences,=20 Arts and Letters, Citizen's Natural Resources Association, The Nature=20 Conservancy (TNC) and The Prairie Enthusiasts (TPE). Southwestern=20 Wisconsin now has 636 acres of prairie lands recognized with the=20 family name, the TNC "Thomson Memorial" and TPE "Schurch-Thomson" prairies, respectively. Surviving family include his wife of nearly 72=20 years, Olive (Sherman); son, Dennis (Joan Schurch) and their children,=20 Erik (Sarah Weiss) and Heather; son, Norman (Rose Jepkorir Chepyator)=20 and their children, Jonathan, Patrick and Robert; son, Roderic (Linda Heine) and their children, Casandra (Brian Pomerantz) and Kyle; and=20 daughter, Elizabeth (Dean Danielson). A son, Douglas; and two sisters,=20 Shiela Feustal and E. Jean Thomson predeceased him. At John's request=20 no service is presently planned.=20 BOTANY BC 2009 INFORMATION POSTED From: Easton, Elizabeth [ Elizabeth.Easton@gov.bc.ca ]On behalf of the = 2009 BBC =09 organizing committee: Craig DeLong, Bruce Bennett, Terry McIntosh The Botany BC 2009 information, program and registration form have now = been posted on the Botany BC website at http://members.shaw.ca/BotanyBC . Please feel free to forward this e-mail to anyone you think might be interested in attending this year's event.=20 Caution: while the website looks the same please note that the website address has changed slightly from previous years so please make sure you update your favourites accordingly.=A0 Also, be sure to keep an eye on = the Botanical Electronic News (BEN) http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ = for further BBC updates. IS BIOCONTROL PROGRAM A THREAT TO SENSITIVE _CIRSIUM_ SPECIES? From: Stewart Wechsler [ Ecostewart@quidnunc.net ] I was alarmed when I recently got my monthly e-mail from the King County Noxious Weed (Washington State) program promoting the use of a = biocontrol organism, the bull thistle seed-head gall fly, _Urophora stylata_ (Fabricius) to control bull thistle, a.k.a. spear thistle, _Cirsium vulgare_ (Savi) Ten:=20 http://www.kingcounty.gov/environment/animalsAndPlants/noxious-weeds/weed= -ne ws/feb09.aspx=20 I was immediately alarmed because I believe that one more = =91biocontrol=92 organism that feeds on _Cirsium_ species could seriously impact our remaining native _Cirsium_ species, and in particular may be the last = straw for our rarest western Washington _Cirsium_ species, _C. remotifolium_ (Hook.) DC (This includes _C. callilepis_ var. _oregonense_ (Petr.) = J.T. Howell, if you use the earlier taxonomy, also listed as _C. centaureae_ (Rydb.) K. Schum. in Hitchcock Vol. 5). Common names I have found for = it include "weak thistle", "spaced-out thistle", "slender thistle", = "slender mountain thistle" and =93few-leafed thistle=94. Though this species has been at the top of my list to study and find, I = have been unable so far to personally locate it in Washington State in 10 = years of various degrees of searching. Also, in these 10 years, I have = questioned almost every relatively knowledgeable field botanist I have met or communicated with about sightings of this species. From all of the = people I=92ve queried, I have only been able to get reports of 2 to 4 sightings = in the state in the last 15 years or so. One of these populations was = sighted on Fort Lewis a few years ago, but was apparently not re-located after = the botanist tried to find them again. I have also talked to two botanists = that remember seeing the species in the state about 20 to 30 years ago. I = was told of maybe 5 to 10 locales where it was seen then in Thurston County = in the South Sound area and in Klickitat and Skamania Counties in the = Columbia Gorge area. I have only been able to search a couple of these locales, = but to no avail. Though this species was probably not very common in our = state at the time of the Euro-American invasion, it has clearly become much = rarer in recent decades. According to the botanists that I interviewed in = Oregon, it has also become significantly rarer in Oregon, the center of its = 3-state range.=20 _Cirsium remotifolium_ (Hook.) DC. is recorded from northern California = to Washington State, historically north to King County west of the Cascades = and the east slope of the Cascades in mid to lower montane areas of = Klickitat, Skamania and Yakima Counties. In Oregon and California it ranges from = the coast to the Klamath, Siskiyou and Cascade Mountain areas to about 1500 = m (4500=92) elevation. It is Serpentine tolerant, but not obligate. = About half of the records, or maybe more, were in Serpentine areas.=20 >From my search through all of the plant lists and herbarium labels I = could find it on, and from interviews of those who have seen it, it seems that this species specializes in habitats that, in Washington, would be transitional between those of eastern and western Washington. Where recorded west of the Cascades, sites often include species relatively = rare west of the Cascades, but more typical east of the divide. Similarly, = sites east of the cascade crest were in communities with numerous members more typical west of the divide. These locales frequently had both a moist element and a dry element. Records describe sites in relatively open = forest, forest edge and openings and in meadows or =93open slopes=94, = descriptions ranging from =93dry=94 to =93wet=94. Old records for the Eugene Oregon = area list it growing in =93moist meadows=94 and I suspect this would now be called a = =93wet prairie=94. Some records are from rocky bald areas. One or two records = were from sandy areas near ocean beaches in Oregon and one record listed the pitcher plant, _Darlingtonia_, a bog species, as an associated species, = so it may also be able to grow in bogs. I have also found reports of it at roadside edges, in ditch edges and depressions where it would be = vernally wet. I found a