A Biologist's Guide to Internet Resources
                        Version 1.5, 13 July 1993

        Una Smith       Department of Biology           smith-una@yale.edu
                        Yale University
                        New Haven, Connecticut  06511


-*- 3. Information Archives

    A number of people have begun to organize the many free biological
    information archives, databases and services on the Internet into
    well-organized menus using gopher servers.  These include Don Gilbert's
    IUBIO service on ftp.bio.indiana.edu and Mike Cherry's collection on
    weeds.mgh.harvard.edu in the United States, Rob Harper's "Finnish EMBnet
    BioBox" on gopher.csc.fi in Finland, and Reinhard Doelz's "Information
    servers in biology (gopher based)" on gopher.embnet.unibas.ch in
    Switzerland.

    Yanoff (1993) is an excellent list of unusual and useful Internet
    services, a few of which are mentioned in this guide.  Services listed
    include:  an on-line dictionary, weather maps, a general weather report
    service, an archive of statistical programs and data sets, and various
    computers allowing public telnet sessions so that people who have Internet
    access but not Usenet can read and post Usenet articles.

    Stern (1993) offers an extensive list of anonymous FTP archives offering
    meteorological data.


-*- 3.1. Bibliographies

    Many Internet archives have searchable bibliographic databases, complete
    with abstracts.  Only a few are mentioned here.

    The US Department of Energy (DOE) Climate Data database and the NASA
    Global Change Data Directory are archived via WAIS on ridgisd.er.usgs.gov.

    The North American Benthological Society (NABS) offers a bibliography of
    recent literature in benthic biology via a gopher server on gopher.nd.edu.
    The Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program has put a bibliographic
    database and catalog of data sets in a gopher server on lternet.edu.  (The
    actual data is not available online.)  Check the French gopher server on
    gopher.genethon.fr for bibliographies of sequence analysis and human
    genome research papers.

    The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Extension Service offers the
    Research Results Database (RRDB), containing brief summaries of recent
    research from the USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and
    Economic Research Service (ERS), by e-mail.  For details, send the
    e-mail message "send guide" to almanac@esusda.gov.  To receive notices
    of new RRDB titles, send the message "subscribe usda.rrdb".

    The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Library on-line
    database can be accessed for bibliographic searches via anonymous telnet
    to epaibm.rtpnc.epa.gov.  A collection of GIS-related bibliographies is
    available via anonymous FTP from bastet.sbs.ohio-state.edu.

    Various Usenet newsgroups and mailing lists provide the tables of contents
    (TOCs) for current issues of a few journals of interest to biologists.
    Tom Schneider distributes Unix AWK scripts for converting many of these
    TOCs into BibTeX-style bibliography records:  these scripts are posted in
    the Usenet newsgroup bionet.journals.note.

    The journal TOCs available in bionet.journals.contents include:

        Anatomy & Embryology
        Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
        Applied and Environmental Microbiology
        Binary
        CABIOS
        Cell and Tissue Research
        Chromosoma
        Current Genetics
        EMBO Journal
        Environmental Physiology
        European Journal of Biochemistry
        European Journal of Physiology
        Experimental Brain Research
        Histochemistry
        Human Genetics
        IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology
        Immunogenetics
        Journal of Bacteriology
        Journal of Biological Chemistry
        Journal of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, and
        Journal of Membrane Biology
        Journal of Molecular Evolution
        Journal of Virology
        MGG - Molecular and General Genetics
        Mammalian Genome
        Microbial Releases
        Molecular Microbiology
        Molecular and Cellular Biology
        Nucleic Acids Research
        Plant Cell Reports
        Planta
        Protein Science
        Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology
        TAG - Theoretical and Applied Genetics

    The CONSLINK listserver mailing list keeps a large bibliography of
    conservation biology research papers on its archive (see section 2.4.2,
    Archives for instructions on accessing listserver archives).

