From aceska at telus.net Wed May 4 16:43:23 2011 From: aceska at telus.net (Adolf Ceska) Date: Wed, 4 May 2011 08:43:23 -0700 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 435 Message-ID: <003d01cc0a72$0097a730$01c6f590$@net> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N =20 BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 435 May 4, 2011 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, 1809 Penshurst, Victoria, BC, Canada V8N 2N6 ----------------------------------------------------------- BOTANY BC 2011 REGISTRATION OPEN The program and registration for Botany BC 2011 at Tatlayoko Lake in the beautiful Chilcotin area of BC has now been posted on the Botany BC = website at: http://members.shaw.ca/BotanyBC/ =A0 Please feel free to send this note on to anyone you think might be interested in the program and please feel free to contact any=A0of the organizing committee members=A0if you have any questions about this = year's BBC event. Hope to see you there! =A0 LOOKING FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF _HYDROTHYRIA VENOSA_ From: David Richardson e-mail: David.Richardson@SMU.CA=20 Frances Anderson, Rob Cameron and I, are preparing to undertake research and write a Cosewic Status Report (Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada) on _Hydrothyria venosa_ J.L. Russell (_Peltigera hydrothyria_ Mi=E0dl. & Lutzoni), the waterfan lichen in Canada. This = leafy lichen occurs on the bottom of=A0 shallow, fast flowing upland streams. We hope (with the help of Canadian colleagues) to visit as many of=A0 = the known sites of this lichen in Canada as possible to determine if the = lichen is still extant at each site. We plan to assess the number of thalli, measure water parameters etc. as well as look for possible new locations nearby. There are records of this lichen from eastern Canada (Nova = Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec) as well as from Western Canada.=A0 We will be gathering records from herbaria in Canada, but from our experience in writing a COSEWIC report on _Degelia plumbea_ (Lightf.) P.M. J=B8rg. & = P. James, we know that additional and unexpected records can come from=20 personal herbaria of lichenologists or from herbaria outside Canada.=20 If you have any records of _Hydrothyria venosa_ (syn.: _Peltigera=20 hydrothyria_) from BC and the Pacific Northwest, we would very much like = details of the record as well as any information on the number of thalli = found, ecology of the site, etc. In addition if you searched particular=20 rivers or streams for this lichen but did not find it, then that = information too is valuable for the 'Search Effort or Distribution' sections of our=20 report. RARE PLANTS OF THE FRASER VALLEY IN THE LOWLAND ZONE - PART 3 From: F. Lomer, Honourary Research Associate, UBC Herbarium, Vancouver, = B.C. e-mail: lomerlomer@hotmail.com=20 _Elatine rubella_ Rydb. - Elatinaceae=20 A small prostrate annual of wet muddy sites, often half buried. It = grows in the wettest depression pools on tidal mudflats and flood pools along the Fraser, Pitt and Harrison Rivers. 14 sites are known in Greater = Vancouver,=20 all along the riverflats, except for one site on the shore of Latimer = Lake=20 in Surrey, where it is very scarce and was not found in recent years. = It=20 will rarely show up from time to time in Fraser River sand dredgings = used=20 as preload in preparation for building construction (UBC: Lomer 97-604). = =20 =20 _Eleocharis ovata_ (Roth) Roem. & Schult. - Cyperaceae=20 A small annual spike-rush that was known for certain in BC only from = Ellison Lake in the Okanagan. During the 2008 CDC survey, a population of over = 1000 plants was found on the east shore of Hatzic Lake (UBC: Lomer 6867) and found again on the muddy receded shore of Latimer Lake, Surrey (UBC: = Lomer=20 6883). At Hatzic it was growing on emergent mudflats with _Limosella aquatica_ = L.,=20 _Eleocharis acicularis_ (L.) Roem. & Schult., and _Crassula aquatica_=20 (L.) Schoenl. It looks much like the common annual spike-rush in the = Fraser Valley - _Eleocharis obtusa_ (Willd.) Schult., but the tubercles on the achene tops are narrower and more triangular in outline. The stems are mostly down-curved and are of variable lengths giving the plants a low starburst-like appearance. The Latimer Lake population numbers about 500 = plants in the muddiest sites and though these plants were observed in=20 previous years they were assumed to be _E. obtusa_ , so it is quite = likely that more sites will be found in the Fraser Valley and indeed in = southern=20 British Columbia once this species becomes better known. =20 =20 _Eleocharis parvula_ (Roem. & Schult.) Link ex Bluff, Nees & Schauer - Cyperaceae=20 A diminutive perennial with bulb-like basal tubers, restricted to = brackish seashores and estuaries in BC. Known in Greater Vancouver from the head = of=20 Burrard Inlet, the Serpentine estuary, Little Campbell River estuary and Iona Island (UBC: Lomer 97-596). It does not grow in freshwater sites in The Fraser Valley. I expect that a thorough search of coastal estuaries = in Brackish sites where the tidal shore is exposed compacted mud, will = reveal=20 that this species is not of conservation concern in BC. =20 =20 _Elodea nuttallii_ (Planch.) H. St. John - Hydrocharitaceae=20 An aquatic plant mostly of shallow water along the major rivers. It = looks like the common _Elodea canadensis_, but the leaves are narrower and = toothed along the upper margins and the male flowers are sessile and break free = from the leaf axils and float to the surface for pollination. Known from 12 = sites in Greater Vancouver, all along the Fraser and Pitt Rivers (UBC: Lomer 97-584). It is to be expected in other sites up the valley and will likely be=20 removed from the rare plant list eventually because it is widespread in = BC and often overlooked. It can survive in polluted water and has been introduced to places far outside its native range.