small number of rosettes, that I strongly suspect were = this species, near Mt Hood, Oregon that were in mossier spots, and vernally moister spots over scree rock in a couple of forest openings. There are surely many factors contributing to the decline of this = species, including loss of habitat, fragmentation of its habitat and competition = with alien species. Since seeing and reading about the damage to other = native thistles from =91biocontrol organisms=92, I have come to suspect that = these introduced organisms are also an important factor in the decline of = _Cirsium remotifolium_. The alien organism that I have observed doing the most damage to the native _C. brevistylum_ Cronq, _Rhinocyllus conicus_ = Froelich (the "musk thistle head weevil"), has also been recorded on _C. remotifolium_ and other native _Cirsium_ species (Louda 2000, Pemberton 2000, Gassmann & Louda 2001). Rand & al. (2004) provided strong = empirical evidence that exotic plants can increase the attack on native plant = species by maintaining populations of a shared insect herbivore. Their finding suggested that persistence of exotic weeds in less-successful biocontrol programs will magnify the nontarget effects of weed biocontrol insects. There are also numerous other introduced predators that prey on both = native and non-native thistles and their relatives. I am afraid that adding = one more _Cirsium_ predator might lead to the complete extirpation of this species in western Washington. It could also further threaten it in the center of its range in Oregon where I am told that _C. remotifolium_ has been in decline in a number of sites where it grows or has grown. While people working with the gall making fly being released for control of = _C. vulgare_ may believe that it will only use _C. vulgare_, I would contend that insects are adaptable and that sooner or later this species may = well start using other _Cirsium_ species as hosts. As _C. remotifolium_ is = rare in our area and our other native thistles are apparently declining, I = would think the risk of introducing this gall fly is unacceptable. I have long thought _C. remotifolium_ (including _C. callilepis_ var. _oregonense_) would be eligible for listing in the Washington Natural Heritage program, but I had never before pushed for this. This was both because I didn't know what protection listing them would give them and because I was concerned that any listing would complicate collecting a modest amount of seed for my re-introduction plans when I finally found = some reasonably local seed source. Now that I see that there is an active = program to introduce more _Cirsium_ predators, I saw a good reason to push for listing and some protection of _C. remotifolium_ in Washington State.=20 It also appears to me that our other two (less rare) native _Cirsium_ species in western Washington (_C. edule_ Nutt. and _C. brevistylum_) = are in significant decline. I've learned that many non-native species of herbivorous organisms that prey on the Cynareae (thistle tribe) have = been introduced to the western states. These include both those intentionally introduced to control thistles of a few genera, and to control = _Centaurea_ spp. (knapweeds), as well as those organisms introduced unintentionally. Numerous organisms continue to be released to control thistle tribe = members. This one website lists numerous species that have been released in = Wyoming to attack _Cirsium_ spp. and other Cynareae spp:=20 http://asuwlink.uwyo.edu/~caps/numbers.htm=20 It has been my impression that a number of the populations of native _Cirsium brevistylum_ and _Cirsium edule_ that I have been able to = locate have been seriously suffering from the effects from one or more of these alien herbivores. In the case of _C. brevistylum_, which is still common = in some areas of western Washington, the burden of 2 alien weevil species, _Rhinocyllus conicus_ (Froelich) and _Larinus planus_ (Fabricius), is in addition to being seriously impacted by the apparently native artichoke plume moth larvae, _Platyptilia carduidactyla_ (Riley). While all of the populations of _C. edule_ I saw higher in the Cascades looked healthy 8 years ago, a couple of years ago I found a population on Crystal Mt in Pierce Co. that was badly beaten by predators.. Two summers ago, working = in the Cedar River Watershed in King County, I noted that while the alien _Cirsium vulgare_ was hardly affected by predators on their flower = heads, many of the _C. brevistylum_ there were badly suffering from what I = believe were the same flower head predators. I don't think I found any _C. = edule_ in the Cedar River Watershed, though I thought they should have been expected there.=20 Though I have no grazing animals that are affected by pasture land increasingly being covered by _Cirsium vulgare_, it isn't normally one = of the aliens that form monocultures that completely exclude natives and doesn't seem to me like a very high priority weed to control with risky methods.=20 I don't want this to be taken as a criticism of the Washington State = King County weed people or the people promoting the use of this alien fly as = a biocontrol agent. They are doing the best they can with what they know = in the tough job of trying to fight weeds that spread faster than they can normally control them. I do think we need to give weed control people = this information though, and need to make regulations that prevent release of additional organisms that may be a threat to our increasingly rare = native thistle species.=20 References Gassmann, A. & S. M. Louda. 