    The American Physiological Society offers TOCs for the following
    journals via gopher on gopher.uth.tmc.edu (port 3300):

       Advances in Physiology Education
       American Journal of Physiology (6 consolidated journals)
       Journal of Applied Physiology
       Journal of Neurophysiology
       News in Physiological Sciences
       Physiological Reviews
       The Physiologist

    Other publishers supporting Internet access to information about their
    publications include

        Publisher                       Address                 Access
        --------------------------------------------------------------
        Addison-Wesley                  world.std.com           ftp
        O'Reilly & Associates           gopher.ora.com          gopher
        Kluwer Academic Publishers      world.std.com           ftp


-*- 3.2. Directories

    Searchable directories of scientists and research projects currently
    funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Science
    Foundation (NSF), Department of Agriculture (USDA), and genome researchers
    funded by several other departments, together with several topical
    directories, are available via gopher on merlot.welch.jhu.edu.  Searches
    on researcher name, location, and field of interest are supported.

    A directory of researchers using Artificial Intelligence in Molecular
    Biology (AIMB) is maintained at the National Library of Medicine.  To
    be included, send e-mail to Larry Hunter, hunter@work.nlm.nih.gov.
    A directory of people who read the bionet.* newsgroups is available via
    gopher and anonymous FTP from net.bio.net;  you can add yourself to the
    directory via gopher or e-mail (see instructions on net.bio.net).

    Several directories of ecologists and plant biologists are kept on
    huh.harvard.edu, which is accessible via gopher and anonymous FTP.
    A directory of tropical biologists is kept in the Ecology and Evolution
    section of the gopher/anonymous FTP archive on sunsite.unc.edu.

    Richard Thorington keeps a list of mammalogists who use e-mail.  To get
    yourself on the list (required to receive copies of it), send e-mail to
    mnhvz049@SIVM (via Bitnet) or mnhvz049@SIVM.si.edu.


-*- 3.3. Software

    Several archives specializing in software for biologists are accessible
    via gopher and anonymous FTP.  Some of these are listed in section 3.5,
    List of Archives.  The first such archive in South America is the
    Brazilian Medical Informatics archive, ccsun.unicamp.br.  The IUBio
    archive on ftp.bio.indiana.edu probably has the best collection in the
    United States.  Botanists will appreciate the TAXACOM archive on
    huh.harvard.edu.

    Also, wuarchive.wustl.edu has an excellent collection of educational
    software, especially for teaching mathematics at the college and
    university levels.  The National Center for Supercomputing Applications
    has developed a collection of outstanding software tools for electronic
    communications and image analysis, and makes it publicly available on
    zaphod.ncsa.uiuc.edu.  Many of the latest add-on tools for the popular
    LaTeX text formatting system are archived on sun.soe.clarkson.edu,
    while sumex-aim.stanford.edu has a huge archive of Macintosh software,
    and nic.ddn.mil keeps the important Internet RFC (Request for Comments)
    documents.

    Jan-Peter Frahm has made available via e-mail "A Guide to Botanical
    Software for MS-DOS Computers".  The software is shareware or in the
    public domain.  For a copy, write him at hh216fr@duc220.uni-duisburg.de.
    Bionet.software is a good place to look for information about specific
    software programs with applications to biology.  There are many Usenet
    groups devoted to discussion of software, particularly freeware and
    shareware.  The well-known, huge anonymous FTP repositories of software
    are all mentioned in various published guides to the Internet (Kehoe 1992,
    Krol 1992, Lane and Summerhill 1992, LaQuey and Ryer 1992, Malamud 1992,
    Tennant et al. 1993), and are part of the common knowledge of many Usenet
    newsgroups.


-*- 3.4. Data

    The wealth of data available on the Internet is staggering, but it is also
    widely dispersed and often difficult to track down.  Rather than compile a
    list of data sets and pointers to their locations, this guide gives a list
    of locations with only a name or phrase to suggest what data may be found
    there (see section 3.5, List of Archives).  Many Usenet FAQs (see section
    5, Useful and Important FAQs) and other Internet documents mentioned in
    this guide attempt to list available databases, but many more are known
    only by word-of-mouth.  The Usenet newsgroup sci.answers (also a mailing
    list;  see section 2.4.3, Gateways to Usenet) carries many lists that are
    updated frequently.