=20 =20 _Epipactis gigantea_ Dougl. ex Hook. - Orchidaceae=20 This robust orchid of wet, often calcareous sites, was known in the = Fraser Valley from Cultus Lake where it was collected more than 70 years ago = (UBC:=20 H.H. Rose s.n.). It was rediscovered there in 2004 (UBC: Lomer 5404). = It is quite frequent along the northern lakeshore for several 100 meters. It = is not yet threatened on this undeveloped side of Cultus Lake, though the near-constant summertime wave action caused by boaters is battering the=20 shoreline plants.=20 In 2009 a large poulation of E. gigantea was dscovered by Monica Pearson = in a wetland east of Agassiz. As well, a few small patches exist on the = Fraser River islands southwest of Agassiz. Surprisingly, these plants are not = in wet sites in summer, but are moistened or even inundated during high = runoff. =20 _Eutrochium maculatum_ (L.) E. E. Lamont var. _bruneri_ (A. Gray) E. E. Lamont - Asteraceae=20 For years it was believed that this outstanding perennial (Joe Pye weed) = was merely an introduction from eastern North America where it is quite = common. It was collected several times from 1897 to 1926 in the Vancouver area = (UBC: Henry s.n.), in the 1940's in Huntingdon, and up to as late as 1955 near Chilliwack. It was assumed, over time, it had died away. But evidence=20 suggests that this taxon is a very rare native that is barely hanging on = in the Fraser Valley. Variety _bruneri_ is the western component of a species that is of = sporadic=20 and rare occurrence at the westernmost portion of its range. It is = believed to be extinct from Washington (Whatcom Co.). A small population existed near Steveston in the Fraser delta, but that disappeared by natural = causes=20 by about 2000. In 2007 _Eutrochium maculatum_ var. _bruneri_ was rediscovered on Kirkland Island about 4 km E of the Steveston site (UBC: = Lomer 6318). =20 This population seems more secure with about 126 flowering stems counted = and is not endangered by any development threats, though it is still a small = population that could succumb to disease or eventual crowding by = _Phalaris=20 arrundinacea_ L. and _Lythrum salicaria_ L.. It seems to be a very poor = reproducer from seed; just one juvenile plant was observed away from the main population. The Huntingdon site is apparently lost to development. The Chilliwack site is from 6 1/2 miles east of town. This would be = about Rosedale. There is a slough with potential habitat in the area, but no plants have been observed during more than 10 years of cursory = searching.=20 It was observed in Ladner Marsh in the late 1960's (Terry Taylor, = personal=20 communication), but it has not been found again, though the habitat is = vast. In 2009 a second site was discovered by Monica Pearson in a wetland east = of=20 Agassiz in the Fraser Valley. The only other known site for _E. = maculatum_=20 var. _bruneri_ in British Columbia is in a wetland southwest of = Revelstoke,=20 discovered by Curtis Bjork (UBC: Lomer 7113).=20 =20 _Glyceria leptostachya_ Buckley - Poaceae=20 A perennial grass from wet places in coastal BC. Known in the Fraser = Valley from 6 sites in the Vancouver area, east to near Barnston Island, Surrey (UBC: Lomer 93-250). Elsewhere in BC it is widespread on the coast, but = rarely encountered from the Queen Charlotte Islands south to Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. Generally a microscope is needed to = separate=20 it from _Glyceria borealis_ (Nash) Batch., _G. fluitans_ (L.) R. Br., or = _G._ x _occidentalis_ (Piper) J.C. Nelson, all of which occur in the = Fraser=20 Valley. =20 _Helenium autumnale_ L. var. _grandiflorum_ (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray - Asteraceae This is one of the relatively few native BC plants that has found a = place in the horticultural trade. Var. _grandiflorum_ is a larger variety with longer ray flowers and more numerous heads, in well-grown plants at = least. It is difficult to tell from the common var. _montanum_ which is a = variety that grows on river shores along the Thompson and Fraser Rivers as well = as=20 several other places in southeast BC. Var. _montanum_ also can be found = as=20 a native plant in riverbars of the upper Fraser Valley from Agassiz to = Hope=20 and rarely downriver as well, usually in sand dredgings. Var. = _grandiflorum_ can be told by its larger flower heads and rays, taller stature and more = robust habit. =20 Var. _grandiflorum_ can be found scattered along a 20 km stretch on both sides of the Pitt River from Douglas Island to Pitt Lake(UBC: Bradfield = 92). It was discovered on Westham Island in 2008 and can be expected anywhere Along the Fraser River on wet vegetated shoes, east to about Hope. =20 There are old collections from ditches in Langley; these sites may or = may not have been destroyed. There is a large population in back of the Ruby Creek Rest Stop, Hwy 7, west of Hope. =20 =20 _Heterocodon rariflorum_ Nutt. - Campanulaceae=20 A small annual from seepage sites on sunny slopes. A population was discovered 4 km west of Hope in 2008 (UBC: Lomer 6607). To be sought in = similar habitats on the lower mountain slopes north of the Fraser River, = but it is expected to be very rare here.=20 _Hydrophyllum tenuipes_ A. Heller - Hydrophyllaceae=20 A woodland species from moist shaded sites that is occasionally also = found in grassy clearings. It can be found in the Abbotsford area (UBC: = Pincott 5456). Elsewhere in BC it is known only from Goldstream and the Sooke River on=20 Vancouver Island. It should be sought along shaded streambanks and = ravines in the central valley. =20 _Juncus occidentalis_ Wiegand - Juncaceae=20 This native rush was not recognized by most botanists here until = recently. It is proving to be quite frequent on southern Vancouver Island and the = Gulf Islands. It was not thought to occur in the Fraser Valley aside from a small, presumably introduced, population on a highway bank in Coquitlam. Western rush was found in a field below Sumas Mountain, east of = Abbotsford,=20 during the 2008 CDC survey (UBC: Lomer 6840) and it may be expected to = occur at other sites in the Fraser Valley. It looks very much like the common = _Juncus tenuis_ Willd., but can be recognized by the short, rounded sheath-top auricles. _Juncus tenuis_ auricles are long and pointed. It = will likely be removed from the rare list once more collections are made.