2001. _Rhinocyllus conicus_: initial = evaluation and subsequent ecological impacts in North America. Pp. 147=96183 In E. Wajnberg, J. K. Scott, and P. C. Quimby, eds. _Evaluating Indirect Ecological Effects of Biological Control._ Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CABI. Louda, S.M. 2000. _Rhinocyllus conicus_ - Insights to Improve = Predictability And Minimize Risk of Biological Control of Weeds. Pp. 187-193 in Neal R. Spencer, Neal R. [ed.] _ Proceedings of the X International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds: 4-14 July 1999, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA._ http://www.invasive.org/publications/xsymposium/proceed/02pg187.pdf=20 Pemberton, R.W. 2000. Predictable risk to native plants in weed = biological control. _Oecologia_ 125:489=96494.=20 http://www.ent.orst.edu/insect_ecology/PDF/Pemberton%202000.pdf=20 Rand, T. A. & S. M. Louda. 2004. Exotic weed invasion increases the Susceptibility of native plants to attack by a biocontrol herbivore. _Ecology_ 84:1548=961554.=20 Rand, T.A., F. L. Russell, & S. M. Louda. 2004. Local- Vs. = Landscape-Scale Indirect Effects of an Invasive Weed on Native Plant. _Weed Technology_ 18:1250-1254. 2004. Post Scriptum: Two California biocontrol specialists read this article and had the following comments: Dr. Baldo Villegas BVillegas@cdfa.ca.gov : I have been monitoring=20 _Cirsium_ spp. in California for several years now and I am yet=20 to find _Urophora stylata_ on any other _Cirsium_ species other=20 than bull thistle, _C. vulgare_. In fact, I don't know of any record=20 of _U. stylata_ on any other _Cirsium_ besides its intended target.=20 Dr. Michael Pitcairn mpitcairn@cdfa.ca.gov : The author appears to be=20 writing this article becauseof a news item reporting that the State of=20 Washington is advocating the use of the gall fly, _Urophora stylata_,=20 as a biocontrol agent against _Cirsium vulgare_. He assumes it must = feed=20 on other _Cirsium_ species, especially some rare species he is = particularly interested in. Actually, there is no published record of _U. stylata_,=20 attacking any other _Cirsium_ species, native or exotic. While=20 _U. stylata_ is not widespread in California, it is established in several coastal counties in northern California, = including Marin, Humboldt, and Del Norte. We've been monitoring several native_ Cirsium_ species in these areas and have recovered _U. stylata_ only = from _C. vulgare_. So, I think this species is very safe. It is true that there have been some _accidental_ introductions of = insects that attack native _Cirsium_ species. These include Canada thistle bud weevil, _Larinus planus_(F.), and the artichoke plume moth _ Platyptilia carduidactyla_ (Riley). Both are exotic and are not associated with any biocontrol program. It is unfortunate that they are here but, as you = know, we've been battling more new exotic pests every year. The only = biological control insect definitely known to attack native thistles is _Rhinocylus conicus_, the seed head weevil introduced for musk thistle. =20 Attack by this weevil on native Cirsium has been well documented. Also, = it should be pointed out that all native _Cirsium_ species have their own = guild of native seed head insects. Most commonly, there are 1-2 native = species of moths and 1-2 species of fruit fly that are found attacking native = species of _Cirsium_. These insects are very common and their feeding can do a = lot of damage that can be easily confused with damage by _Rhinocylus = conicus_. =20 I certainly understand the frustration that the author is expressing in = his report but, _Urophora stylata_ is very safe and will not attack native species of _Cirsium_. NEW MAGAZINE: _FUNGI_ From: Michael W. Beug, PhD beugm@evergreen.edu=20 _FUNGI_ (ISSN 1941-4943) is published five times per year (four = seasonal issues plus a special issue) by FUNGI, P.O. Box 8, 1925 Hwy. 175, = Richfield, Wisconsin 5 3076-0008, USA Subscriptions are US$35.00 per year for USA residents; US$38.00 for residents of Canada and Mexico; US40.00 for all others. See: http://www.fungimag.com/=20 _Fungi_ magazine is the creation of Britt Bunyard, PhD, who saw the = need for a wide-ranging magazine focusing on mushrooms. Volume 1 No. 1 = appeared in the spring of 2008. The Feature articles included _Slime Molds: Techniques for Identification and Cultivation_, _Fungi for Sustainable Living_, _Mushroom Photography: Shoot like the Pros_ , _Medicinal Mushrooms_ and _Mushroom Foraying in Newfoundland_. The second issue included articles on mushroom cultivation, mushroom poisoning, and new mushroom records for North America. The third issue featured Truffles, = _A Mycolegium of Truffle Literature_, _Desert Truffles_, _Truffles: A Primer_, _The Wild Epicure_ and more. The fourth issue included the _Phylogeny of Boletes_ and _Tibetan Cordyceps_. I am a contributing editor of _Fungi_ magazine. My involvement is = solely to occasionally contribute articles on mushroom toxicology. All writers and photographers are volunteers eager to disseminate mycological lore and knowledge. The website, www.fungimag.org , contains information about = the magazine and you can go there to read the feature articles in the = current issue. The editor Britt Bunyard has the following introduction posted on = the website: =93Welcome to FUNGImag.com, the website for _FUNGI_ Magazine! Each issue of _FUNGI_ will explore the world of mycology from many = different angles. With regular features ranging from toxicology to medicinal mushrooms; from photography to book reviews, _FUNGI_ will inform and entertain everyone from beginner to professional mycologist. Many of the Contributing Editors of _FUNGI_ have won awards nationally for their photography, writing, or pedagogical efforts. Most will likely be = familiar names to you. Additionally, every issue of _FUNGI_ will feature peer-reviewed technical papers ranging from original research findings = to reviews of taxonomic groups to new records of North American species. _FUNGI_ will be printed five times per year: four seasonal issues plus a special annual issue. Additionally, the user-friendly website you are = now viewing will post supplemental information for published articles, plus extras, so I urge everyone to check the entire site.