-*- 3.4.1. Repositories

    Various genome and other cooperative projects are now well established on
    the Internet, with large, highly organized databases that support ever more
    powerful and complex interactive or batch search queries.  Most now support
    WAIS and gopher search access, and are listed in section 3.5, List of
    Archives.  The future utility of these repositories depends on the donation
    of data by individual researchers.  Questions, as well as data submissions
    and corrections, can be sent to the relevant administrators via e-mail
    (after Garavelli 1992):

    Database                            Address of administrator
    --------                            ------------------------
    AAtDB (Arabidopsis thaliana)        curator@weeds.mgh.harvard.edu
    ACEDB (Caenorhabditis elegans)      rd@mrc-lmba.cam.ac.uk and
                                                mieg@kaa.cnrs-mop.fr
    Brookhaven                          pdb@chm.chm.bnl.gov
    DDBJ                                ddbjsubs@flat.nig.ac.jp
    EDEX and JARS (Forest Ecology)      goforest@gopher.yale.edu
    EMBL problems, feedback             nethelp@embl-heidelberg.de
         software submissions, queries  software@embl-heidelberg.de
         Data Library enquiries         datalib@embl-heidelberg.de
         Data Library submissions       datasubs@embl-heidelberg.de
    FlyBase (Drosophila)                flybase@morgan.harvard.edu
    Inst. of Forest Genetics DB (IFGDB) ifgdb@s27w007.pswfs.gov
    GDB                                 help@welch.jhu.edu
    GenBank                             gb-sub@life.lanl.gov
    Microbial Strains Data Net. (MSDN)  msdn@bdt.ftpt.br and msdn@phx.cam.ac.uk
    NCBI                                repository@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
    PIR                                 fileserv@nbrf.georgetown.edu
    SWISS-PROT                          bairoch@cmu.unige.ch

    LiMB, the Listing of Molecular Biology databases (Keen et al. 1992)
    describes most of these databases, and many more, including the names,
    regular mail addresses and telephone numbers of their keepers.  To get
    the current version of LiMB by e-mail, send the text "limb-data" to
    bioserve@life.lanl.gov.  For information only, send "limb-info".  LiMB
    is available in hardcopy or on floppy disk:  contact limb@life.lanl.gov.


-*- 3.4.2. Search Engines

    The European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) supports various types
    of searches via e-mail.  For more information, send the text "help" in
    e-mail to any one of these servers:

        EMBL File Server                NetServ@EMBL-Heidelberg.DE
        FASTA                           FASTA@EMBL-Heidelberg.DE
        Quicksearch                     Quick@EMBL-Heidelberg.DE
        Swiss-Prot MPsrch               Blitz@EMBL-Heidelberg.DE

    The Sequence Retrival System (SRS) program for VAX VMS computer systems
    is available via anonymous FTP on the Norwegian EMBnet node biomed.uio.no
    or genetics.upenn.edu (USA).

    Three U.S. herbaria now provide e-mail search support of:

        Type specimens of the mint family from the Harvard Herbaria,
        comprising 1100 records.

        The complete herbarium catalog of Michigan State University,
        Kellog Biological Station Herbarium, an NSF LTER site, consisting
        of 6000 specimen records.

        The Flora of Mt. Kinabalu;  16,300 specimen records of all vascular
        plant collections from the mountain.

    E-mail addresses for sending queries are:

          Harvard Mint Types:    herbdata@huh.harvard.edu
          Kellogg Herbarium:     herbdata%kbs.decnet@clvax1.cl.msu.edu
          Flora of Mt. Kinabalu: herbdata@herbarium.bpp.msu.edu

    Send the message "help" to receive a usage guide, and if you think
    there might be difficulties with your return address, send that as
    well by adding a line with the text "replyaddress=" followed by your
    prefered e-mail address.