=20 =20 _Juncus oxymeris_ Engelm. - Juncaceae =20 This rush with the flattened blades and multi-branched flower clusters = is one of the most noticeable in the BC flora, but is often confused with = the=20 common _Juncus ensifolius_ Wikstr. _Juncus oxymeris_ is a more robust = plant with a more diffuse inflorescence with more pointed fruit capsules. It = is=20 locally common along the tidal shores of the Fraser and Pitt Rivers. It = is=20 also known along the tidal shores of the Somass River in Port Alberni on Vancouver Island, but nowhere else in BC as far as I can tell. In BC = this=20 species is not known away from tidal habitats, except as a waif on sand=20 dredgings near these sites. It occurs from near Steveston, throughout = the South Arm of the Fraser, sporadically along the North Arm, rarely from Richmond to the Coquitlam River due to lack of habitat, and is dominant = for=20 a 20 km stretch on both sides of the Pitt from Douglas Island to Pitt = Lake=20 (UBC: T. Taylor, s.n.). Despite its relative abundance it is still considered a rare plant in BC = due to its limited range and heavy development pressures in the lower Fraser River. =20 _Lilaea scilloides_ (Poir.) Hauman - Juncaginaceae=20 A rather succulent annual that is often overlooked because it grows in = wet tidal mud in our area and is rather inconspicuous amongst the sparse vegetation. Known from 18 sites in Greater Vancouver along tidal shores = of=20 the Fraser and Pitt Rivers (UBC: Henry s.n.). It is also known from = Pitt Lake. I would not expect it to occur outside areas of tidal influence in = our area. Some sites are threatened by riverside development, while others are = secure as part of the tidal wetlands that are not presently under direct development pressures. =20 =20 _Lindernia dubia_ (L.) Pennell var. _anagallidea_ (Michx.) Cooperr. - Scrophulariaceae=20 Known from about 30 sites in Greater Vancouver and rarely elsewhere in = the Fraser Valley such as Hatzic Lake and Sumas Mt (UBC: Lomer 6842). = Elsewhere in British Columbia it occurs from the Okanagan north to Kamloops Lake = and Shuswap Lake. In the Fraser Valley it grows in a variety of ephemeral habitats: pond and lake shores, tidal river flats and muddy shores, dried pools, = field depressions, cranberry fields, mud puddles, dredged sand landfills, etc. = and even as a roadside weed in pavement cracks and gaps. It survives in man-made habitats and thus is able to persist under the development pressures in the Lower Mainland, but these populations are prone to disappear over time.=20 =20 _Lupinus rivularis_ Dougl. ex Lindl. - Fabaceae=20 This attractive lupine grows in man-made habitats such as dykes, = railroad Track sides, dredged sand piles and roadsides in Greater Vancouver (UBC: = B. Klinkenberg 01-13). It is also occasionally planted in semi-natural sites. Often these plants are a genetic mix with other species. It is unclear to me whether this species is native to the Fraser Valley, but = it does occur natively to the south in Washington (as well as Sooke on=20 Vancouver Island), and may have spread naturally into the Lower = Mainland,=20 thus it is tracked as a rare native plant. ____________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@telus.net BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ________________________________________________________________ =20 From aceska at telus.net Wed May 18 19:50:14 2011 From: aceska at telus.net (Adolf Ceska) Date: Wed, 18 May 2011 11:50:14 -0700 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 436 Message-ID: <004701cc158c$6ca948a0$45fbd9e0$@net> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N =20 BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 436 May 18, 2011 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, 1809 Penshurst, Victoria, BC, Canada V8N 2N6 ----------------------------------------------------------- SECOND ANNUAL SCHOFIELD BRYOFORAY =E2=80=9CHUNT FOR THE NUGGET MOSS=E2=80=9D Where: Thompson Rivers University in Kamloops, British Columbia When: June 10-12, 2011 Join Dr. Terry McIntosh on a search for the elusive Nugget Moss, = (Microbryum vlassovii) and explore some of the more interesting dry land = areas around the region. This year each person is responsible for making their own lodging = arrangements. Meals will be on your own but we will gather one evening = for a group meal at one of the local restaurants. We are limited to 25 = people. The registration fee is $25.00. We have reserved a block of 20 rooms in the Residences at Thompson = Rivers University: They are 2-bedroom suites with one wash room, = includes all bedding and a continental breakfast. Cost: $99.95 + tax = (per each suite)=20 For questions and registration form please contact either Olivia Lee = Olivia@mail.ubc.ca or Judy Harpel jharpel@interchange.ubc.ca =20 TEUVO AHTI AND LEENA H=C3=84MET-AHTI: A WELLS GRAY HONEYMOON From: Trevor Goward=20 (adapted from http://www.waysofenlichenment.net/wells/ahti ) Leena H=C3=A4met-Ahti and Teuvo (Ted) Ahti are familiar friends to = western Canadian botany. Residents of Finland, Leena was Associate = Professor of Botany at the University of Helsinki (later also Director = of the university=E2=80=99s Botanical Garden), while Ted was Professor = of Cryptogamic Botany (later also "Academy Professor") at the same = university. Beginning in 1958 and 1961, respectively, Ted and Leena = made numerous forays to western North America, especially British = Columbia, ultimately amassing c. 10,500 specimens from this region. Most = of this material is deposited at the Finnish Natural History Museum (H), = with replicates going to the University of British Columbia (UBC - = Vancouver), the Canadian Museum of Nature (CANL - Ottawa), and other = major herbaria. Relevant publications include, for Leena: vegetation = zones of western Canada (1965a), vascular flora of Wells Gray Park = (1965b), timberline meadows (1978), _Juncus_ (1980), and _Luzula_ = (1965c, 1971, 1973); and for Ted: Wells Gray Park mosses (1967), British = Columbia lichen checklist (1967, 1987), Wells Gray Park macrolichens = (1992), Alaska Highway lichens (1994) and Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte = Islands) _Cladonia_ (1995, 1996). The