=94 I personally am thrilled with the magazine. It is printed on high = quality paper and the color photography is excellent. A wide range of = professional and serious amateur mycologists are contributing editors. The articles = are diverse with considerable material of interest to individuals who are fascinated by the range and diversity of mushroom species and mushroom phylogeny; as well as articles for those who like to cook and eat = mushrooms, photograph fungi, cultivate fungi, and use mushrooms medicinally. Each = issue so far has been either 45 or 61 pages. The finished size is = 8.5=94x11=94. The magazine is something that I plan to collect and save. LICHEN PHOTOGRAPHS WEB SITE From: Stephen Sharnoff [lichen@IDIOM.COM] I want to let you all know that I've put most of my collection of lichen photographs on my website, http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/ . You can go = to the site and click on the Lichens link, or you can go directly to http://www.sharnoffphotos.com/lichens/lichens_home_index.html . = Essentially, it's an online catalogue of lichen images. The site has about 4,150 photos of individual lichens, representing approximately 1,250 species. All but a few are from North America, and = most of them are well-identified from voucher specimens. In addition, there = are about 350 images of lichen-related topics. With a website of this size, there are bound to be errors, and I would = very much appreciate any problems that you find, whether they are broken = links, or factual errors such as misidentifications or spelling mistakes. And = if you have an informed opinion as to the identity of any of the = unidentified lichens, please let me know! [Note of the BEN Editor: Stephen Sharnoff and the late Sylvia Duran = Sharnoff contributed with their 939 lichen photographs to Brodo, Irwin M., Sylvia Duran Sharnoff, & Stephen Sharnoff. 2001. _Lichens of North America_. = Yale University Press, New Haven & London.=20 See: http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben277.html ] ________________________________________________________________ =20 Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@telus.net BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska at telus.net Thu Mar 26 17:52:31 2009 From: aceska at telus.net (Adolf & Oluna Ceska) Date: Thu, 26 Mar 2009 09:52:31 -0700 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 406 Message-ID: <003001c9ae33$41f462b0$c5dd2810$@net> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS =20 No. 406 March 26, 2009 =20 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- CARROLL EMORY WOOD, JR., 88 From: Emily W. Wood, Harvard University Herbaria Carroll Emory Wood, Jr., Harvard University Professor of Biology and=20 Curator of the Arnold Arboretum, died March 15th at his home. He was = teacher and mentor to many botanists and students here, at the University of North Carolina = and at the University of Michigan Biological Station. A specialist in the flora of the Southeastern U.S., = he initiated, supervised and edited a comprehensive flora of that region, =E2=80=9CThe = Generic Flora of the Southeastern United States.=E2=80=9D His fieldwork took him throughout eastern = North America, the Caribbean and central Mexico.=20 He was admired by his many friends and colleagues for his compassion, = commitment and unfailing sense of humour. A resident of Boston=E2=80=99s South End = for almost 50 years, he was=20 beloved by neighbours and friends for his gentle nature and = horticultural guidance.=20 A memorial =E2=80=9CCelebration of Carroll=E2=80=9D will be held Sunday, = April 26, 2009, from 3-5 pm, at United South End Settlements, 566 = Columbus Avenue, Boston.=20 _PASSIFLORA_ (Passifloraceae) IN CALIFORNIA: A KEY AND COMMENTS ON = NATURALIZED SPECIES From: Marcel Rejm=C3=A1nek, Evolution and Ecology, University of = California, Davis, CA 95616, USA e-mail: mrejmanek@ucdavis.edu & = Eli=C5=A1ka Rejm=C3=A1nkov=C3=A1, Environmental Science & Policy, = University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA ABSTRACT The family Passifloraceae is not covered in any of the published = manuals on Californian flora. However, four species of _Passiflora_ = (passionflowers) have been recently recognized as naturalized or, at = least, casual in this state. We describe the largest infestation of = _Passiflora tarminiana_ Coppens & Barney, comment on all other reports = of naturalized _Passiflora_ taxa in California, and present a key for = their identification. _Passiflora tarminiana_ (until recently confused = with _P. mollissima_ Kunth in H.B.K.) and _P. caerulea_ L. can be = classified as naturalized and invasive, _P. mixta_ L. as naturalized, = _P. manicata_ (Juss.) Pers. as a casual alien, and _Passiflora_ = =E2=80=98Coral Sea=E2=80=99 as persisting after cultivation in = California. More than 530 species, mostly vines or lianas, have been described in = the genus _Passiflora_ (passion flowers) (Hansen et al. 2006), with many = taxa popular in cultivation (Ohle 1975, Vanderplank 2000, Ulmer and = MacDougal 2004). At least six of them are among the most aggressively = invading weeds in several countries (Heenan and Sykes 2003, Randall = 2002, Weber 2003). There are no native species in this genus in = California. The whole family, Passifloraceae, is essentially tropical. = The native distribution of the genus _Passiflora_ in the western North = America reaches its northern limits in Arizona and Baja California = (Goldman 2003). The family Passifloraceae is not covered in _The Jepson Manual_ = (Hickman 1993). However, even if the Californian climate is, in = general, not suitable for most species in this genus, more than ten = different taxa are commonly cultivated in Californian gardens. Moreover, = four species of _Passiflora_ have been recently recognized as = naturalized or at least as casual aliens (for terminology see Pysek et = al. 2004) in California (Hrusa et al. 2002). Consequently, this genus = deserves more attention. Our recent discovery of a large, spreading = population of _Passiflora tarminiana_ Coppens & Barney in Julia = Pfeiffer Burns State Park, Monterey County, became an impetus for = writing this note.