    Anyone who does a lot of field work will appreciate the Geographic Name
    Server, which can provide the latitude and longitude, and the elevation
    of most places in the United States:  all cities and counties are covered,
    as well as some national parks and some geographical features (mountains,
    rivers, lakes, etc.).  Telnet to martini.eecs.umich.edu, port 3000 (no
    username needed) and type "help" for instructions.


-*- 3.5. List of Archives

    Computer sites supporting some sort of public access, and of some
    interest to biologists:

    Internet node name                  Topic/Agency            Access method
    -------------------------------------------------------------------------
    ftp.bio.indiana.edu (IN USA)        IUBIO Genbank, FlyBase    f G
    ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (MD USA)           NCBI                      f
    ftp.embl-heidelberg.de (Germany)    EMBL Data Library       E f g
    coli.polytechnique.fr (France)      EMBLnet                     G
    ftp.bchs.uh.edu (TX USA)            Genbank, PIR              f G
    helix.nih.gov (MD USA)              Genbank, PDB, PIR etc.      G
    ncifcrf.gov (MD USA)                Biol. Information Theory  f
    finsun.csc.fi (Finland)             Prosite, Rebase-Enzyme      G
    pdb.pdb.bnl.gov (NY USA)            Protein Data Bank           G
    ftp.tigr.org                        Inst. for Genomic Rsch.   f
    golgi.harvard.edu (MA USA)                                    f
    megasun.bch.umontreal.ca            Molecular evolution         G
    nic.funet.fi (Finland)
    gopher.csc.fi (Finland)

    world.std.com                       A major entry-point       f G
    sunsite.unc.edu (NC USA)            Many subjects           E f G t [4]
    gopher.ciesin.org                   Earth Sciences              G
    pinus.slu.se (Sweden)               Agriculture                 G
    locus.nalusda.go (USA)              Nat. Agri. Library          G

    s27w007.pswfs.gov (USA)             Forest Genetics             G
    biomed.uio.no (Norway)              Genome                        T
    gopher.embnet.unibas.ch (Switzer.)
    biox.embnet.unibas.ch (Switzerland) Genome                      G
    merlot.welch.jhu.edu (MD USA)       Genome                      G
    weeds.mgh.harvard.edu (MA USA)      Arabidopsis, C. elegans     G
    mendel.agron.iastate.edu (IA USA)   Soy genome                  G
    greengenes.cit.cornell.edu (NY USA) Triticeae genome            G
    teosinte.agron.missouri.edu (USA)   Maize genome                G
    gopher.duke.edu (NC USA)            Chlamydomonas               G   [2]
    picea.cfnr.colostate.edu (CO USA)                             f
    poplar1.cfr.washington.edu (WA USA) Populus genetics          f

    mobot.org (MO USA)                  Missouri Bot. Garden      f
    life.anu.edu.au (Australia)         Bioinformatics            f G
    igc.org (CA USA)                    EcoNet                    f
    gopher.yale.edu (CT USA)            LTERnet, EDEX, JARS         g
    lternet.edu (WA USA)                LTERnet                     G
    spider.ento.csiro.au (Australia)    Entomology                f
    gopher.uth.tmc.edu (port 3300)      Physiology                  G
    envirolink.hss.cmu.edu (DE USA)     Environment                 G T [6]
    ecosys.drdr.virginia.edu (VA USA)   Ecosystems                  G T
    ngdc1.ngdc.noaa.gov (USA)           Paleoclimatology          f     [1]
    huh.harvard.edu (MA USA)            Harvard Univ. Herbaria    f G
    simsc.si.edu (DC USA)               Smithsonian Inst.         f     [3]
    ucmp1.berkeley.edu (CA USA)         Vertebrate museum           G
    bdt.ftpt.br (Brazil)                Biodiversity              f G
    coli.polytechnique.fr (France)      Molecular evolution         G
    fconvx.ncifcrf.gov (MD USA)         Mathematical Biology      f