name "Ahti" is now associated with = western North American botany in the lichen genus _Ahtiana_. It is mid July, 1961=E2=80=A6 The scene is a rolling subalpine meadow somewhere on the upper slopes of = Battle Mountain in Wells Gray Provincial Park. The day is cold, raw, = overcast, and threatening rain. Near the edge of the meadow, two human = forms, clad in heavy rain gear, can be seen moving slowly about on hands = and knees. From time to time one of them pauses, removes a notebook from = a pocket, and then quickly writes something down. Most of the time, = however, their hands, when free, are waving around in the air, = constantly swatting at the clouds of mosquitoes now gathered around = them. Meet Teuvo Ahti and Leena H=C3=A4met-Ahti ...on their honeymoon. Although Teuvo ("Ted" to his Anglophone friends) and Leena are no = strangers to western North America, home for them is actually Finland. = Here Leena was born in Kuusamo on 3 January 1931, and Ted in Helsinki a = few years later on 14 June 1934. Coming of age in Finland during World = War II could not have been easy; perhaps it was this that instilled in = both of them a love of wild green places far removed from the _Sturm und = Drang_ of human politics. Ted and Leena met while completing their respective M.Sc. degrees at the = University of Helsinki -- Leena in 1955, Ted in 1957. They married late = in 1960, just in time to plan a two month "honeymoon" of intense = botanical study in British Columbia=E2=80=99s Wells Gray Provincial = Park. On paper, Ted was hired (by Yorke Edwards, British Columbia = Provincial Museum in Victoria, Canada) to conduct a study of Mountain = Caribou habitat, though in practice he and Leena used the opportunity to = make a first comprehensive inventory of the Wells Gray=E2=80=99s plants, = lichens, mosses and hepatics. With characteristic vigour, they amassed = a collection numbering many thousands of specimens. Later that same year, 1961, Ted successfully defended his Ph.D thesis: a = world monograph on the Reindeer Lichens (_Cladonia_ subgenus _Cladina_). = Leena earned her Ph.D. two years later, in 1963, with a dissertation on = the birch forests of northern Norway and Finland. Both scientists would = continue their association with the University of Helsinki throughout = their careers. In 1974 Leena became Associate Professor of Botany, later = also serving as Director of the university=E2=80=99s Botanical Garden; = Ted was appointed as Curator of the Botanical Museum=E2=80=99s = Cryptogamic Herbarium in 1963, and in 1979 became Professor of = Cryptogamic Botany, rising in 1991 to "Academy Professor". Since = retirement in 1996 he has been a Research Associate of the Finnish = Museum of Natural History in Helsinki. Over the years Ted and Leena have travelled widely not only in western = North America, but also in other parts of the world, including = Newfoundland, Ontario, North Carolina, Japan, China, Mongolia, Siberia, = Sudan, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil, Guyana, Mexico, and = Venezuela. With more than 500 papers between them covering many fields = of botany, mycology and plant geography, Ted and Leena have earned = well-deserved international reputations that continue to bring them = invitations for yet more travel to exotic parts of the globe. The Ahtis' first foreign allegiance, however, is unquestionably to the = wilds of western North America. The 1961 "honeymoon" trip was not Ted's = first visit to the west (he had already collected lichens in British = Columbia in 1958), nor would it be his, or Leena's, last. In following = decades, one or both of them would return to the west many times: the = Alaska Highway in 1967; Vancouver Island and the Yukon in 1977; the = Queen Charlotte Islands in 1980; Oregon and northern California in 1984; = Washington in 1992; and Wells Gray Park in 1980, 1987, 1992, 1994, and = 2009. In 2004 Ted was in arctic Alaska.=20 By their own reckoning, the Ahtis have assembled 10,500 plant specimens = from western North America. These specimens are now housed in the = Botanical Museum of the University of Helsinki (H) -- with duplicates at = the University of British Columbia (UBC) and the Canadian Museum of = Nature (CANL). Taken together, their collections certainly represent the = largest extra-North American collection of western plants ever = assembled. The only rival collection would be that the Swedish botanist = of Eric Hult=C3=A9n. >From these collections of vascular plants, mosses, hepatics, lichens and = unlichenized fungi have come numerous important publications, including = Ted's papers on Wells Gray Park mosses (1967), Wells Gray Park = macrolichens (1992), Alaska Highway lichens (1994), Haida Gwaii (Queen = Charlotte Islands) _Cladonia_ (1995, 1996), and a list of lichens of the = Noatak Preserve, Alaska (2009). Ted was also instrumental in preparing = the first and second checklists of British Columbia lichens (1967, = 1987). Meanwhile, Leena published on the vegetation zones of western = Canada (1965a), the vascular flora of Wells Gray Park (1965b), and the = timberline meadow phenomenon (1978). She also prepared several important = taxonomic treatments on _Juncus_ and _Luzula_. More recently she = coauthored the volumes on Juncaceae in the series _Synopsis Plantarum: = Flora of the World_ (2002). It was Leena, for example, who described the = species of _Luzula_ now commonly recognized as _Luzula hitchcockii_. Leena and Ted=E2=80=99s contributions to western botany extend far = beyond their collections and publications. Through their personal charm = and readiness to help others, they have inspired more than one young = career in botanical studies. Their early work in British Columbia both = directly and indirectly led many European botanists to follow the "Ahti = trail" westward to Pacific North America. To what extent the current = European preoccupation with western botany is traceable to Ted and Leena = is a question that cannot be answered, but bears asking nonetheless. Residents of Finland, citizens of the world, Teuvo Ahti and Leena = H=C3=A4met-Ahti have contributed much to our knowledge of the biota of = western North America. In this, the 50th anniversary year of their = =E2=80=9Choneymoon=E2=80=9D field trip, it is appropriate to thank them = both very warmly for the many services they have rendered on behalf of = western botany. It is fitting that the name "Ahti" should itself now be = permanently connected with western North American botany in the lichen = genus _Ahtiana_.