=20 Here we comment on the four naturalized/casual _Passiflora_ species in = California, describe the new and largest infestation of _P. tarminiana_, = and provide a key for identification of discussed taxa. NATURALIZED, CASUAL, AND PERSISTING SPECIES IN CALIFORNIA Traditionally, the genus _Passiflora_ has been subdivided into 22 to 24 = subgenera (Escobar 1989, Vanderplank 2000). However, most of them now = correspond to supersections, sections, or series in Ulmer and MacDougal = (2004).=20 _Passiflora caerulea_ L. (section _Granadillastrum_) This South American species was reported from several localities in = North Coast Ranges, San Gabriel Mountains, and South Coast by Hrusa et = al. (2002). _Passiflora caerulea_ is now widely naturalized in southern = California (A. Sanders, personal communication). It is also naturalized = and weedy in New Zealand (Webb et al. 1988), Australia (Lazarides et al. = 1997), and South Africa (Henderson 2001). _Passiflora manicata_ (Juss.) Pers. (section _Manicata_) This species is native to the Andes of South America. There is one = record of _Passiflora manicata_ from Santa Barbara Co. (Smith 1976), = although, it was not mentioned in the 2nd edition (Smith 1998). This = species is reported as 'sparingly naturalized' on Kaua'i, Hawai'i = (Wagner et al. 1999). _Passiflora_ =E2=80=98Coral Sea=E2=80=99 (Figs. 1 & 2) This is a hybrid between _Passiflora manicata_ and an unknown species = or several species (Ulmer and MacDougal 2004). While reported only = recently (Dean et al. 2008), it is commonly cultivated along Californian = coast. Extensively branching individuals can cover large trees (Figs. 1 = & 2). Plants are sterile, but persisting for a long time after = cultivation. Photograph of this taxon, under the name _P. jamesonii_ = (Mast.) Bailey, is on p. 69 in Phillips & Rix (1997). _Passiflora mixta_ L. (section _Tacsonia_) A local patch of this vigorous South American vine was reported by Hrusa = et al. (2002) from Golden Gate Park. This is a relatively rare weed in = New Zealand (Heenan & Sykes 2003). _Passiflora tarminiana_ Coppens & Barney (section _Elkea_; Figs. 3 & 4) In California, it has been so far found as established in disturbed = habitats in Contra Costa Co. and reported from Riverside Co. (Hrusa et = al. 2002). While existence of this taxon was anticipated earlier (de Wilde 1975, = p.15), it was formally described as a distinct species only in 2001 = (Coppens d=E2=80=99Eeckenbrugge et al. 2001). _Passiflora tarminiana_ is = not known from natural habitats, but it is cultivated and spreading in = disturbed habitats in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. = Presumably, it is native somewhere in this range. This is the famous = 'banana poka', a serious pest in Hawaii where it has been called _P. = tripartita_ (Juss.) Poir. var. _mollissima_ (Kunth) Holm-Nielsen & = J=C3=B8rgensen [syn.: _Passiflora mollissima_ Kunth in H.B.K.] until = recently (Ramadan et al. 2008). Confusion with the previous species was = unavoidable and pictures of _P. tarminiana_ were often presented as = those of _P. mollissima_ (e.g., Henderson 2001, Muyt 2001, Vanderplank = 2000, Wagner et al. 1999). Probably most of the material that is = provided by nurseries in California under '_P. mollissima_' is = _Passiflora tarminiana_. Banana poka was classified as one of the = twelve most significant plant invaders in Hawaii (Smith 1985). It = topples native vegetation and suppresses tree regeneration, while its = prolific fruit production leads to an increase of feral pig population = densities. Its reproduction combines outcrossing early in anthesis with = selfing at a later stage, ensuring that isolated individuals can produce = viable offspring from a single colonizer (La Rosa 1992). Germination = seems to be slow - Williams and Buxton (1995) reported that only 25% of = fresh seeds germinated over the first 12 weeks, therafter germination = slowed considerably. Vegetative reproduction was reported as rare in = Hawaii (La Rosa 1992) but was found important at some sites in New = Zealand where _P. tarminiana_ is one of the most common invasive passion = flowers (Heenan & Sykes 2003, Williams and Buxton 1995. _Passiflora = tarminiana_ is also naturalized in Australia and Papua New Guinea = (Australia's Virtual Hebarium - http://www.chah.gov.au/avh ). Based on = their description (de Wide 1975), it seems that about half of the = specimens of =E2=80=98_P. mollissima_' from Kenya are also _P. = tarminiana_. =20 A NEW INFESTATION OF _PASSIFLORA TARMINIANA_ In November, 2003, we found that _Passiflora tarminiana_ is spreading = around McWay Creek, by the entrance to Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park, = 25 km SE of Point Sur, Monterey Co. (360 09' 32'' N, 1210 40' 11'' W, = elev. 50- 60 m). In total, seven distinct patches could be recognized at = that time. _Passiflora tarminiana_ was climbing up to 12 m on trees, = including _Alnus rhombifolia_ Nutt., _Sequoia sempervirens_ (Lamb.ex D. = Don) Endl., and _Umbellularia californica_ (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt.(Fig. = 4). We estimated that the extent of gross infestation was ca. 1.1 ha and = net infestation ca. 0.1 ha. Consequently, this species can be now = classified not only as 'naturalized' but also as 'invasive' (_sensu_ = Pysek et al. 2004) in California. We estimated that there were over 3000 = fruits present in the canopy and on the ground in the infested area. = Based on five randomly collected fruits, we estimated that the mean = number of viable seeds per fruit is around 170 (142-204). The shape of = seeds is quite variable and some of them match better the "_P. = mollissima_" photograph in P=C3=A9rez-Cort=C3=A9z et al. (2002) than the = drawing in the original description of _P. tarminiana_ by Coppens = d=E2=80=99Eeckenbrugge et al. (2001). At least some seeds are not = cordate but rather ovate. A voucher specimen and photographs were = deposited at DAV. Depending on availability of dispersal agents (La Rosa 1984, Jacobi and = Warshauer 1992, Williams et al. 2000), spread of this species can be = quite fast. With feral pigs common in Monterey Co. (Pine & Gerdes 1973, = Long 2003), they could become the major dispersers of _Passiflora = tarminiana_ in this area. Nevertheless, eradication of an infestation of = this size, in general, is feasible (Rejm=C3=A1nek and Pitcairn 2002) and = _P. tarminiana_ populations of this size were successfully eradicated in = New Zealand (P. A. Williams, personal communication). Based on our = observations in recent years (2006, 2008), it seems that attempts to = eradicate this species in Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park have been = under way. This is a beautiful ornamental plant, however, the only = long-term profit from its spread could be suppression of Cape ivy = (_Delairea odorata_ Lem.), another invader, that is also present in the = same area.=20 A KEY TO NATURALIZED, CASUAL, AND PERSISTING _PASSIFLORA_ TAXA The following key to casual and naturalized _Passiflora_ taxa in = California (in bold) was compiled on the basis of Coppens = d=E2=80=99Eeckenbrugge et al. (2001), Heenan and Sykes (2003), = Holm-Nielsen (1988), Vanderplank (2000), Ulmer and MacDougal (2004), and = examination of herbarium specimens.=20 _Passiflora tripartita_ is included in the key as it is commonly = confused with _P. tarminiana_ (see above). It is a South American = species, probably only occasionally cultivated in California. = Hypanthium/sepal length ratio and stipule size and their persistence are = important characters separating _P. tarminiana_ and _P. tripartita_. = For a long time, _P. tripartita_ var. _mollissima_ was classified as a = separate species - _P. mollissima_ . However, this taxon has been = shown, using morphological and molecular data, to be a part of the = natural variation of _P. tripartita_ (references in Heenan & Sykes = 2003). On the other hand, plants now classified as _P. tripartita_ var. = _azuayensis_ Holm-Nielsen & J=C3=B8rgensen were previously often = confused with _P. mixta_. Both varieties are common invaders in New = Zealand (Heenan & Sykes 2003). _P. mixta_, _P. tarminiana_, and _P. = tripartita_ are closely related (Segura et al. 2002) and their hybrids = are sometimes reported. =20 Judging from their persistence after cultivation, two other commonly = planted _Passiflora_ species are candidates for naturalization in = California: _P. incarnata_ L. (series _Passiflora_, native to eastern = U.S.) and _P. vitifolia_ Kunth (supersection _Coccinea_, native from = Central America to Peru). _Passiflora laurifolia_ L. (supersection = _Laurifolia_, native in West Indies and Venezuela), occasionally = cultivated in California, is naturalized in Hawaii and several other = Pacific islands. The last three species are not included in this key, = but their descriptions and photographs of their flowers are available in = Vanderplank (2000) and Ulmer & MacDougal (2004). 1a Hypanthium (floral tube) absent or saucer-shaped and inconspicuous;=20 corolla white; leaves on adult shoots 5- to 9-lobed = =E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6.. _P. = caerulea_ 1b Hypanthium elongate; corolla pink, magenta, or red; leaves on adult=20 shoots 3-lobed 2a Hypanthium/sepal length ratio <1.0; corona filaments in 3 or 4 = series, outer two blue 0.2-0.4 cm, inner white; corolla bright = red/scarlet =E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6.. _P. manicata_ 2b Hypanthium/sepal length ratio abut 1.0 or >1.0; corona filaments = in <4 series 3a Hypanthium/sepal length ratio abut 1.0; corona filaments in three = series, outer=20 0.6-1.0 cm, of filiform, violet elements, second series 0.1-0.3 cm, = membranous, upper 1/2 split into filiform segments, white, third series 0.1 cm, = membranous, white;=20 corolla dark pink ................................................_P_. = =E2=80=98Coral Sea=E2=80=99 3b Hypanthium/sepal length ratio >1.0; corona filaments in one = series (reduced=20 to a denticulate ring of teeth in P. tarminiana); corolla pink, = magenta, or red =09 4a Stipules 3-7 x 1-3 mm, early deciduous; nectary chamber 1.2-2.0 = cm wide;=20 hypanthium/sepal length ratio 1.3-1.6; perianth lobes reflexed, light = pink;=20 fruit fusiform; leaves glabrous to glabrate on upper surface = =E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6 _P. tarminiana_ 4b Stipules 6-20 x 12-30 mm, persistent; nectary chamber < 1.4 cm = wide;=20 hypanthium/sepal length ratio > 1.6; perianth lobes campanulate, = corolla pink=20 to magenta or bright red; fruit obovoid to oblong; leaves glabrous to densely pubescent on upper surface =09 5a Bracts usually connate for >3/4 length, densely pubescent with = the hairs conspicuous; flowers salmon-pink to bright red; hypanthium = moderately to=20 densely pubescent, hypanthium/sepal length ratio 1.4-2.6; leaves = glabrous to=20 glabrate on upper surface; petiole with 4-10 glands = =E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6...