    bluehen.ags.udel.edu (DE USA)       Entomology                  G
    minerva.forestry.umn.edu (MN USA)   Forestry                    G
    ucsbuxa.ucsb.edu (CA USA)           Biology                     G
    evolution.genetics.washington.edu   Evolution                 f
    evolution.bchs.uh.edu (TX USA)      Evolution                 f

    martini.eecs.umich.edu (MI USA)     Geographic Name Server        t [7]
    wigeo.wu-wien.ac.at (Austria)       Geography                   G
    geogopher.ucdavis.edu (CA USA)      Geology                     G
    isdres.er.usgs.gov (VA USA)         US Geological Survey      f
    pippin.memst.edu                    CERI Earthquake Center      G
    cdiac.esd.ornl.gov                  CDIAC                     f
    saturn.soils.umn.edu (MN USA)       Geology                     G
    kiawe.soest.hawaii.edu (HA USA)     Generic Mapping Tools     f
    tycho.usno.navy.mil                 U.S. Naval Observatory        t [8]
    nssdca.gsfc.nasa.gov                NSSDC On-Line Service         t [9]

    granta.uchicago.edu (IL USA)        Physics Resources           G
    xyz.lanl.gov (NM USA)               LANL Nonlinear Science      G
    mentor.lanl.gov (NM USA)            LANL Physics                G
    info.mcs.anl.gov (IL USA)           Argonne National Lab.     f

    stis.nsf.gov (DC USA)               Nat. Science Foundation   f G
    rtfm.mit.edu (MA USA)               Usenet FAQ repository   e f     [5]
    jse.stat.ncsu.edu (NC USA)          Journal of Stat. Educ.    f G
    ftp.sas.com (NC USA)                SAS-related information   f
    zaphod.ncsa.uiuc.edu (IN USA)       Supercomputing            f
    lupulus.ssc.gov                     Young Scientists Net.     f
    ksuvxa.kent.edu                     Directory of lists        f
    sun.soe.clarkson.edu                LaTeX tools               f

    e - e-mail file requests (see notes this section for e-mail addresses).
    E - e-mail search requests (see notes this section).
    f - anonymous FTP (see section 3.7, Access by Email if you cannot use FTP).
    g - gopher server
    G - gopher server plus WAIS index searches
    t - public telnet access
    T - public telnet access plus e-mail returns of search results
    W - WAIS server plus WAIS index searches

    Notes:

        1: info@mail.ngdc.noaa.gov;
        2: chlamy@acpub.duke.edu;
        3: david@simsc.si.edu;
        4: info@sunsite.unc.edu, telnet username "swais" for WAIS seaches,
           telnet username "gopher" for plain gopher access;
        5: see section 3.6.2, Anonymous FTP and section 3.7, Access by E-mail;
        6: Telnet username "gopher", password "envirolink";
        7: Use port 3000, no username, "help" gets instructions;
        8: Telnet username "ads";
        9: Telnet username "nodis"


-*- 3.6. Access Tools

    All Internet tools share the quirk that they are actually three things:
    a "server" or "daemon" program that runs all the time on a host computer
    and accepts requests to connect over the Internet, a "client" program that
    people use to connect to or access these servers, and a standard protocol
    that allows many different versions of clients and servers to talk to one
    another without difficulty.

    Most of the recently published books about the Internet describe these
    tools in detail.  Kehoe (1992), the first to appear, was offered first
    in a free electronic version over the Internet;  it is still available
    from many anonymous FTP archives around the world, in a directory named
    something like pub/zen/.  Krol (1992) has received excellent reviews.
    See the bibliography for other books.