=20 In tribute to the Ahti=E2=80=99s special interest in Wells Gray, a new = annotated checklist of that park=E2=80=99s vascular plants has lately = been posted: = http://www.waysofenlichenment.net/wells/checklists/vascular_plants=20 T. AHTI=E2=80=99S & L. H=C3=84MET-AHTI=E2=80=98S PUBLICATIONS PERTAINING = TO WESTERN NORTH AMERICA From: Trevor Goward http://www.waysofenlichenment.net/wells/ahti =20 Ahti, T. 1969.=20 Notes on brown species of _Parmelia_ in North America. _The Bryologist_ = 72: 233-239. Ahti, T. 1978.=20 Two new species of _Cladonia_ from western North America. _The = Bryologist_ 81: 334-338. Ahti, T. 2007.=20 Further studies on the _Cladonia verticillata_ group (Lecanorales) in = East Asia and western North America. _Bibliotheca Lichenologica_ 96: = 5-19. Ahti, T., I.M. Brodo & W.J. Noble. 1987.=20 Contributions to the lichen flora of British Columbia, Canada. = _Mycotaxon_ 28: 91-97. Ahti, T. & R. Fagerst=C3=A9n. 1967.=20 Mosses of British Columbia, especially Wells Gray Provincial Park. = _Annales Botanici Fennici_ 5: 169-211. Ahti, T. & S. Hammer. 2002.=20 Cladoniaceae. In Nash, T. H., B. D. Ryan, C. Gries & F. Bungartz = (eds.), _Lichen flora of Greater Sonoran Desert Region_ 1: 131-158. = Lichens Unlimited, Tempe, AZ. Ahti, T. & A. Henssen. 1965.=20 New localities for _Cavernularia hultenii_ in eastern and western North = America. _The Bryologist_ 68: 85-89. Ahti, T., G. W. Scotter & H. V=C3=A4nsk=C3=A4. 1973.=20 Lichens of the Reindeer Preserve, N.W.T., Canada. _The Bryologist_ 75: = 48-76. Brodo, I.M. & T. Ahti. 1995.=20 _Key to_ Cladina _and_ Cladonia _on the Queen Charlotte Islands and=20 neighboring areas._ [online] Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, = Cambridge, MA, US.=20 http://www.huh.harvard.edu/collections/lichens/queencharlotte.html =20 Brodo, I. M. & T. Ahti. 1996.=20 Lichens and lichenicolous fungi of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British = Columbia, Canada. 2. The Cladoniaceae. _Canadian Journal of Botany_ 74: = 1147-1180. Brodo, I. M., W. J. Noble, T. Ahti & S. Clayden. 1987.=20 Lichens new to North America from the flora of British Columbia, = Canada. _Mycotaxon_ 28: 99-100. Goward, T. & T. Ahti. 1983.=20 _Parmelia hygrophila_, a new lichen species from the Pacific Northwest = of North America. _Annales Botanici Fennici_ 20: 9-13. Goward, T. & T. Ahti. 1992.=20 Macrolichens and their zonal distribution in Wells Gray Provincial Park = and its vicinity, British Columbia, Canada. _Acta Botanica Fennica_ 147: = 1-60. Goward, T. & T. Ahti. 1997.=20 Notes on the distributional ecology of Cladonia (lichenized = ascomycetes) in temperate and boreal western North America. _Journal of = the Hattori Botanical Laboratory_ 82: 143-155. Goward, T., T. Ahti, J.A. Elix & T. Spribille. 2010.=20 New species in the _Hypogymnia metaphysodes_ group from western North = America. _Botany_ 88: 345-351. Goward, T., T. Spribille & T. Ahti. 2011.=20 Four new sorediate species in the _Hypogymnia austerodes_ group = (lichens) from northwestern North America, with notes on thallus = morphology. [Submitted] H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1965a.=20 Vascular plants of Wells Gray Provincial Park and its vicinity, in = eastern British Columbia. _Annales Botanici Fennici_ 2: 138-164. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1965b.=20 Notes on the vegetation zones of western Canada, with special reference = to the forests of Wells Gray Park, British Columbia. _Annales Botanici = Fennici_ 2: 274-300. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1965c.=20 _Luzula piperi_ (Cov.) M.E. Jones, an overlooked woodrush in western = North America and eastern Asia. _Aquilo ser. Bot._ 3: 11-21. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1971a.=20 A synopsis of the species of _Luzula_, subgenus _Anthelaea_ Griseb. = (Juncaceae) indigenous in North America. _Annales Botanici Fennici_ 8: = 368-381. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1971b.=20 List of vascular plants collected in Alaska, the Yukon, northern = British Columbia, and Alberta by Leena H=C3=A4met-Ahti and Teuvo Ahti in = 1967. _Mimeographed Papers of Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki_ = 3: 1-17. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1972.=20 Notes on _Ustilago vuijckii_ Oudem. and Beijer. on some _Luzula_ = species in North America. _Syesis_ 5: 83-85. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1973.=20 Notes on the _Luzula arcuata_ and _L. parviflora_ groups in eastern = Asia and Alaska. _Annales Botanici Fennici_ 10: 123-130. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1975.=20 Additional notes on _Luzula subcongesta_ and _L. parviflora_ = (Juncaceae) in North America. _Annales Botanici Fennici_ 12: 27-29. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1978.=20 Timberline meadows in Wells Gray Park, British Columbia, and their = comparative geobotanical interpretation. Syesis 11: 187-211. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1979.=20 The dangers of using the timberline as the =E2=80=9Czero line=E2=80=9D = in comparative studies on altitudinal vegetation zones. = _Phytocoenologia_ 6: 49-54. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L., 1980. =20 _Juncus alpinoarticulatus_: the legitimate name for _Juncus alpines_. = _Annales Botanici Fennici_, 17 (3) :341-342. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. 1986.=20 North American races of _Juncus alpinoarticulatus_ (Juncaceae). = _Annales Botanici Fennici_ 23: 277-281. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. & T. Ahti. 1969.=20 The homologies of the Fennoscandian mountain birch forests in Eurasia = and North America. _Vegetatio_ 19: 208-219. H=C3=A4met-Ahti, L. & V. Virrankoski. 1971.=20 Cytotaxonomic notes on some monocotyledons of Alaska and northern = British Columbia. _Annales Botanici Fennici_ 8: 156-159. Hammer, S. & T. Ahti. 1990.