=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6 _P. = mixta_ 5b Bracts connate for 1/3-2/3 length, sparsely to moderately = pubescent, with the hairs inconspicuous; flowers pink to magenta; hypanthium glabrous, hypanthium/sepal length ratio 2.4-3.2; leaves glabrous to glabrate = or moderately to dense pubescent on upper surface; petiole with 6-14 glands = =E2=80=A6... _P. tripartita_ =09 =09 6a Leaves moderately to densely pubescent on upper surface ..... = var. _mollissima_ 6b Leaves glabrous to glabrate on upper surface =20 7a Leaves incised ca. 5/6 of their length, lobes narrowly = lanceolate = =E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2= =80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80= =A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6.=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6. = var. _tripartita_ 7b Leaves incised ca. 4/5 of their length, lobes = lanceolate-eliptic = =E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2= =80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80= =A6=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6.=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6..=E2=80=A6.=E2=80=A6 var. = _azuayensis_ =20 Acknowledgements We thank Eva Grotkopp, Fred Hrusa, Rob Klinger, John M. Randall, Bill = Sykes, and Peter Williams for many helpful comments. References Coppens d=E2=80=99Eeckenbrugge, G., V.E. Barney, P.M. J=C3=B8rgensen, & = J.M. MacDougal. 2001. _Passiflora_ tarminiana, a new cultivated species = of _Passiflora_ subgenus _Tacsonia_ (Passifloraceae). _Novon_ 11: 8-15. Dean, E., F. Hrusa, G. Leppig, A. Sanders, & B. Ertter. 2008. Catalogue = of nonnative vascular plants occurring spontaneously in California = beyond those addressed in the Jepson Manual =E2=80=93 Part II. = _Madro=C3=B1o_ 55: 93-112. Escobar, L. K. 1989. A new subgenus and five new species in _Passiflora_ = (Passifloraceae) from South America. _Annals of the Missouri Botanical = Garden_ 76: 877-885. Goldman, D.H. 2003. Two species of _Passiflora_ (Passifloraceae) in the = Sonoran Desert and vicinity: a new taxonomic combination and an = introduced species in Arizona. _Madro=C3=B1o_ 50: 243-264. Heenan, P.B. & W.R. Sykes. 2003. _Passiflora_ (Passifloraceae) in New = Zealand: a revised key with notes on distribution. _New Zealand Journal = of Botany_ 41: 217-221. Henderson, L. 2001. _Alien Weeds and Invasive Plants. A Complete Guide = to Declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa._ Agricultural Research = Council, Cape Town, South Africa. Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. _The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of = California._ University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Holm-Nielsen, L.B., P.M. J=C3=B8rgensen, & J.E. Lawesson. 1988. 126. = _Passifloraceae_. In: G. Harding and L. Anderson (eds.), _Flora of = Ecuador_ 31. Berlings, Arl=C3=B6v, Copenhagen, Denmark. 130 p. Hrusa, F., B. Ertter, A. Sanders, G. Leppig, & E. Dean. 2002. Catalogue = of non-native vascular plants occurring spontaneously in California = beyond those addressed in the Jepson Manual =E2=80=93 Part I. = _Madro=C3=B1o_ 49: 61-98. Jacobi, J. D. & F. R. Warshauer. 1992. _Distribution of six alien plant = species in upland habitats of the islands of Hawai'i_. Pp. 155-188 in C. = P. Stone, C. W. Smith & J. T. Tunison (eds.), _Alien plant invasions in = native ecosystems of Hawai'i: management and research._ University of = Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Honolulu, HI. La Rosa, A.M. 1984. _The biology and ecology of _Passiflora mollissima_ = in Hawaii_. Cooperative National Park Resources Unit. Technical Report = 50. LaRosa, A. M. 1992. _The status of banana poka in Hawai'I_. Pp. 271-299 = in C. P. Stone, C. W. Smith & J. T. Tunison (eds.), _Alien Plant = Invasions in Native Ecosystems of Hawai'i: Management and Research._ = University of Hawaii Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, = Honolulu, HI. Lazarides, M., K. Cowley, & P. Hohnen. 1997. _CSIRO Handbook of = Australian Weeds._ CSIRO, Collingwood, Australia. Long, J. L. 2003. _Introduced Mammals of the World._ CSIRO Publishing, = Collingwood, Australia. Muyt, A. 2001. _Bush invaders of South-east Australia._ R.G. & F. J. = Richardson, Meredith, Victoria, Australia. Ohle, H. 1975. Beitr=C3=A4ge zur Kenntnis der als Obstpflanzen = kultivierten _Passiflora_-Arten. _Kultupflanze_ 23: 107-129.=20 P=C3=A9rez-Cort=C3=A9z, S., S. Tillett, & M. Escala. 2002. Estudio = morfpl=C3=B3gico la semilla de 51 especies del g=C3=A9nero _Passiflora_ = L. _Acta Botanica Venezuelica_ 25: 67-96. Phillips, R. & M. Rix. 1997. _Indoor and Greenhouse Plants. Vol. 1._ = Random House, New York. Pine, D. & G. Gerdes. 1973. Wild pigs in Monterey County, California. _ = California Fish & Game_ 59: 126-137.=20 Pysek, P., D. M. Richardson, M. Rejm=C3=A1nek, G. L. Webster, M. = Williamson, and J. Kirschner. 2004. Alien plants in checklists and = floras: towards better communication between taxonomists and ecologists. = _Taxon_ 53: 131-143. See also: http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben324.html =20 Ramadan, M.M., G.P. Markin, and M.W. Johnson. 2008. Field biology of = _Pyrausta perelegans_ (Lepidoptera: Crambidae); a flower bud-feeder on = _Passiflora mollissima_, an invasive vine in Hawaiian forests. _Tropical = Lepidoptera Research_ 18: 113-121. Randall, R. 2002. _A global Compendium of Weeds._ R.G. & F.J. = Richardson, Melbourne, Australia. Rejm=C3=A1nek, M. & M. J. Pitcairn. 2002. When is eradication of exotic = pest plants a realistic goal? Pp. 94-98 in C. R. Veitch & M. N. Clout = (eds.), _Turning the Tide: The Eradication of Invasive Species._ IUCN, = Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. Segura, S., G. Coppens d'Eeckenbrugge, A. Bohorquez, P. Ollitrault, and = J. Tohme. 2002. An AFLP diversity study of the genus _Passiflora_ = focusing on subgenus _Tacsonia_. _Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution_ = 42: 111-123. Smith, C. F. 1976. _A Flora of the Santa Barbara Region._ 1st ed. Santa = Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, CA. --------. 