    A new item:  the EARN Association has published a Guide to Network
    Resource Tools (May 3, 1993), which is available via e-mail from
    listserv@EARNCC.bitnet, by sending the message "get nettools ps" for
    a PostScript version or "get nettools memo" for a plain text version.
    The guide covers almost every tool mentioned here, including example.
 A few host computers mentioned in this guide allow the public to telnet
    to the host, and then use the host computer to access servers via gopher,
    WAIS or the Web.  These arrangements are offered as a courtesy to those
    people who do not have the necessary client software on their own
    computers, and want to try these tools before going to the trouble of
    installing the client software themselves.  Although licensing has been
    discussed for some of these tools (namely, certain versions of gopher),
    at present they are all free, and several are explicitly in the public
    domain or carry free GNU licenses.


-*- 3.6.1. Telnet

    Telnet allows someone using a computer with full Internet access to access
    another computer over the Internet and login there, assuming he or she has
    login privileges on that computer as well.  Anonymous telnet sessions are
    generally not permitted, but occasionally usernames are created with
    restricted privileges, for use by the Internet public.  Several of these
    are listed in section 3.5, List of Archives, and in Yanoff (1993).


-*- 3.6.2. Anonymous FTP

    FTP stands for file transfer protocol, and is the name of a program used
    for file transfers between computers with full Internet access, assuming
    you have privileges on both the local and remote computers.  Anonymous FTP
    is a common practice whereby anyone on the Internet may transfer files from
    (and sometimes to) a remote system with the userid "anonymous" and an
    arbitrary password.  By convention, anonymous FTP users provide their
    e-mail addresses when asked for a password.  This is useful to those
    archive managers who must justify to their bosses the time spent providing
    this free (but not cheap) service.  Some sites restrict when transfers may
    be made from their archives, and most prefer that large transfers be made
    only during off-hours (relative to that site).

    To receive a short guide to using anonymous FTP, send e-mail with the
    text "help" to info@sunsite.unc.edu.


-*- 3.6.3. Gopher

    Gopher is a user-interface program that makes FTP and other types of
    connections for computer users when they select an item in a menu.  It
    is an easy way to get stuff off the Internet without having to know
    where the stuff lives.  Gopher is free, and there are nice versions
    for most types of computers, especially Unix workstations and Macs.
    It was invented at the University of Minnesota;  current versions can
    be retrieved via anonymous FTP from boombox.micro.umn.edu.  The name
    is a clever pun on the "go-for" person who runs errands for people,
    and on the burrowing rodent, which pops down a "hole" in the Internet
    and comes back up who-knows-where.  Bionet.general, bionet.software,
    and bionet.users.addresses are good places to learn more about biology-
    related gopher services.  Comp.infosystems.gopher is the newsgroup
    for gopher-related issues in general.  The FAQ for this group is stored
    on rtfm.mit.edu in the file pub/usenet/news.answers/gopher-faq.
    There is an entire chapter on gopher in Krol (1992).


-*- 3.6.4. Archie

    Archie helps people locate items (documents, software, etc.) in thousands
    of anonymous FTP archives around the world.  Archie clients for many types
    of computer, and documentation, can be retrieved via anonymous FTP from
    any archie server (see below) in the /pub/archie/doc/ directory, or by
    e-mail from archie-admin@ans.net.

    Archie can be used via e-mail, by sending e-mail with a list of commands
    to archie@ans.net.  For details, send the command "help".  Due to the very
    high demand for this service, requests should be made via e-mail or clients
    rather than telnet-ing to an archie server.  Please try to use archie only
    outside of working hours, make your query as specific as possible, and use
    the archie server nearest you:  archie.au in Australia; archie.funet.fi in
    Finland; archie.th-darmstadt.de in Germany; archie.doc.ic.ac.uk in Great
    Britain; archie.cs.huji.ac.il in Israel; archie.kuis.kyoto-u.ac.jp and
    archie.wide.ad.jp in Japan; archie.sogang.ac.kr in Korea; archie.nz in
    New Zealand; archie.luth.se in Sweden; archie.ncu.edu.tw in Taiwan;
    archie.ans.net, archie.rutgers.edu, archie.sura.net and archie.unl.net
    in the United States.