=20 New and interesting species of _Cladonia_ from California. _Mycotaxon_ = 37: 335-348. McCune, B., E. Holt, P. Neitlich, T. Ahti & R. Rosentreter. 2009.=20 Macrolichen diversity in Noatak National Preserve, Alaska. _North = American Fungi_ 4(4): 1-22. Noble, W.J., T. Ahti, G.F. Noble & I.M. Brodo. 1987.=20 A second checklist and bibliography of the lichens and allied fungi of = British Columbia. _Syllogeus_ 61: 1-95. Otto, G.F. & T. Ahti. 1967.=20 Lichens of British Columbia, preliminary checklist. Department of = Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 40 p. Piercey-Normore, M.D., T. Ahti & T. Goward. 2010.=20 Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses of four segregates within _Cladonia = arbuscula s.l._ _Botany_ 88: 397-408. Thomson, J.W. & T. Ahti. 1994.=20 Lichens collected on an Alaska Highway expedition in Alaska and Canada. = _The Bryologist_ 97: 138-157. Thomson, J. W., G. W. Scotter & T. Ahti. 1969.=20 Lichens of the Great Slave Lake Region, Northwest Territories, Canada. = _The Bryologist_ 72: 137-177. T=C7=BFnsberg, T. & T. Ahti. 1980.=20 _Cladonia umbricola_, a new lichen species from NW Europe and western = North America. _Norwegian Journal of Botany_ 27: 307-309. Velmala, S., L. Myllys, P. Halonen, T. Goward & T. Ahti. 2009.=20 Molecular data show that _Bryoria fremontii_ and _B. tortuosa_ = (Parmeliaceae) are conspecific. _The Lichenologist_ 41: 231-242. ____________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l=20 Send submissions to aceska@telus.net=20 BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/=20 ________________________________________________________________ From aceska at telus.net Tue May 31 19:03:27 2011 From: aceska at telus.net (Adolf Ceska) Date: Tue, 31 May 2011 11:03:27 -0700 Subject: [BEN-L]BEN # 437 Message-ID: <007601cc1fbd$0a9aaa10$1fcffe30$@net> BBBBB EEEEEE NN N ISSN 1188-603X BB B EE NNN N =20 BBBBB EEEEE NN N N BOTANICAL BB B EE NN NN ELECTRONIC BBBBB EEEEEE NN N NEWS No. 437 May 31, 2011 aceska@telus.net Victoria, B.C. ----------------------------------------------------------- Dr. A. Ceska, 1809 Penshurst, Victoria, BC, Canada V8N 2N6 ----------------------------------------------------------- PROF. W.A. WEBER: THE 4-TH EDITION OF THE COLORADO FLORA IS COMING SOON From: William A Weber [Bill.Weber@Colorado.EDU] Dear Adolf, I don=92t recall if I told you that I am back in the herbarium after the = ten years exile. The move was made while I was away in February on a trip = to the Antarctic. Also, our fourth edition of the two-volume Colorado [vascular] Flora is in press; I have just seen the cover design, so we = are expecting publication later this year. This has been a very challenging revision. We have had to decide which FNA changes we are willing to = accept and what to reject. It is good to see that our continued use of paraphyletic groups as genera is gaining support elsewhere if not by = FNA. Rydberg and I are no longer the pariahs they made of us. Bill William A. Weber Emeritus Professor and Curator University of Colorado Herbarium (COLO) 350 UCB Boulder, CO 80309 P.S. What can we expect from the new Colorado Flora? But I would appreciate it if you could announce that the University = Press of Colorado is publishing, in September we hope, of the fourth edition = the two-volume Colorado Flora, east slope and west slope (Weber & R. C. Wittmann). We have worked our guts off deciding what to do with the = clashing notions of the DNA/cladistics boys, and have put in a lot of interesting reading and references. One special feature is that we will be adding = Don Farrar=92s up-till-now unpublished treatment of the moonworts, covering = all of the Rocky Mountain states. We will also have an additional introduction outlining the history of this book series starting in the 1940s. It will = be a very useful summary of my work over the years, and quite unusual for a field guide! _VIOLA PRAEMORSA_ FOUND IN DEVONIAN REGIONAL PARK IN METCHOSIN,=20 VANCOUVER ISLAND From: Kem Luther [kem.luther@sheridanc.on.ca] =20 On April 30, 2011, about half a dozen Yellow Montane Violets (_Viola praemorsa_ Dougl. ex Lindl.) were found in Devonian Regional Park by a survey team that was participating in the 1st ever Metchosin BioBlitz. = The plants were initially discovered by a birder, Ian Cruickshank. Ian = showed the plants to Gerry and Wendy Ansell, who confirmed Ian's identification = and took photographs. Matt Fairbarns has viewed the stand and submitted the record to Conservation Data Centre, Victoria. This is the first = confirmed=20 appearance of the violet in Metchosin. Its status is Endangered = (COSEWIC,=20 SARA) and Red-listed in British Columbia (G5T3T5-S2). RARE PLANTS OF THE FRASER VALLEY IN THE LOWLAND ZONE - PART 4 From: Frank Lomer, Honourary Research Associate, UBC Herbarium, = Vancouver, B.C. e-mail: lomerlomer@hotmail.com=20 _Megalodonta beckii_ (Torr. ex Spreng.) Greene - Asteraceae=20 A widespread aquatic in southern BC, it is known in the Fraser Valley = only from Devil's Lake, Errock Lake (V: Ceska & Mitchell 1193) and Deer Lake (UBC: Warrington 608) in the eastern Fraser Valley. It rarely flowers = in=20 our area, but the opposite divided filiform leaves are unlike any other=20 aquatic species here. =20 _Muhlenbergia glomerata_ (Willd.) Trin. - Poaceae Although this grass was collected by John Macoun from "damp places", = Agassiz in 1889 [CAN: Macoun (22) 29,396], I had assumed this was a label mix-up = as this species is not otherwise known west of the Coast Mts in BC. Surprisingly, in 2010 I discovered a population in a wetland east of Agassiz. It appears there is some calcareous influence from what looks = to be a limestone patch on the mountain slope above the site. _Muhlenbergia glomerata_ occurs extensively in calcareous sites = throughout eastern and central BC as well as the extreme north. So it is no longer = of conservation concern in BC, though this west coast site is = remarkable.