1998. _A Flora of the Santa Barbara Region._ 2nd ed. Santa = Barbara botanic Garden & Capra Press, Santa Barbara, CA. Smith, C. W. 1985. Impact of alien plants on Hawai'i's native biota. Pp. = 180-250 in C. P Stone & J. M. Scott (eds.), _Hawai'i's Terrestrial = Ecosystems: Preservation and Management._ Cooperative National Park = Resources Studies Unit, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI. Vanderplank, J. 2000. _Passion flowers._ 3rd ed. The MIT Press, = Cambridge, MA. Ulmer, T. & J.M. MacDougal. 2004. _Passiflora_. _Passionflowers of the = World._ Timber Press, Portland, OR. Wagner, W. L., D. A. Herbst, & S. H. Sohmer. 1999. _Manual of the = Flowering Plants of Hawai'i._ Rev. ed., vol. 2. Univ. Hawai'i = Press/Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu. Webb, G. J., W. R. Sykes, & P. J. Garnock-Jones (eds.) 1988. _Flora of = New Zealand. Vol. IV. Naturalized Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, = Dicotyledons._ Botany Division, D.S.I.R., Christchurch, New Zealand. Weber, E. 2003. _Invasive Plant Species of the World._ CABI Publishing, = Wallingford, UK. de Wilde, W. J. J. O. 1975. _Passifloraceae._ In: R. N. Polhill (ed.) = Flora of Tropical East Africa. Crown Agents for Overseas Governments and = Administrations, London. Williams, P. A. & R. B. Buxton. 1995. Aspects of the ecology of two = species of _Passiflora_ (_P. mollissima_ (Kunth) L. Bailey and _P. = pinnatistipula_ Cav.) as weeds in South Island, New Zealand. _New = Zealand Journal of Botany_ 33: 315-323. Williams, P. A., B. J. Karl, P. Bannister, & W. G. Lee. 2000. Small = mammals as potential seed dispersers in New Zealand. _Austral Ecology_ = 25: 523-532. Figure captions Fig. 1. _Passiflora_ =E2=80=9CCoral Sea=E2=80=9D Fig. 2. _Passiflora_ =E2=80=9CCoral Sea=E2=80=9D overgrowing Monterey = pine in Fort Bragg, CA. Fig. 3, _Passiflora tarminiana_ Fig. 4. Fruiting _Passiflora_ tarminiana_ climbing over _Sequoia = sempervirens_ in Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park BOOK REVIEW: THE ILLUSTRATED MOSS FLORA OF ANTARCTICA From: Wynne Miles [wynnemiles@shaw.ca ]=20 Ochyra, Ryszard, Ronald Lewis Smith & Halina Bednarek-Ochyra. 2008. Illustrated Moss Flora of Antarctica. Studies in Polar Research. = Cambridge University Press, Cambridge =E2=80=93 New York. 273 p. = ISBN-13: 9780521814027 [hard cover] Price:=20 This is a delightful and impressive book; the result of 13 years of = dedicated work. With the objective of providing an up-to date account = of all taxa of mosses recorded in the Antarctica, the authors examined = the type of every taxon described from the study area as well as many = historical collections. The introductory chapters provide information = on the biogeographic zones, the climate and geology of the region, a = history of bryological studies, as well as a discussion of the = terrestrial ecosytems including extreme habitats such as geothermal = vents and deep lakes. The flora is based on traditional taxonomic concepts and therefore is = primarily based on morphology. An overall key to the genera is = provided, as well as separate keys for the genera for each family and = the taxa for each genus. Generous detailed descriptions are given for = each taxon with information on morphological characteristics, chromosome = numbers, reproduction, habitat, distribution, and similar species. As the title promises the flora is richly illustrated with detailed line = drawings and distribution maps for all species and varieties, as well as = forty-two color plates of typical moss communities. The line drawings = are delicate and clear. A full page of line drawings are provided for = each taxon, including habit sketches, leaves, stem and leaf = cross-sections, leaf areolation, gemmae, perichaetial leaves, and in = many cases sporophyte characteristics. =20 This book, along with the previously published Liverwort Flora of = Antarctica (Bednarek-Ochyra et al. 2000) and the Lichens of Antarctica = and South Georgia: A Guide to their Identification and Ecology (Ovstedal = & Lewis Smith 2001), completes a series on the bryophyte and lichen = systematics of the Antarctic region; a important addition for an area in = which bryophytes and lichens dominate the vegetation. =20 Related titles: Halina Bednarek-Ochyra, Ryszard Ochyra, Jiri Vana and Ronald I Lewis = Smith. 2000. The Liverwort Flora of Antarctica. Polish Academy of = Sciences, W Szafer Institute of Botany, Krakow, Poland. 236 p. ISBN-10: = 8385444742 [softcover] Price: ca. US$85.- Available from: = http://www.nhbs.com/shopping_basket.php?action=3Dadd&bkfno=3D117672=20 =C3=98vstedal, D.O. & R. I. Lewis Smith. 2001. Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia:A Guide to their Identification = and Ecology. Studies in Polar Research, British Antarctic Survey, = Cambridge ISBN-13: 9780521662413 [Hardcover] Price ca. us$120.- Available from: = http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=3D9780521662413 = =20 ________________________________________________________________ =20 Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@telus.net BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ From aceska at telus.net Thu Mar 26 18:11:02 2009 From: aceska at telus.net (Adolf & Oluna Ceska) Date: Thu, 26 Mar 2009 10:11:02 -0700 Subject: [BEN-L]]BEN # 406 - Addendum Message-ID: <003101c9ae35$d7b71750$872545f0$@net> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 406 March 26, 2009 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, P.O.Box 8546, Victoria, B.C. Canada V8W 3S2 ----------------------------------------------------------- The figures to the _Passiflora_ article are accessible at http://bomi.ou.edu/ben/406/passiflora_figures.pdf Apologies for this omission. AC ________________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@telus.net BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________