-*- 3.6.5. Veronica

    Veronica is a very easy rodent-oriented net-wide index to computerized
    archives.  Veronica's name is a play on the concepts of both gopher and
    archie.  (Remember the comic book couple Archie and Veronica?  Veronica
    does for gopher what archie does for anonymous FTP.)  Veronica searches
    through hundreds of gopher holes looking for anything that matches a
    keyword supplied by the user, and assembles a list of gopher servers that
    contain items of interest.  Note:  veronica checks *titles* of gopher
    items only, not their contents.

    There is a veronica database specifically for biology resources in the
    gopher server on merlot.welch.jhu.edu, under menu item "Search Databases
    at Hopkins...".  Its name is BOING, or Bio Oriented INternet Gophers.

    At present, there are no veronica clients;  veronica is a gopher tool.
    An informal veronica FAQ is posted regularly in comp.infosystems.gopher
    and archived on veronica.scs.unr.edu as veronica/veronica-faq.


-*- 3.6.6. Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS)

    The idea behind WAIS is to make anonymous FTP archives more accessible
    by indexing their contents for easy searching and browsing.  The client's
    user interface is simple, but the concept is so powerful that nearly
    everyone with an anonymous FTP archive has spent part of 1992 and 1993
    building WAIS indices of all available material (software, data, documents
    and other information).  In the course of all this effort an enormous
    amount of information that has been available for years or even decades
    has suddenly become publicly available for the first time all in the past
    year.  WAIS servers are often used as back-end engines for gopher servers.
    Gopher archives are built by hand, but WAIS bundles and organizes related
    items automatically, and thus greatly extends the functionality of gopher.

    Good WAIS client programs for the Mac (WAIStation) and PC (PCWAIS) are
    available on the anonymous FTP archive at think.com.  If your computer
    has full Internet access, you can try out WAIS on a Unix system, courtesy
    of Thinking Machines Corp., by telnetting to quake.think.com.  Use the
    username "wais" and give your e-mail address as the password.  See the
    newsgroup comp.infosystems.wais for more details, or see the WAIS FAQ
    (section 5, Useful and Important FAQs).


-*- 3.6.7. World-Wide Web (WWW)

    WWW is yet another tool for gathering useful information from the Internet.
    It was invented at the European Particle Physics Laboratory (CERN),
    Switzerland.  WWW looks like a document that users can open and read, but
    selecting certain words via mouse or keyboard causes other documents to be
    retrieved and opened for inspection.  The most powerful aspect of WWW at
    present is the ease with which seamless, attractive online documentation
    can be created, that is easy to find and browse, no matter where on the
    Internet the actual documents are.  You can try WWW, courtesy of CERN:
    telnet to info.cern.ch (no username needed).


-*- 3.7. Access by E-mail

    Bitnet does not support telnet or FTP sessions, but many Bitnet nodes are
    also full Internet sites, and so do support telnet and FTP.  For those
    who only have access to computers on Bitnet, Princeton University offers
    a file transfer service by e-mail.  Bitftp@PUCC.bitnet will send a help
    file in response to the message "help".  There is an identical server in
    Germany:  Bitftp@DEARN from within Bitnet/EARN or bitftp@vm.gmd.de from
    the Internet.  This server should be used only for FTP requests involving
    transfers within Europe.  If you have neither full Internet access nor an
    account on a Bitnet node, you can still get files from anonymous FTP
    archives by e-mail courtesy of ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com, which will send
    instructions in response to the word "help" followed by "quit" on separate
    lines of an e-mail message.

    Also, you can retrieve formal Usenet FAQs via e-mail from the Usenet FAQ
    repository, rtfm.mit.edu:  to get a help file, a list of all the FAQs
    stored there, and the latest version of this guide, send e-mail to
    mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu with the text

        help
        index
        send usenet/news.answers/biology/guide