=20 =20 _Myriophyllum hippuroides_ Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray - Haloragaceae=20 In BC this species is known only from the Fraser Valley, mainly on the = north side of the Fraser from Pitt Meadows (UBC: Brink & McHale s.n.) to = Mission, but also east to Harrison Mills (V: Ceska et al. C019). It can form = dense=20 stands in quiet water a meter or so deep and thrives in deep ditch = sloughs=20 and stagnant tidal backwaters. It is not as yet, on the whole, = threatened by any development pressures.=20 _Myriophyllum pinnatum_ (Walt.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. - = Haloragaceae=20 A very local species of wet shores, boggy pools and ditches, and pools = in emergent tidal flats. Known in BC only from a relatively small area = along the Pitt River from Port Coquitlam (Minnekhada Regional Park =96 see = Ceska=20 & al. 1997) to Pitt Lake (UBC: Ceska 30362) and east of Lake Errock = (Ceska & Ceska 30367). Also known from Washington (WTU: Zika 20196) and Oregon=20 (V: Ceska & Ceska 26898; WTU: Zika 23482). Reference Ceska, A., O. Ceska & F. Lomer. 1997.=20 _Myriophyllum pinnatum_, a new species for British Columbia.=20 _BEN_ # 171 July 30, 1997 =20 _Myriophyllum ussuriense_ (Regel) Maxim. - Haloragaceae=20 This species has an unusual range. It is native to Asia and occurs in = North America only in the Pacific Northwest; the main part of its range being = in S BC and the Columbia River in the US (Ceska et al. 1986; Christy et al. 2000a, 2000b). It is restricted to emergent muddy and sandy shores = where=20 pools ollect at least for part of the summer. In the Fraser Valley it grows from the Fraser delta to Harrison Lake. = In Greater Vancouver it is known from about 20 sites along the Fraser and = Pitt Rivers from Richmond to Pitt Lake to Barnston Island. The bulk of the = Lower=20 Fraser Valley plants are male. Female plants have been rarely seen in = the=20 Pitt River populations, but occur more commonly in the central and upper = valley. Populations in the Fraser Valley are fairly secure because the=20 habitat (muddy tidal flats) is not yet under development pressure. This will likely change in the future.=20 References Ceska, O., A. Ceska, & P.D. Warrington. 1986. _Myriophyllum quitense_ and _Myriophyllum ussuriense_ (Haloragaceae) In British Columbia, Canada. _Brittonia_ 38: 73-81. Christy J.A., O. Ceska & A. Ceska. 2000a. Noteworthy collections - Oregon. _Myriophyllum ussuriense_ (Regel) Maxim. new in Oregon. _Madro=F1o_ 47: 212. Christy J.A., O. Ceska & A. Ceska. 2000b. Noteworthy collections - Washington. _Myriophyllum ussuriense_ (Regel) Maxim. new in Washington. _Madro=F1o_ 47: 212-213. _Persicaria hydropiperoides_ (Michx.) Small - Polygonaceae=20 A locally abundant species of sloughs, wet ditches, boggy pools, = emergent lakeshores and ponds in the Fraser Valley from Vancouver to Popkum. = Known from 11 sites in Greater Vancouver, it is especially frequent in the = central valley around Chilliwack (UBC: Penny & Hartwell 186). It forms loose = mats=20 in shallow water with a muddy substrate, often covering whole = shorelines. =20 It does well in the deep ditches bordering agricultural fields, often Fringing a dense border of _Phalaris arundinacea_ L. It is recommended = for=20 removal from the British Columbia rare plant tracking list.=20 =20 _Persicaria punctata_ (Elliott) Small - Polygonaceae=20 This annual or perennial species is much like _Persicaria hydropiper_ = (L.) Spach, but is much less common. Ripe achenes are the best way to tell = these two apart. _Persicaria punctata_ is known from moist sites that are = often=20 disturbed. It is known from 8 sites in Greater Vancouver (UBC: Lomer 90-109), as well as an historic collection from Agassiz. It appears not = to=20 be threatened because of its ability to spread during disturbance, = though=20 its wetland habitat is often under threat. Populations are sporadic from year to year, but appear to be stable overall. =20 =20 _Pleuropogon refractus_ (A. Gray) Benth. ex Vasey - Poaceae=20 A very rare grass in the Fraser lowlands. Populations are known higher = into the mountains on the north shore of the river. It grows in shaded wet = sites usually by clear flowing streams and freshwater seeps. The nearest = sites in the Fraser Valley are on the Seymour River (UBC: Lomer 97-67) and into = the=20 mountains in Coquitlam. =20 =20 _Potamogeton nodosus_ Poir. - Potamogetonaceae=20 This red-listed aquatic has proven to be quite rare in BC. The only = sites recorded in BC so far are Burnaby (UBC: Lomer 89-199), Hatzic Lake (V: Nijman & Soar 2864), Fort Langley (V: Ceska et al. 1549), Pitt River (V: Mitchell 1675), Seabird Island (V: Nijman & Baillie 4696); Mission (V: = Ceska et al. s.n.) in the Fraser Valley, and in the North and South Okanagan. = Much more searching is needed to determine the full extent of its range = in the Fraser Valley. =20 =20 _Potamogeton oakesianus_ J. W. Robins. - Potamogetonaceae=20 Not much is known of this aquatic species. It is known from near = Mission (Ceska & Ceska 1980) and is to be expected in other lakes in the Fraser Valley, but so far new sites have not been found.=20 Reference=20 Ceska A. & O. Ceska. 1980. Additions to the flora of British Columbia. _Canadian Field-Naturalist_ 94: 69-74. =20 _Potamogeton strictifolius_ Benn. - Potamogetonaceae=20 Not much is known of this aquatic species. In British Columbia it was = first collected in Windermere Lake in 1972 (V: Newroth 2757). In 1977 it was collected in Kawkawa Lake near Hope (V: Warrington 4836) and reported by Ceska & Ceska 1980. It is to be expected in other lakes in the Fraser Valley, but so far new sites have not been found.=20 Reference Ceska A. & O. Ceska. 1980. =20 Additions to the flora of British Columbia. _Canadian Field-Naturalist_ 94: 69-74. =20 _Pyrola elliptica_ Nutt. - Pyrolaceae=20 Usually a species of montane forests, this rather widespread evergreen = herb occurs on islands in the Fraser near Agassiz (UBC: Lomer 6400). It is = known from higher elevations in the Chilliwack Valley and there is an old collectionfrom Port Haney (Maple Ridge) in 1897 (UBC: Henry 26). It is = to be sought in shaded coniferous forests in the area.=20 =20 _Rupertia physodes_ (Dougl. ex Hook.) J. Grimes - Fabaceae=20 This is an unexpected species in the Fraser Valley, but there is a small population still extant in south Surrey near the Langley border (UBC: A. Guppy s.n.). I would not expect it to occur elsewhere in the Fraser = Valley, Though there may be other sites in the vicinity. It is associated with Salal in well drained gravelly sites and can spread into disturbed = areas.=20 =20 _Salix sessilifolia_ Nutt. - Salicaceae=20 It appears this species is restricted to the Fraser Valley in BC. = Though of relatively limited distribution, _Salix sessilifolia_ is a dominant = species of sandbars and sandy banks of the Fraser from Steveston to Hope, as = well as up the Pitt River to Pitt Lake, Harrison River to Harrison Lake, and odd = outliers such as at Silver Lake (UBC: Ceska 24171). It covers numerous Fraser River island shores especially in the upper Fraser Valley = wherever=20 Sandbars form. Threats are few and it is well adapted to shifting sand = and disturbance with its widely spreading root system and ability to sprout = up=20 from burial and cutting. It is too abundant and unthreatened to be = called=20 rare. Recommended for downlisting after several new sites are reported. = =20 _Sanguisorba menziesii_ Rydb. - Rosaceae=20 This perennial herb is believed to be derived from hybrids between _Sanguisorba officinalis_ L. and _S. canadensis_ L. _Sanguisorba officinalis_ Is infrequent in sphagnum bogs in the Fraser Valley,=20 mostly on the north shore of the Fraser River, while=20 _S. canadensis_ is found in the mountains on the south side of=20 the Chilliwack Valley. _Sanguisorba menziesii_ looks somewhat=20 intermediate between the two, with heads of purplish flowers with=20 dangling stamens. There is an historic record from Haney in 1949 (UBC:=20 Krajina s.n.). It is expected to still be extant in the bogs on the=20 north side of the Fraser River, but otherwise has gone unreported in=20 recent times.=20 =20 _Sidalcea hendersonii_ S. Wats. - Malvaceae=20 This outstanding perennial with the hibiscus-like flowers is rather rare = and sometimes threatened in its range outside of British Columbia (Love = 2003). It grows along the coast from Oregon north to a recently discovered Population in Alaska (ALA Anderson 622 - V: photo). So new records = north of Vancouver Island are to be expected. For the species, the bulk of the=20 Population resides in the Fraser delta from Iona Island south to Westham = Island with scattered sites inland around Boundary Bay in Delta and = Surrey (UBC: Prange 19). I estimate more than 90% of the British Columbia population can be = found Along the tidal shores and islands of the south arm of the Fraser River = in Richmond and Delta. Indeed, it appears more than 75% of the world's=20 population of Henderson's checker-mallow grows along this 23 km stretch = of=20 river. It is common and co-dominant in vast areas of tidal swamp with=20 _Carex lyngbyei_ Hornem. and_Phalaris arundinacea_ L. It is mainly an=20 estuarine species that grows as far east in the delta only to Surrey, = though there is an historical record from Milner in Langley. Reference Love, R.M. 2003. Henderson's Checkermallow (_Sidalcea hendersonii_): Part 2. Summary of what is currently known about the global distribution of _Sidalcea hendersonii_ (Malvaceae). _BEN_ # 306 March 22, 2003=20 http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben306.html =20 =20 _Sphenopholis intermedia_ (Rydb.) Rydb. - Poaceae Collected from dredged sand in Surrey, east of Vancouver (UBC: Lomer = 93-73). This grass is known from the Thompson River, as well as other sites in = BC, so seeds were probably washed down into the Fraser and sprouted in the dredging. In 2010 a single plant was observed on the sandy meadow shore=20 of an island in the Fraser River southwest of Agassiz. So it appears = this species can arise naturally from material washed down the Fraser River = from interior sites, thus it should be considered native here. =20 =20 _Verbena hastata_ L. var. _scabra_ Moldenke - Verbenaceae=20 Local in the Okanagan, very rare elsewhere in BC.=20 This tall, erect, purple-flowered perennial was collected in Vancouver = in 1917 (UBC: Perry s.n.), but decades passed before it was noted again in = the Fraser Valley, this time near Chilliwack. Surprisingly it is not known = from purely natural sites here such as along the Fraser River, but does occur = in=20 disturbed ground, wet fields, roadsides and ditches. Presently known = from three sites. All populations are endangered by development. A large=20 population by Hwy 1 and Annis Rd., southwest of Rosedale, was lost in = 2008=20 to cornfield expansion, though it survives in the periphery. The Port=20 Coquitlam site has been destroyed by a housing development, though some=20 plants have remained in the disturbed ground fringing the development. =20 A third site near Bridal Falls was discovered during the 2008 CDC survey = (UBC: Lomer 6781). It is a small population in disturbed ground and may = not persist through succession.=20 =20 _Wolffia borealis_ (Engelm. ex Hegelm.) Landolt ex Landolt & Wildi - Lemnaceae Rarely seen in the Fraser Valley (Ceska & Ceska 1980), this miniscule = plant looks like nothing more than green scum. It is proving to be more = common than first thought, but is rather sporadic from year to year. New sites from Cultus Lake, Vancouver (UBC: Lomer 6754) and Cheam wetlands suggest it occurs from one end of the Fraser Valley to the other, especially in = the central valley. It is not endangered as long as there are sloughs and=20 _Typha_ ponds and lakeshores. Easily overlooked, but uncommon = nevertheless. It often grows with _Lemna_ and _Spirodella_ and is presumably spread by = ducks so it can show up just about anywhere that ducks feed and where = water is adequate. It can have explosive exponential growth late in the = season, but is so tiny that only several square meters are covered in most instances.=20 Reference Ceska A. & O. Ceska. 1980. =20 Additions to the flora of British Columbia. _Canadian Field-Naturalist_ 94: 69-74. ____________________________________________________________ Subscriptions: http://victoria.tc.ca/mailman/listinfo/ben-l Send submissions to aceska@telus.net BEN is archived at http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ ____________________________________________________________